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Fluid Dynamics of the Mid-Latitude Atmosphere [Mīkstie vāki]

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(University of Reading), (University of Reading)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 432 pages, height x width x depth: 245x172x20 mm, weight: 662 g
  • Sērija : Advancing Weather and Climate Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Oct-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 0470795190
  • ISBN-13: 9780470795194
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  • Cena: 61,15 €
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Fluid Dynamics of the Mid-Latitude AtmospherePalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 432 pages, height x width x depth: 245x172x20 mm, weight: 662 g
  • Sērija : Advancing Weather and Climate Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-Oct-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 0470795190
  • ISBN-13: 9780470795194
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780470795194.html
Keywords:
This book gives a coherent development of the current understanding of the fluid dynamics of the middle latitude atmosphere. It is primarily aimed at post-graduate and advanced undergraduate level students and does not assume any previous knowledge of fluid mechanics, meteorology or atmospheric science. The book will be an invaluable resource for any quantitative atmospheric scientist who wishes to increase their understanding of the subject. The importance of the rotation of the Earth and the stable stratification of its atmosphere, with their implications for the balance of larger-scale flows, is highlighted throughout.

Clearly structured throughout, the first of three themes deals with the development of the basic equations for an atmosphere on a rotating, spherical planet and discusses scale analyses of these equations. The second theme explores the importance of rotation and introduces vorticity and potential vorticity, as well as turbulence. In the third theme, the concepts developed in the first two themes are used to give an understanding of balanced motion in real atmospheric phenomena. It starts with quasi-geostrophic theory and moves on to linear and nonlinear theories for mid-latitude weather systems and their fronts. The potential vorticity perspective on weather systems is highlighted with a discussion of the Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing covered in the final chapter.

This book gives a coherent development of the current understanding of the fluid dynamics of the middle latitude atmosphere. It Is primarily aimed at post-graduate and advanced undergraduate level students and does not assume any previous knowledge of fluid mechanics, meteorology or atmospheric science. The book will be an Invaluable resource for any quantitative atmospheric scientist who wishes to increase their understanding of the subject. The importance of the rotation of the Earth and the stable stratification of its atmosphere, with their implications for the balance of larger-scale flows, is highlighted throughout

Clearly structured throughout, the first of three themes deals with the development of the basic equations for an atmosphere on a rotating, spherical planet and discusses scale analyses of these equations. The second theme explores the importance of rotation and introduces vorticity and potential vorticity, as well as turbulence. In the third theme, the concepts developed in the first two themes are used to give an understanding of balanced motion in real atmospheric phenomena. It starts with quasi-geostrophic theory and moves on to linear and nonlinear theories for mid-latitude weather systems and their fronts. The potential vorticity perspective on weather systems is highlighted with a discussion of the Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing covered in the final chapter



This book gives a coherent development of the current understanding of the fluid dynamics of the middle latitude atmosphere. It is primarily aimed at post-graduate and advanced undergraduate level students and does not assume any previous knowledge of fluid mechanics, meteorology or atmospheric science. The book will be an invaluable resource for any quantitative atmospheric scientist who wishes to increase their understanding of the subject. The importance of the rotation of the Earth and the stable stratification of its atmosphere, with their implications for the balance of larger-scale flows, is highlighted throughout.

Clearly structured throughout, the first of three themes deals with the development of the basic equations for an atmosphere on a rotating, spherical planet and discusses scale analyses of these equations. The second theme explores the importance of rotation and introduces vorticity and potential vorticity, as well as turbulence. In the third theme, the concepts developed in the first two themes are used to give an understanding of balanced motion in real atmospheric phenomena. It starts with quasi-geostrophic theory and moves on to linear and nonlinear theories for mid-latitude weather systems and their fronts. The potential vorticity perspective on weather systems is highlighted with a discussion of the Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing covered in the final chapter.
Series foreword ix
Preface xi
Select bibliography xv
The authors xix
1 Observed flow in the Earth's midlatitudes 1(24)
1.1 Vertical structure
1(3)
1.2 Horizontal structure
4(7)
1.3 Transient activity
11(3)
1.4 Scales of motion
14(1)
1.5 The Norwegian frontal model of cyclones
15(10)
Theme 1 Fluid dynamics of the midlatitude atmosphere 25(100)
2 Fluid dynamics in an inertial frame of reference
27(26)
2.1 Definition of fluid
27(2)
2.2 Flow variables and the continuum hypothesis
29(1)
2.3 Kinematics: characterizing fluid flow
30(5)
2.4 Governing physical principles
35(1)
2.5 Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives
36(2)
2.6 Mass conservation equation
38(2)
2.7 First Law of Thermodynamics
40(1)
2.8 Newton's Second Law of Motion
41(4)
2.9 Bernoulli's Theorem
45(2)
2.10 Heating and water vapour
47(6)
3 Rotating frames of reference
53(12)
3.1 Vectors in a rotating frame of reference
53(2)
3.2 Velocity and Acceleration
55(1)
3.3 The momentum equation in a rotating frame
56(1)
3.4 The centrifugal pseudo-force
57(2)
3.5 The Coriolis pseudo-force
59(2)
3.6 The Taylor—Proudman theorem
61(4)
4 The spherical Earth
65(12)
4.1 Spherical polar coordinates
65(2)
4.2 Scalar equations
67(1)
4.3 The momentum equations
68(2)
4.4 Energy and angular momentum
70(3)
4.5 The shallow atmosphere approximation
73(1)
4.6 The beta effect and the spherical Earth
74(3)
5 Scale analysis and its applications
77(20)
5.1 Principles of scaling methods
77(2)
5.2 The use of a reference atmosphere
79(2)
5.3 The horizontal momentum equations
81(2)
5.4 Natural coordinates, geostrophic and gradient wind balance
83(4)
5.5 Vertical motion
87(2)
5.6 The vertical momentum equation
89(2)
5.7 The mass continuity equation
91(1)
5.8 The thermodynamic energy equation
92(3)
5.9 Scalings for Rossby numbers that are not small
95(2)
6 Alternative vertical coordinates
97(12)
6.1 A general vertical coordinate
97(3)
6.2 Isobaric coordinates
100(3)
6.3 Other pressure-based vertical coordinates
103(3)
6.4 Isentropic coordinates
106(3)
7 Variations of density and the basic equations
109(16)
7.1 Boussinesq approximation
109(2)
7.2 Anelastic approximation
111(2)
7.3 Stratification and gravity waves
113(2)
7.4 Balance, gravity waves and Richardson number
115(6)
7.5 Summary of the basic equation sets
121(1)
7.6 The energy of atmospheric motions
122(3)
Theme 2 Rotation in the atmosphere 125(84)
8 Rotation in the atmosphere
127(22)
8.1 The concept of vorticity
127(2)
8.2 The vorticity equation
129(2)
8.3 The vorticity equation for approximate sets of equations
131(1)
8.4 The solenoidal term
132(2)
8.5 The expansion/contraction term
134(1)
8.6 The stretching and tilting terms
135(3)
8.7 Friction and vorticity
138(6)
8.8 The vorticity equation in alternative vertical coordinates
144(1)
8.9 Circulation
145(4)
9 Vorticity and the barotropic vorticity equation
149(28)
9.1 The barotropic vorticity equation
149(2)
9.2 Poisson's equation and vortex interactions
151(4)
9.3 Flow over a shallow hill
155(4)
9.4 Ekman pumping
159(1)
9.5 Rossby waves and the beta plane
160(6)
9.6 Rossby group velocity
166(4)
9.7 Rossby ray tracing
170(2)
9.8 Inflexion point instability
172(5)
10 Potential vorticity
177(12)
10.1 Potential vorticity
177(3)
10.2 Alternative derivations of Ertel's theorem
180(2)
10.3 The principle of invertibility
182(4)
10.4 Shallow water equation potential vorticity
186(3)
11 Turbulence and atmospheric flow
189(20)
11.1 The Reynolds number
189(5)
11.2 Three-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number
194(2)
11.3 Two-dimensional flow at large Reynolds number
196(5)
11.4 Vertical mixing in a stratified fluid
201(2)
11.5 Reynolds stresses
203(6)
Theme 3 Balance in atmospheric flow 209(180)
12 Quasi-geostrophic flows
211(14)
12.1 Wind and temperature in balanced flows
211(4)
12.2 The quasi-geostrophic approximation
215(4)
12.3 Quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity
219(2)
12.4 Ertel and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticities
221(4)
13 The omega equation
225(20)
13.1 Vorticity and thermal advection form
225(6)
13.2 Sutcliffe Form
231(2)
13.3 Q-vector form
233(5)
13.4 Ageostrophic flow and the maintenance of balance
238(2)
13.5 Balance and initialization
240(5)
14 Linear theories of baroclinic instability
245(46)
14.1 Qualitative discussion
245(2)
14.2 Stability analysis of a zonal flow
247(9)
14.3 Rossby wave interpretation of the stability conditions
256(8)
14.4 The Eady model
264(7)
14.5 The Charney and other quasi-geostrophic models
271(4)
14.6 More realistic basic states
275(6)
14.7 Initial value problem
281(10)
15 Frontogenesis
291(20)
15.1 Frontal scales
291(3)
15.2 Ageostrophic circulation
294(5)
15.3 Description of frontal collapse
299(6)
15.4 The semi-geostrophic Eady model
305(2)
15.5 The confluence model
307(2)
15.6 Upper-level frontogenesis
309(2)
16 The nonlinear development of baroclinic waves
311(26)
16.1 The nonlinear domain
311(1)
16.2 Semi-geostrophic baroclinic waves
312(8)
16.3 Nonlinear baroclinic waves on realistic jets on the sphere
320(3)
16.4 Eddy transports and zonal mean flow changes
323(9)
16.5 Energetics of baroclinic waves
332(5)
17 The potential vorticity perspective
337(24)
17.1 Setting the scene
337(3)
17.2 Potential vorticity and vertical velocity
340(2)
17.3 Life cycles of some baroclinic waves
342(4)
17.4 Alternative perspectives
346(4)
17.5 Midlatitude blocking
350(2)
17.6 Frictional and heating effects
352(9)
18 Rossby wave propagation and potential vorticity mixing
361(28)
18.1 Rossby wave propagation
361(2)
18.2 Propagation of Rossby waves into the stratosphere
363(2)
18.3 Propagation through a slowly varying medium
365(5)
18.4 The Eliassen—Palm flux and group velocity
370(2)
18.5 Baroclinic life cycles and Rossby waves
372(1)
18.6 Variations of amplitude
373(2)
18.7 Rossby waves and potential vorticity steps
375(6)
18.8 Potential vorticity steps and the Rhines scale
381(8)
Appendices 389(14)
Appendix A Notation
389(4)
Appendix B Revision of vectors and vector calculus
393(10)
B.1 Vectors and their algebra
393(1)
B.2 Products of vectors
394(2)
B.3 Scalar fields and the grad operator
396(1)
B.4 The divergence and curl operators
397(1)
B.5 Gauss' and Stokes' theorems
398(3)
B.6 Some useful vector identities
401(2)
Index 403
Having gained mathematics degrees from Cambridge and spent some post-doc years in the USA, Brian Hoskins has been at the University of Reading for more than 40 years, being made a professor in 1981, and also more recently has led a climate institute at Imperial College London.  His international activities have included being President of IAMAS and Vice-Chair of the JSC for WCRP. He is a member of the science academies of the UK, Europe, USA and China, he has received the top awards of both the Royal and American Meteorological Societies, the Vilhelm Bjerknes medal of the EGU and the Buys Ballot Medal, and he was knighted in 2007.

From a background in physics and astronomy, Ian James worked in the geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory of the Meteorological Office before joining the University of Reading in 1979. During his 31 years in the Reading meteorology department, he has taught courses in dynamical meteorology and global atmospheric circulation. In 1998, he was awarded the Buchan Prize of the Royal Meteorological Society for his work on low frequency atmospheric variability. He has been President of the Dynamical Meteorology Commission of IAMAS, vice president of the Royal Meteorological Society, and currently edits the journal Atmospheric Science Letters. He now serves as an Anglican priest in Cumbria.