Contributors |
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xxiii | |
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SECTION 1 Foodborne disease: Epidemiology and disease burden |
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Chapter 1 Estimates of global disease burden associated with foodborne pathogens |
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3 | (1) |
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Why is it important to estimate the burden of foodborne disease? |
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3 | (1) |
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Methodological considerations |
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4 | (3) |
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Burden of disease metrics |
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4 | (2) |
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Reconstructing the "burden-of-illness pyramid" |
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6 | (1) |
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Attributing illnesses to foodborne transmission |
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6 | (1) |
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Estimates of the global burden of foodborne disease |
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7 | (4) |
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Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (2006-15) |
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7 | (1) |
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Global and regional burden of foodborne diseases, 2010 |
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8 | (3) |
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Estimates of the national burden of foodborne disease |
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11 | (2) |
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National and global burden of foodborne disease: What is next? |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Microbial food safety risk assessment |
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19 | (16) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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Managing microbial food safety risks |
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23 | (1) |
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The risk assessment framework |
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24 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Risk assessment in practice |
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26 | (4) |
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The risk assessment process |
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26 | (2) |
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Qualitative, deterministic, and stochastic risk assessments |
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28 | (1) |
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Application of risk assessment |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Model harmonization and knowledge exchange |
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30 | (1) |
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The use of sequencing data |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Foodborne outbreak investigation |
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35 | (12) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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Lessons learned from FBDOs |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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National surveillance systems |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (6) |
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Chapter 4 Molecular epidemiology of foodborne pathogens |
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47 | (18) |
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Historical lessons: Reconstructing the past of a pathogen |
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48 | (2) |
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Joining forces: Integrative approaches to determining the impact of control measures |
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50 | (2) |
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Tracing origins: Phylogenetic clues into the outbreak source |
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52 | (2) |
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Adaptive insights: A whole-genome approach to identifying selection pressure |
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54 | (2) |
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Conflict resolution: Overcoming complications of horizontal transfer and recombination in phylogenetic reconstruction |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (7) |
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SECTION 2 Foodborne infections: Bacterial |
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Chapter 5 Salmonella infections |
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65 | (24) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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Complications and sequelae |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Infectious dose, host defenses, and immunity |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Public health surveillance |
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71 | (2) |
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Clinical case and outbreak surveillance |
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71 | (1) |
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Use of subtyping in public health surveillance |
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71 | (1) |
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Surveillance for antibiotic resistance |
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72 | (1) |
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Food and animal monitoring |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Global and US trends in antibiotic resistance |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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Reservoirs and routes of transmission |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (3) |
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Preventing foodborne salmonellosis |
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78 | (2) |
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Improving prevention and control in the future |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (7) |
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Chapter 6 Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis |
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89 | (16) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Symptoms associated with foodborne illness |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (4) |
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Mode of action of C. perfringens enterotoxin |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Enterotoxin formation during sporulation |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Detection of the organism and enterotoxin |
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94 | (3) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Detection of the enterotoxin |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (6) |
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105 | (20) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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106 | (2) |
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Noncholera gastroenteritis |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (5) |
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Genetics and evolution of pathogenic Vibrios |
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109 | (2) |
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Diagnosis and species identification |
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111 | (2) |
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Detection of virulence factors |
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113 | (1) |
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Molecular and genomic typing |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Reservoirs and entry into the food supply |
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114 | (1) |
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Approaches to food attribution |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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Hazard analysis of critical control points |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (8) |
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Chapter 8 Escherichia coli |
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125 | (40) |
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125 | (1) |
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Shiga toxin (STX)-producing E. coli (STEC) [ also termed verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)] |
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126 | (5) |
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Microbiology of STEC infections |
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127 | (3) |
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Exposure pathways for STEC |
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130 | (1) |
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Prevention and control of STEC |
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130 | (1) |
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) |
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131 | (2) |
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Clinical features of illnesses caused by ETEC |
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131 | (1) |
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Microbiology of ETEC infections |
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131 | (2) |
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Exposure pathways for ETEC infection |
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133 | (1) |
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Prevention and control of ETEC infections |
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133 | (1) |
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Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) |
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133 | (4) |
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Clinical features of illnesses caused by EPEC |
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134 | (1) |
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Microbiology of EPEC infections |
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134 | (3) |
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Exposure pathways for EPEC infections |
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137 | (1) |
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Prevention and control of EPEC infections |
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137 | (1) |
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Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) |
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137 | (6) |
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137 | (1) |
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Clinical features of illnesses caused by EAEC |
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137 | (2) |
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Microbiology of EAEC infections |
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139 | (3) |
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Exposure pathways for EAEC infections |
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142 | (1) |
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The hybrid pathogen EAEC/STEC E. coli O104:H4 |
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143 | (2) |
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Prevention of E. coli O104:H4 infections |
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144 | (1) |
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Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) |
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145 | (1) |
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Clinical manifestations of EIEC infections |
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145 | (1) |
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Microbiology of EIEC infections |
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145 | (1) |
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Exposure pathways for EIEC |
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146 | (1) |
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Prevention and control of EIEC infections |
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146 | (1) |
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Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC) |
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146 | (2) |
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Clinical features of DAEC infections |
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146 | (1) |
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Microbiology of DAEC infections |
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146 | (1) |
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Exposure pathways for DAEC infections |
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147 | (1) |
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Prevention of DAEC infections |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (15) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (22) |
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Guillermo Ignacio Perez-Perez |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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The acute clinical illness |
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166 | (1) |
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Treatment indication and antimicrobial usage |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Identification and diagnosis |
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170 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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Culture-independent diagnosis tests |
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170 | (1) |
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Identification in the environment |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Exposure pathways--Risk factors for human illness |
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172 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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Commercially prepared foods |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Point of entry into the food supply and prevention |
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175 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Other Campylobacter species |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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C. fetus subspecies fetus |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (8) |
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187 | (14) |
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187 | (1) |
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Clinical features of illness associated with infection in humans |
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187 | (1) |
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Impact of host susceptibility on occurrence of illness |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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Phenotypic characterization |
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188 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Y. enterocolitica and K pseudotuberculosis including genetics and evolutionary considerations |
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188 | (1) |
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Approaches to diagnosis and identification |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (4) |
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190 | (2) |
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Infectious dose, pathogenesis, and immunity |
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192 | (1) |
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Approaches to food attribution |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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General control aspects connected to survival and growth of Y. enterocolitica |
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194 | (1) |
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Control in the meat chain |
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194 | (2) |
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Control of milk and dairy products |
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196 | (1) |
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Drinking water and vegetables |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (5) |
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201 | (20) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (5) |
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Detection of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes |
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205 | (1) |
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Subtyping of L. monocytogenes |
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206 | (1) |
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Epidemiology and exposure pathways |
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207 | (3) |
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Listeria monocytogenes as a high risk in ready-to-eat RTE. foods |
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207 | (1) |
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Poultry and meat products |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of L. monocytogenes in RTE foods |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (9) |
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221 | (16) |
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Amanda G. Garcia-Williams |
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221 | (1) |
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Clinical and epidemiologic features of illness associated with infection |
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221 | (3) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (8) |
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Chapter 13 Aeromonas and Plesiomonas |
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237 | (16) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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237 | (1) |
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Host susceptibility/risk factors for infection |
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238 | (1) |
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Treatment and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas and P. shigelloides |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (3) |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (7) |
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253 | (12) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Transmission between animals and to humans |
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257 | (1) |
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Epidemiology and risk factors |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (2) |
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Control and eradication in animal reservoirs |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (3) |
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Chapter 15 Cronobacter species |
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265 | (22) |
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265 | (1) |
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Clinical features of illness associated with infection |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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266 | (2) |
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Common virulence themes in Cronobacter |
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268 | (2) |
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Thermoresistance and xerotolerance properties, and eukaryotic plant association |
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270 | (3) |
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Isolation and identification |
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273 | (1) |
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Species-specific identification |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (11) |
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SECTION 3 Foodborne infections, viral |
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287 | (20) |
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287 | (1) |
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Clinical features of norovirus disease |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Norovirus stability in soil and water |
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293 | (1) |
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Direct person-to-person and aerosolized norovirus spread |
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293 | (1) |
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Points of entry and movement from farm to fork |
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294 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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Produce and ready-to-eat foods |
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295 | (1) |
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Approaches to food attribution |
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296 | (1) |
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Food processing to eliminate noroviruses |
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296 | (2) |
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Advances in norovirus vaccination and development of therapeutics |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (8) |
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307 | (10) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (5) |
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Chapter 18 Foodborne hepatitis E |
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317 | (10) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (6) |
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Chapter 19 Rotaviruses, astroviruses, and sapoviruses as foodborne infections |
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327 | (20) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (10) |
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SECTION 4 Foodborne infections: Parasites and others |
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Chapter 20 Toxoplasma gondii |
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347 | (16) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Source-specific diagnostics |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (7) |
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Chapter 21 Cyclosporiasis |
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363 | (16) |
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Clinical features and treatment |
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364 | (1) |
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Microbiology, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis |
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365 | (1) |
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Epidemiology and exposure pathways |
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366 | (5) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (7) |
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379 | (12) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (4) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (4) |
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Chapter 23 Mycobacterial species |
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391 | (14) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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Prevention and management |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (8) |
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Chapter 24 Clostridium botulinum |
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405 | (12) |
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405 | (1) |
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Microbiology and toxicology |
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405 | (2) |
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Clinical features of illness, exposure pathways, and diagnosis |
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407 | (4) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (3) |
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Chapter 25 Staphylococcal food poisoning |
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417 | (14) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (2) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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|
420 | (5) |
|
The superantigen superfamily |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Biochemical characteristics |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Regulation of gene expression |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (5) |
|
Chapter 26 Bacillus cereus |
|
|
431 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Clinical features of Bacillus cereus food poisoning |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Bacillus cereus diarrheal syndrome |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Bacillus cereus emetic syndrome |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Bacillus cereus |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Identification of Bacillus cereus |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Presence of B. cereus in foods |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (4) |
|
Chapter 27 Foodborne mycotoxins |
|
|
439 | (16) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (5) |
|
Chapter 28 Seafood intoxications |
|
|
455 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
455 | (5) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Brevetoxin inhalation syndrome (BIS) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Tetrodotoxin poisoning (puffer fish poisoning, fugu poisoning) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (8) |
|
Chapter 29 An update on plant toxins posing human health risks |
|
|
479 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
Toxicity of glycoalkaloids |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (9) |
|
SECTION 6 Policy and prevention of foodborne diseases |
|
|
|
Chapter 30 Preharvest food safety |
|
|
495 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
Origins of contaminations |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Preharvest contamination prevention strategies |
|
|
496 | (3) |
|
|
499 | (5) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Preharvest contamination prevention strategies |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Preharvest contamination prevention strategies |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Preharvest contamination prevention strategies |
|
|
507 | (2) |
|
Fruits, vegetables, and nuts |
|
|
509 | (4) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Preharvest contamination prevention strategies |
|
|
510 | (3) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
513 | (10) |
|
Chapter 31 Food safety postprocessing: Transportation, supermarkets, and restaurants |
|
|
523 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
The Conference for Food Protection |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Food safety management programs for transportation, retail, and food service |
|
|
533 | (5) |
|
Good manufacturing practices (GMPs) |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Global food safety initiative |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
FDA Food Modernization Act |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Education, training, and food safety culture |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
541 | (4) |
|
Chapter 32 HACCP and other regulatory approaches to prevention of foodborne diseases |
|
|
545 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Pre-HACCP implementation of systems control |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
546 | (2) |
|
HACCP implementation for seafood |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
HACCP implementation for raw juice |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
HACCP implementation for meat and poultry |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
HACCP for retail food establishments |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
FSMA and new science-based preventive controls |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
Good manufacturing practices (GMPs) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs) |
|
|
552 | (8) |
|
Principle 1 Hazard analysis |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Principle 2 Critical control point determination |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Principle 3 Critical limits |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Principle 5 Corrective actions |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Principle 6 Verification and validation |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Principle 7 Record keeping |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
560 | (3) |
|
Chapter 33 The legal basis for food safety regulation in the USA and EU |
|
|
563 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Early food laws in the United States |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
The advent of federal regulation |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
The federal meat inspection acts |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Additional legislation for meat, poultry, and eggs |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Nonanimal products, dairy, and seafood |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
The Pure Food and Drugs Act |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) |
|
|
567 | (3) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Pesticides and food additives |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
A modern food safety system |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
The 2011 FDA Food Safety Modernization Act |
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
Development of food safety law in the European Union |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
European food law from the Middle Ages to today |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Food safety crises 1990-2002 and modern developments |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Elements of European food law |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
Challenges for European food law |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (5) |
Index |
|
583 | |