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E-grāmata: Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool Marks

(Forensic Science Service), (Staffordshire University), (Forensic Science Service),
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Essentials of Forensic Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Sep-2013
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118374184
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Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool MarksPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Essentials of Forensic Science
  • Izdošanas datums: 23-Sep-2013
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118374184
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The Forensic Examination and Interpretation of Tool Marks brings together key techniques and developments in the field of tool marks in forensic science and explains clearly how tool mark analysis can be used within forensic investigation.

The purpose of this book is to bring together as much of this information as possible in an accessible manner. The book deals with all aspects of tool mark evidence from crime scene to courtroom. The examination of a wide variety of different tool marks are discussed, including those made by specific tools such as saws and in complex materials such as bone.

The general principles and techniques used in tool mark examinations can also be applied to some other closely related fields. Therefore, sections on the examination of manufacturing marks, including those on plastic film items, and physical fit comparisons are also included.

The book will be of interest to a wide range of people and not just to tool mark examiners and people studying forensic science. It will be of use to crime scene examiners, officers investigating crimes where tool marks are found and members of the legal professions.

  • Brings together key techniques and developments within the field of tool mark investigation.
  • Includes material on examining tool marks at the crime scene and in the laboratory, interpretation and evaluation issues and how tool mark evidence should be presented in court.
  • Covers specialized tool mark examinations, manufacturing marks, including those on plastic film items, and physical fits.
  • Includes a large range of illustrations and photographs.
  • Invaluable reference for practicing forensic scientists, students of forensic sciences, members of the legal professions and crime scene investigators, enabling them to recognise the importance of tool marks within an investigation.
  • An extremely valuable resource in the on-going debate regarding the evidential value of tool marks in court.
  • Part of the ‘Essentials in Forensic Science’ book series.

Recenzijas

An excellent resource that would find a prominent place in an organisation s library, a legal library and a forensic scientist s personal library. (The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences, 1 January 2015)

About the Authors xi
Series Foreword: Essentials of Forensic Science xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
About the Companion Website xxv
1 Introduction
1(24)
1.1 Overview of contents
1(3)
1.2 A brief history of tool marks
4(3)
1.3 General aspects of marks' comparison
7(1)
1.4 Training requirements for examiners
8(2)
1.5 Good forensic practice
10(1)
1.6 Examination and comparison strategy
11(2)
1.6.1 Analysis
11(1)
1.6.2 Comparison
12(1)
1.6.3 Evaluation
12(1)
1.6.4 Verification
12(1)
1.7 Environment and equipment
13(9)
1.7.1 Basic requirements
13(1)
1.7.2 Examiner's `toolbox'
14(1)
1.7.3 Test mark and casting materials
14(3)
1.7.4 Larger equipment
17(1)
1.7.4.1 The comparator
18(4)
1.8 Quality assurance
22(1)
1.9 A brief summary
23(2)
References
24(1)
2 Tool Manufacture
25(28)
2.1 Introduction
25(3)
2.2 Working with metal
28(1)
2.3 Creating a tool `blank'
29(5)
2.3.1 Forging
30(1)
2.3.2 Blanking and shearing
31(1)
2.3.3 Metal cutting operations
32(2)
2.4 Finishing processes
34(11)
2.5 Wear, corrosion and damage
45(8)
References
51(2)
3 Scene Examination
53(28)
3.1 Examining and recording the scene
53(1)
3.2 General preliminaries
54(2)
3.2.1 Verifying the circumstances
54(1)
3.2.2 Recording the scene
54(1)
3.2.3 Scene to scene linking
55(1)
3.2.4 Packaging
55(1)
3.3 Forced entry marks---levering
56(7)
3.3.1 Recovery of levering marks
58(5)
3.4 Forced entry marks---other
63(4)
3.4.1 Hammer-type attack
64(1)
3.4.2 Gripping tool attacks
65(1)
3.4.3 Motor vehicle entry
66(1)
3.5 Entry by cutting
67(5)
3.5.1 Padlock removal
68(1)
3.5.2 Breached security systems
69(3)
3.6 Theft of metal
72(1)
3.7 Examination of machines
73(1)
3.8 Pathology samples
74(3)
3.9 Collecting suspect tools
77(4)
References
79(2)
4 Initial Laboratory Examination
81(34)
4.1 General preliminaries
81(5)
4.1.1 Receiving items
81(1)
4.1.2 Planning the examination
82(2)
4.1.3 Preparing for the examination
84(1)
4.1.4 Collecting the items
84(1)
4.1.5 Decontamination of item packaging
84(1)
4.1.6 Operating procedures
84(1)
4.1.7 Recording and opening the packaging
85(1)
4.1.8 Description of the item
86(1)
4.1.9 Examination of the item
86(1)
4.2 Mainly impressed marks
86(5)
4.2.1 Levering marks
87(2)
4.2.2 Impact marks
89(1)
4.2.3 Gripping marks
89(1)
4.2.4 The tool(s)
90(1)
4.3 Mainly dynamic marks
91(8)
4.3.1 Levering marks with striations
92(1)
4.3.2 Cutting and stabbing marks
92(7)
4.4 Saw marks
99(6)
4.5 Post-mortem samples
105(3)
4.6 Alphanumeric punches
108(3)
4.7 Using tool marks for intelligence purposes
111(4)
4.7.1 Type and size of tool
111(1)
4.7.2 Scene-to-scene linking without a tool
111(1)
4.7.3 Scene-to-scene linking using a tool recovered from a scene
112(1)
4.7.4 Linking suspect's tool(s) to previously unsuspected scenes
112(1)
4.7.5 Setting up a database
112(1)
References
113(2)
5 Detailed Laboratory Examination
115(36)
5.1 First considerations
115(1)
5.2 Presentation of material to the comparator
116(3)
5.3 Impressed marks
119(4)
5.4 Marks with striations
123(13)
5.4.1 Sliding marks
124(4)
5.4.2 Double-bladed cutting tools
128(3)
5.4.3 Stab marks (in tyres and bones)
131(5)
5.5 Saw marks
136(3)
5.5.1 Initial and final cuts
136(1)
5.5.2 Sawn ends
137(2)
5.6 Specialised marks
139(8)
5.6.1 Alphanumeric punches
139(4)
5.6.2 Drill marks
143(1)
5.6.3 Slide hammers
144(2)
5.6.4 Pipe cutters
146(1)
5.7 Other considerations
147(4)
5.7.1 Test marks made in situ
147(1)
5.7.2 Amount of detail required for comparison
148(1)
5.7.3 Use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
148(2)
References
150(1)
6 Interpretation and Evaluation
151(24)
6.1 Introduction
151(6)
6.1.1 Interpretation
151(2)
6.1.2 Evaluation
153(2)
6.1.3 Interpretation and evaluation
155(2)
6.1.4 Scene-to-scene linking
157(1)
6.2 Considerations as the laboratory examination progresses
157(9)
6.2.1 Eliminations and inconclusive evidence
157(1)
6.2.2 Identifications and levels of support
158(8)
6.3 Other considerations
166(4)
6.4 Verification
170(1)
6.5 After the examination
171(1)
6.6 Quality assurance
172(3)
References
173(2)
7 Manufacturing Marks: Involving Tool Mark Related Examinations
175(8)
7.1 Introduction
175(1)
7.2 Screws
176(2)
7.3 Insulated cable
178(1)
7.4 Copied coins
179(2)
7.5 Security ties/tags
181(2)
Reference
182(1)
8 Physical Fits: Involving Tool Mark Related Examinations
183(14)
8.1 Introduction
183(2)
8.2 Scene examination
185(1)
8.3 Categories of physical fit and laboratory examination
186(7)
8.3.1 Jigsaw fits
186(1)
8.3.1.1 Multiple broken pieces
187(1)
8.3.2 Physical fits requiring tool mark skills
188(2)
8.3.3 Physical fits requiring knowledge of manufacturing detail
190(1)
8.3.3.1 Broken items
190(1)
8.3.3.2 Cut items
191(1)
8.3.4 Contact `fits'
192(1)
8.4 Evaluation
193(4)
9 Plastic Film Examinations
197(22)
9.1 Introduction
197(2)
9.2 The `blown film' process
199(6)
9.2.1 Extrusion
199(2)
9.2.2 Bag production and construction
201(1)
9.2.2.1 Heat sealing, perforating and cutting
201(2)
9.2.2.2 Gussets
203(1)
9.2.2.3 Press seals
203(1)
9.2.2.4 Printing
203(2)
9.3 Laboratory considerations
205(3)
9.3.1 Preliminaries
205(1)
9.3.2 Equipment
206(2)
9.4 Laboratory examination and evaluation
208(11)
9.4.1 Pigmented bags
209(1)
9.4.1.1 One unknown bag versus one known bag
209(2)
9.4.1.2 Unknown bag(s) versus a roll/set of known bags
211(2)
9.4.2 Self-seal bags
213(1)
9.4.3 Wrapping film
214(1)
9.4.4 Self-adhesive tape
215(2)
References
217(2)
10 Summary
219(1)
References 220(3)
Glossary 223(14)
Index 237
DAVID BALDWIN Baldwin Forensic Consultancy, Formerly of Forensic Science Service Ltd, London JOHN BIRKETT Formerly of Forensic Science Service Ltd, London OWEN FACEY Staffordshire University GILLEON RABEY Formerly of Forensic Science Service Ltd, London
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