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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
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1 Introduction: The Importance of Plants in J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium |
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1 | (5) |
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2 Plant Communities of Middle-earth |
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6 | (23) |
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Arctic Tundra and Polar Desert |
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6 | (2) |
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Boreal Coniferous Forest (Taiga) and Montane Coniferous Forests |
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8 | (3) |
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Grasslands, Prairies, and Steppes |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (2) |
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Cool- to Warm-Temperate, Deciduous Forests |
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16 | (7) |
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Comparison of the Trees of Middle-earth with Those of England |
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23 | (2) |
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Plant Communities, as Altered by Hobbits, Humans, Elves, or Angelic Beings (Maiar or Valar) |
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25 | (4) |
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3 The Diversity of Life, with a Focus on the Green Plants |
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29 | (7) |
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4 Introduction to Plant Morphology: Learning the Language of Plant Descriptions |
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36 | (14) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (5) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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5 Identification of the Plants of Middle-earth |
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50 | (17) |
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Key 1 Key to Plants of Middle-earth |
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52 | (7) |
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Key 2 Flowering Herbs of Middle-earth |
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59 | (8) |
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6 Telperion and Laurelin: The Two Trees of Valinor |
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67 | (6) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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7 The Plants of Middle-earth |
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73 | (274) |
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List of Plants of J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium |
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74 | (4) |
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Aeglos, and Gorse or Whin (Ulex europaeus) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (2) |
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Alfirin and Mallos (Fritillaria spp., yellow-flowered) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (3) |
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Apples (Malus domestica, M. sylvestris, and related species) |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Beard Lichens (Usnea spp.) |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (3) |
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Billberry or Whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, and related species) |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (3) |
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Blackberries, Raspberries, Brambles (Rubus spp.) |
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110 | (4) |
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Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) |
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114 | (3) |
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Buttercups (Ranunculus spp.) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (2) |
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Coffee (Cojfea arabica and C. canephora) |
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125 | (3) |
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Cress, Watercress (Nasturtium officinale, and related species) |
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128 | (2) |
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Cyanobacteria, Blue-Green Bacteria (various genera of Cyanobacteria, a subgroup of the Bacteria.) |
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130 | (3) |
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Daffodils (Narcissus spp.) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale, T. erythrospermum, and relatives) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Elanor (a species of Anagallis, unique to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium) |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (2) |
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Evermind, Simbelmyne, Ulios (a species of Anemone, unique to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium) |
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144 | (3) |
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Ferns (Adiantum, Asplenium, Athryium, Blechnum, Dryopteris, Polypodium, Polystichum, Thelypteris, Woodsia, and others) |
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147 | (1) |
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Fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (3) |
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Flag-Lilies or Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus) |
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155 | (2) |
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum) |
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157 | (2) |
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Forget-Me-Nots (Myosotis spp.) |
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159 | (3) |
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Fragrant Trees from Eressea (various species) |
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162 | (1) |
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Grape Vines, Wine (Vitis vinifera, and relatives) |
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163 | (3) |
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Grass (various genera dominating temperate prairies or steppes; e.g., Agropyron, Andropogon, Bouteloua, Bromus, Pestuca, Koeleria, Panicum, Poa, Schizachyrium, Sorghastrum, Stipa) |
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166 | (3) |
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Harts-Tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium) |
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169 | (3) |
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Hawthorns, Thorns (Crataegus spp.) |
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172 | (4) |
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Hazels and Filberts (Corylus avellana, C. maxima, and related species) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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Heather, Ling (Calluna vulgaris) |
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180 | (4) |
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Hemlock, Hemlock-Umbels (Conium maculatum, poison hemlock, or perhaps Anthricus sylvestris, cow parsley) |
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184 | (3) |
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Hemp, Gallow-Grass (Cannabis sativa) |
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187 | (1) |
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Holly (Ilex aquifolium, and related species) |
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188 | (4) |
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Horse-Chestnuts, Chestnuts (Aesculus spp.) |
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192 | (3) |
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Ivy (Hedera helix, and relatives) |
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195 | (3) |
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Kingsfoil, Athelias (based, at least in part, on comfrey, Symphytum spp.) |
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198 | (4) |
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Laburnums, Field of Cormallen, Culumalda (Laburnum anagyroides, L. alpinum) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia and relatives) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (3) |
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210 | (3) |
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Lissuin (An unknown species, never established in Middle-earth) |
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213 | (1) |
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Mallorn-Trees (species unique to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, based in part upon Fagus, Prunus) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (3) |
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Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, and related species) |
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219 | (2) |
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Nasturtians, Nasturtiums, Indian Cresses (Tropaeolum majus, and related species) |
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221 | (3) |
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Nettles (Urtica dioica, and related species) |
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224 | (3) |
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Niphredil (a species unique to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, but based upon Galanthus nivalis) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (4) |
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Pipe-Weed, Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) |
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239 | (3) |
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Pole Beans, Beans (Phaseolus spp.) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (3) |
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Potatoes, Taters (Solanum tuberosum) |
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248 | (2) |
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Reeds (Phragmites australis) |
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250 | (4) |
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Rockroses (Helianthemum nummularium, and relatives) |
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254 | (2) |
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Roots (probably Dioscorea spp.) |
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256 | (3) |
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Roses, Wild Roses, Eglantine (Rosa spp., but especially R. rubiginosa and R. arvensis) |
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259 | (3) |
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Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia, and related species) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (3) |
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Salt Marsh Grasses, Cordgrasses (Spartina spp.) |
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270 | (3) |
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Saxifrages (Saxifraga spp.) |
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273 | (2) |
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Seafire (various bioluminescent dinoflagellates) |
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275 | (3) |
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Seaweeds (various large marine algae, such as Macrocystis, Fucus, Laminaria, Saccharina, Alaria, Undaria, and Sargassum) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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Seregon and Stonecrops (Sedum spp.) |
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281 | (3) |
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Sloe, Plums, and Cherries (Prunus spinosa, P. domestica, P. cerasus, P. avium, and relatives) |
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284 | (4) |
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Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus, and related species) |
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288 | (2) |
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Sorrel (Rumex acetosa, and related species of Rumex with sour leaves; i.e., Rumex subgenus Acetosa) |
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290 | (3) |
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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (3) |
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Thrift (Armeria maritima) |
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298 | (1) |
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Turnips (Brassica rapa, with an emphasis on turnips and their wild relatives) |
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299 | (3) |
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Unnamed Hollylike Tree (Banksia sp., perhaps related to B. integrifolia) |
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302 | (1) |
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Waterlilies (Nymphaea alba, and related species) |
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303 | (2) |
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum, and close relatives) |
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305 | (3) |
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White Flowers of the Morgul Vale (based on Arum spp.) |
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308 | (3) |
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White Tree of Gondor (a species unique to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium.) |
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311 | (4) |
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315 | (4) |
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Wood-Parsley (Anthricus sylvestris) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (7) |
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Food Plants of Middle-earth |
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330 | (5) |
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335 | (7) |
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342 | (2) |
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Unidentified and Excluded Middle-earth Plants |
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344 | (3) |
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8 A Note from the Illustrator |
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347 | (4) |
Glossary |
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351 | (8) |
Bibliography |
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359 | (4) |
Index |
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363 | |