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Fluid Mechanics Aspects of Fire and Smoke Dynamics in Enclosures [Mīkstie vāki]

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, (Ghent University, Belgium)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 386 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 884 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Mar-2016
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138029602
  • ISBN-13: 9781138029606
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Fluid Mechanics Aspects of Fire and Smoke Dynamics in EnclosuresPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 386 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 884 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Mar-2016
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138029602
  • ISBN-13: 9781138029606
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781138029606.html
Keywords:

This book aims at fulfilling the need for a handbook at undergraduate and starting researcher level on fire and smoke dynamics in enclosures, giving fluid mechanics aspects a central role. Fluid mechanics are essential at the level of combustion, heat transfer and fire suppression, but they are described only cursorily in most of the existing fire safety science literature, including handbooks.

The scope of this handbook ranges from the discussion of the basic equations for turbulent flows with combustion, through a discussion on the structure of flames, to fire and smoke plumes and their interaction with enclosure boundaries. Using this knowledge, the fire dynamics and smoke and heat control in enclosures are discussed. Subsequently, a chapter is devoted to the effect of water and the related fluid mechanics aspects. The book concludes with a chapter on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), the increasingly popular calculation method in the field of fire safety science.

The authors have attempted to write a book where the theory is illustrated by worked-out examples and the reader is challenged to complete additional clarifying exercises. The book is intended primarily for teaching purposes, but at the same time should prove a useful tool for starting researchers in the field of fire safety science, providing in-depth insight into fluid mechanics in relation to fire phenomena.

Recenzijas

"Using this book people can learn to understand how fires developed and how they can be controlled. The book transfers knowledge from general fluid dynamics and combustion science to the area of fire safety science. Using this approach the accuracy of the prediction of fire will be higher than in traditional approaches more based on empirical correlations. The approach taken in the book is forward looking. The book will be relevant for a long time."

Professor D.J.E.M. Roekaerts, Delft University of Technology, Department Process and Energy, section Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands

"Merci and Bejis new book on fire dynamics with emphasis on the fluids mechanics aspects is a solid contribution to the literature in the field. Its comprehensive discussion of fluid mechanics principles applied to plumes, fire behavior in enclosures and CFD models is unparalleled. The book could be used as a text for use in fourth year undergraduate or first year graduate level courses or as a high level review for fire safety researchers and engineers. [ It is] a valuable addition to the library of any fire safety researcher or engineer."

Prof. Jim Milke, University of Maryland, in 'Fire Science Reviews'.

"The text builds all relevant topics on fire and smoke dynamics around fluid mechanics, which is unique and valuable in light of many worthy works on fire dynamics and fire safety engineering. The authors, drawing on their extensive research and teaching experience, strike a good balance between presenting well-known basic fluid mechanics principles and showcasing some state-of-the-art experimental and numerical research insights. [ ...]

This will be a challenging textbook for an upper-level undergraduate course in a related STEM field, but it is highly recommended for a graduate-level elective course and more so as a comprehensive handbook for practicing engineers in fire dynamics analysis, fire suppression, and fire safety risk analysis.

Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students; faculty and professionals."

B. Tao, Wentworth Institute of Technology in 'Choice', February 2017 issue.

Preface xiii
Nomenclature xv
1 Introduction 1(8)
1.1 The candle flame
1(1)
1.2 The importance of chemistry, heat transfer and fluid mechanics in fires
2(5)
1.2.1 Chemistry
3(1)
1.2.2 Heat transfer
3(2)
1.2.3 Fluid mechanics and turbulence
5(2)
1.3 Combustion and fire
7(1)
1.4 Fire modelling
7(2)
2 Turbulent flows with chemical reaction 9(60)
2.1 Fluid properties — state properties — mixtures
9(6)
2.1.1 Fluid properties
9(5)
2.1.1.1 Mass density
9(1)
2.1.1.2 Viscosity
10(1)
2.1.1.3 Specific heat
11(1)
2.1.1.4 Conduction coefficient
12(1)
2.1.1.5 Diffusion coefficient
13(1)
2.1.2 State properties
14(1)
2.1.2.1 Pressure
14(1)
2.1.2.2 Temperature
14(1)
2.1.2.3 Internal energy
14(1)
2.1.2.4 Enthalpy
14(1)
2.1.2.5 Entropy
14(1)
2.1.2.6 Equation of state
14(1)
2.1.3 Mixtures
15(1)
2.2 Combustion
15(9)
2.2.1 Chemical reaction
16(2)
2.2.2 Thermodynamics
18(5)
2.2.2.1 Enthalpy
18(2)
2.2.2.2 Temperature
20(3)
2.2.3 Chemical kinetics
23(1)
2.3 Transport equations
24(17)
2.3.1 Conservation of mass
24(3)
2.3.2 Momentum equations
27(1)
2.3.3 Conservation of energy
28(9)
2.3.3.1 Convection
31(1)
2.3.3.2 Conduction
32(2)
2.3.3.3 Radiation
34(3)
2.3.4 Transport of species
37(1)
2.3.5 Mixture fraction
37(4)
2.4 Bernoulli
41(1)
2.5 Hydrostatics
42(2)
2.6 Buoyancy
44(3)
2.7 Non-dimensional numbers
47(3)
2.7.1 Fluid properties
47(1)
2.7.2 Flow properties
47(2)
2.7.3 Scaling laws
49(1)
2.8 Turbulence
50(8)
2.8.1 Reynolds number
50(1)
2.8.2 Reynolds averaging
51(4)
2.8.3 Turbulence modeling
55(14)
2.8.3.1 Energy cascade
55(1)
2.8.3.2 Turbulent scales
55(2)
2.8.3.3 Turbulence modelling
57(1)
2.9 Boundary layer flow
58(4)
2.10 Internal flows — pressure losses
62(2)
2.11 Entrainment
64(1)
2.12 Impinging flow
65(1)
2.13 Evaporation
66(1)
2.14 Pyrolysis
67(2)
3 Turbulent flames and fire plumes 69(60)
3.1 Flammability
69(7)
3.1.1 Flammability limits — threshold temperature
71(4)
3.1.2 Addition of gases
75(1)
3.1.3 Flammability of liquid fuels
75(1)
3.2 Premixed flames
76(6)
3.2.1 Laminar premixed flame structure
76(1)
3.2.2 Laminar burning velocity
77(2)
3.2.3 The effect of turbulence
79(3)
3.3 Diffusion flames
82(4)
3.3.1 Laminar diffusion flame structure
82(3)
3.3.2 The effect of turbulence
85(1)
3.3.3 Jet flames
85(1)
3.4 Extinction of flames
86(5)
3.4.1 Premixed flames
86(3)
3.4.2 Diffusion flames
89(2)
3.5 Fire plumes
91(20)
3.5.1 Free fire plumes
91(14)
3.5.1.1 Average flame height
93(4)
3.5.1.2 Temperature evolution
97(2)
3.5.1.3 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
99(3)
3.5.1.4 The effect of wind
102(1)
3.5.1.5 Transition from buoyancy-driven to momentum-driven jets
103(1)
3.5.1.6 Correlations
104(1)
3.5.2 Interaction with non-combustible walls
105(1)
3.5.3 Interaction with non-combustible ceiling
106(1)
3.5.4 The effect of ventilation
107(3)
3.5.4.1 Reduced oxygen at ambient temperature
108(1)
3.5.4.2 Oxygen-enriched fire plumes
109(1)
3.5.4.3 Vitiated conditions
109(1)
3.5.5 Fire whirls
110(1)
3.6 Flame spread
111(18)
3.6.1 Flame spread velocity — a heat balance
112(6)
3.6.1.1 Opposed flow flame spread over a thermally thick fuel
112(4)
3.6.1.2 Opposed flow flame spread over a thermally thin fuel
116(1)
3.6.1.3 Concurrent flow flame spread over a thermally thick fuel
117(1)
3.6.1.4 Concurrent flow flame spread over a thermally thin fuel
117(1)
3.6.2 Gas phase phenomena
118(1)
3.6.3 Horizontal surface
118(4)
3.6.3.1 Natural convection
118(2)
3.6.3.2 Concurrent airflow
120(1)
3.6.3.3 Counter-current airflow
121(1)
3.6.4 Vertical surface
122(3)
3.6.5 Inclined surface
125(1)
3.6.6 Parallel vertical plates configuration
126(2)
3.6.7 Corner configuration
128(1)
4 Smoke plumes 129(36)
4.1 Introduction
129(1)
4.2 Axisymmetric plume
130(13)
4.2.1 Theory and mathematical modelling
131(9)
4.2.1.1 Description of the configuration
131(2)
4.2.1.2 Conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy
133(3)
4.2.1.3 Model development under the Boussinesq approximation
136(4)
4.2.1.4 List of assumptions
140(1)
4.2.2 Experiments
140(3)
4.3 Line plume
143(3)
4.3.1 Description of the configuration
143(1)
4.3.2 Conservation equations
144
4.3.3 Experimental studies
143(3)
4.3.4 Transition from line to axisymmetric plume
146(1)
4.4 Wall and corner interaction with plumes
146(5)
4.4.1 Detailed example: line plume bounded by an adiabatic wall
147(3)
4.4.2 General correlations for wall and corner configurations
150(1)
4.5 Interaction of a plume with a ceiling
151(5)
4.5.1 Description of a ceiling-jet
151(1)
4.5.2 Alpert's Integral model
152(2)
4.5.3 Simplified correlations
154(1)
4.5.4 Additional considerations
155(1)
4.5.5 Smoke layer build-up in a room
156(1)
4.6 Balcony and window spill plumes
156(2)
4.6.1 Balcony spill plumes
156(1)
4.6.2 Window plumes
157(1)
4.7 Scaling laws and buoyant releases
158(2)
4.8 Exercises
160(5)
4.8.1 Analytical solution for the Line plume problem
160(2)
4.8.2 Design of a reduced-scale helium/air mixture experiment of a car fire in a tunnel
162(3)
5 Fire and smoke dynamics in enclosures 165(42)
5.1 Some fundamentals on flows through openings
165(2)
5.2 Growing fire
167(26)
5.2.1 Fire source
168(4)
5.2.1.1 Fuel-controlled growing fire
168(4)
5.2.1.2 Ventilation-controlled growing fire
172(1)
5.2.2 Smoke dynamics
172(2)
5.2.3 Flows through openings
174(9)
5.2.3.1 Horizontal openings
174(5)
5.2.3.2 Vertical openings
179(4)
5.2.4 Natural and mechanical ventilation
183(6)
5.2.5 Zone modeling
189(4)
5.3 Fully developed fire
193(10)
5.3.1 Fire source
193(2)
5.3.2 Smoke dynamics
195(1)
5.3.3 Flows through openings
195(7)
5.3.3.1 Horizontal openings
195(3)
5.3.3.2 Vertical openings
198(4)
5.3.4 Natural and mechanical ventilation
202(1)
5.3.5 Zone modeling
202(1)
5.4 Pulsating fire
203(2)
5.5 Backdraft
205(1)
5.6 Fires in well-confined enclosures
205(2)
6 Driving forces in smoke and heat control 207(30)
6.1 Buoyancy — the stack effect
207(3)
6.1.1 Natural stack effect
207(3)
6.2 Fire-induced buoyancy
210(3)
6.3 Pressurization
213(1)
6.4 Natural ventilation
214(4)
6.5 Mechanical ventilation
218(7)
6.5.1 Vertical ventilation
218(2)
6.5.2 Horizontal ventilation
220(17)
6.5.2.1 Tunnels
220(3)
6.5.2.2 Other underground structures
223(2)
6.6 Smoke extraction
225(2)
6.7 The effect of wind
227(3)
6.8 Positive pressure ventilation
230(3)
6.9 Air curtains
233(2)
6.10 Exercises
235(2)
7 Impact of water on fire and smoke dynamics 237(34)
7.1 Individual evaporating water droplet
237(10)
7.1.1 Heat and mass transfer
237(7)
7.1.2 Flow equations
244(3)
7.2 Sprays of water droplets
247(10)
7.2.1 Characterization of sprays
247(6)
7.2.1.1 Region near the nozzle
247(2)
7.2.1.2 Water flow rate
249(1)
7.2.1.3 Droplet size and velocity distribution
249(3)
7.2.1.4 Spray cone angle
252(1)
7.2.2 Spray-induced momentum
253(2)
7.2.3 Water curtains
255(2)
7.3 Heat absorption by water
257(4)
7.4 Interaction of water with smoke
261(5)
7.4.1 Sprinkler and water mist sprays
261(4)
7.4.2 Water curtain
265(1)
7.4.3 Firefighting
266(1)
7.5 Interaction of water with flames
266(1)
7.6 Water as fire suppressant
267(4)
8 Introduction to fire modelling in computational fluid dynamics 271(80)
8.1 Introduction
271(1)
8.2 Laminar diffusion flames
272(5)
8.2.1 Instantaneous transport equations
272(1)
8.2.2 Combustion modelling
273(4)
8.2.2.1 Infinitely fast chemistry
274(2)
8.2.2.2 Finite-rate chemistry
276(1)
8.3 Turbulence modelling
277(6)
8.3.1 DNS
277(1)
8.3.2 RANS
278(3)
8.3.3 LES
281(2)
8.4 Turbulent non-premixed combustion
283(6)
8.4.1 Infinitely fast chemistry with a presumed PDF
283(4)
8.4.1.1 Flame sheet model
285(1)
8.4.1.2 Chemical equilibrium model
285(1)
8.4.1.3 Steady Laminar Flamelet Modelling (SLFM)
286(1)
8.4.2 Finite rate chemistry
287(2)
8.4.2.1 Eddy Break-Up (EBU) model and Eddy Dissipation Model (EDM)
287(1)
8.4.2.2 Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC)
288(1)
8.4.2.3 Conditional Moment Closure (CMC)
288(1)
8.4.2.4 Transported PDF models
289(1)
8.5 Radiation modelling
289(5)
8.5.1 Models for radiative transfer
291(1)
8.5.1.1 The P-1 Radiation Model
291(1)
8.5.1.2 The Finite Volume Method (FVM)
291(1)
8.5.2 Models for the absorption coefficient
292(1)
8.5.3 Turbulence Radiation Interaction (TRI)
292(2)
8.6 The soot problem
294(11)
8.6.1 Soot nature, morphology and general description of its chemistry
295(1)
8.6.2 Importance of soot modelling
295(1)
8.6.2.1 Sootiness and radiation
295(1)
8.6.2.2 Interaction of soot with carbon monoxide
295(1)
8.6.3 The sootiness of fuels
296(1)
8.6.3.1 The laminar smoke point height
296(1)
8.6.3.2 The Threshold Sooting Index (TSI)
296(1)
8.6.4 Soot modelling
297(8)
8.6.4.1 Laminar flames
297(7)
8.6.4.2 Turbulent flames
304(1)
8.7 Basics of numerical discretization
305(10)
8.7.1 Discretization schemes
305(3)
8.7.1.1 Description of a 1-D example
305(1)
8.7.1.2 Explicit scheme
306(1)
8.7.1.3 Implicit scheme
307(1)
8.7.2 Initial and boundary conditions
308(1)
8.7.3 Properties of numerical methods
309(5)
8.7.3.1 Consistency
309(1)
8.7.3.2 Stability
309(3)
8.7.3.3 Convergence
312(1)
8.7.3.4 Conservativeness
312(2)
8.7.3.5 Boundedness
314(1)
8.7.4 Pressure-velocity coupling
314(1)
8.7.5 The importance of the computational mesh
314(1)
8.8 Boundary conditions
315(14)
8.8.1 Fire source
317(4)
8.8.1.1 Gaseous fuel
317(1)
8.8.1.2 Liquid fuel
318(1)
8.8.1.3 Solid fuel
319(1)
8.8.1.4 Turbulence inflow boundary conditions
319(2)
8.8.2 Walls
321(3)
8.8.2.1 Velocity
321(2)
8.8.2.2 Temperature
323(1)
8.8.3 Open boundary conditions (natural ventilation)
324(2)
8.8.3.1 Velocity and scalars
324(1)
8.8.3.2 Pressure
324(2)
8.8.4 Mechanical ventilation and pressure effects
326(3)
8.8.4.1 Fixed velocity
326(1)
8.8.4.2 Fan curves and pressure effects
327(2)
8.9 Examples of CFD simulations
329(22)
8.9.1 Non-reacting buoyant plume
330(2)
8.9.1.1 Test case description
330(1)
8.9.1.2 Simulation set-up
330(1)
8.9.1.3 Results
330(2)
8.9.2 Hot air plume impinging on a horizontal plate
332(4)
8.9.2.1 Test case description
332(1)
8.9.2.2 Simulation set-up
332(2)
8.9.2.3 Results
334(2)
8.9.3 Free-burning turbulent buoyant flame
336(2)
8.9.3.1 Test case description
336(1)
8.9.3.2 Simulation set-up
336(1)
8.9.3.3 Results
337(1)
8.9.4 Over-ventilated enclosure fire
338(3)
8.9.4.1 Test case description
338(1)
8.9.4.2 Simulation set-up and results
339(2)
8.9.5 Interaction of a hot air plume with a water spray
341(1)
8.9.5.1 Test case description
342(1)
8.9.5.2 Simulation set-up
342(1)
8.9.5.3 Results
342(1)
8.9.6 Underventilated enclosure fire with mechanical ventilation
342(3)
8.9.6.1 Test case description
342(1)
8.9.6.2 Simulation set-up
343(1)
8.9.6.3 Results
344(1)
8.9.7 Fire spread modelling
345(6)
References 351(12)
Subject index 363
Prof. Bart Merci obtained his PhD, entitled Numerical Simulation and Modelling of Turbulent Combustion, at the Faculty of Engineering at Ghent University in the year 2000. As postdoctoral fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWOVlaanderen), he specialized in numerical simulations of turbulent non-premixed combustion, with focus on turbulence chemistry interaction and turbulence radiation interaction. He reoriented his research towards fire safety science, taking the fluid mechanics aspects as central research topic. He became lecturer at Ghent University in 2004 and Full Professor in 2012. He is the head of the research unit Combustion, Fire and Fire Safety in the Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics. Since 2009, Bart Merci coordinates the International Master of Science in Fire Safety Engineering, with Lund University and The University of Edinburgh as partners. He has been the President of The Belgian Section of The Combustion Institute since 2009 and Associate Editor of Fire Safety Journal since 2010. He is member of the Executive Committee of the International Association for Fire Safety Science. He is author of more than 100 journal papers.



Dr. Tarek Beji obtained his PhD, entitled "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on Soot and Radiation in Fires", at the University of Ulster in 2009. He joined Ghent University in 2011 as a post-doctoral researcher in the department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics and worked on the novel topic of fire forecasting. Since 2012 he has been very active in a large international collaborative research program called PRISME, focusing on mechanical ventilation and fire dynamics in nuclear facilities. Since he joined Ghent University he participated actively in the 'International Master of Science in Fire Safety Engineering' as lecturer and member of the program steering committee.