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E-grāmata: Forensic Radio Survey Techniques for Cell Site Analysis

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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Dec-2014
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118925751
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Forensic Radio Survey Techniques for Cell Site AnalysisPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 09-Dec-2014
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118925751
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This book is intended to be used as both a text book and as an aide memoire handbook by forensic radio survey engineers, particularly those working for official police agencies. The book provides a simple but detailed overview of the operation of cellular networks (GSM, UMTS and LTE, US CDMAOne/CDMA2000, amongst others). In addition, the author also provides an overview of the technical theories that underpin cellular radio systems basic radio theory and a simple explanation of the mathematical concepts that underlie measurements scales such as dB and dBm. The main part of the book, however, focuses on radio surveys, the various types of survey, the techniques employed for each survey and the considerations and potential problems that can be encountered when surveying different types of network. The final section deals with processing and interpreting the results of radio surveys and examines the information that can be gained from them.
About the Author xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Glossary xxiii
1 Forensic Radio Surveys for Cell Site Analysis 1(2)
1.1 Cell Site Analysis
1(1)
1.2 Forensic Radio Surveying
1(2)
2 Radio Theory 3(22)
2.1 RF Propagation
3(7)
2.1.1 Radio Theory
3(3)
2.1.2 Basic Terminology
6(1)
2.1.3 Propagation Modes
7(1)
2.1.4 Multipath Transmission
8(2)
2.2 Carrying Information on a Radio Signal
10(3)
2.2.1 Analogue Transmission Systems
10(1)
2.2.2 Digital Transmission Systems
11(2)
2.3 Radio Spectrum
13(3)
2.3.1 Radio Bands and Channels
13(1)
2.3.2 Effects of Frequency on Propagation
14(1)
2.3.3 Cellular Bands
15(1)
2.4 RF Measurements
16(7)
2.4.1 Decibel Notation
16(1)
2.4.2 Decibels
17(2)
2.4.3 Decibel Milliwatts
19(1)
2.4.4 Cellular Measurements
20(1)
2.4.5 Measurements Used by Different Cellular Generations
21(1)
2.4.6 Describing Signal Strengths
22(1)
Note
23(1)
References
23(2)
3 Wireless Technologies and Deployments 25(12)
3.1 Coordinating Cellular Development
25(1)
3.2 Evolution from OG to 4G
26(4)
3.2.1 OG — Pre-cellular Networks
26(1)
3.2.2 1G — First Generation Networks
27(1)
3.2.3 2G — Second Generation Networks
28(1)
3.2.4 3G — Third Generation Networks
29(1)
3.2.5 4G — Fourth Generation Networks and Beyond
29(1)
3.3 3GPP Network Types
30(1)
3.4 3GPP2 Network Types
31(1)
3.5 Other Types of Network
32(2)
3.5.1 TD-SCDMA
32(1)
3.5.2 iDEN
32(1)
3.5.3 WiFi
32(1)
3.5.4 Wireless Broadband
33(1)
3.5.5 WIMAX
33(1)
3.5.6 Wireless Local Loop
33(1)
3.5.7 GSM-R
34(1)
3.5.8 TETRA
34(1)
3.6 Deployed Technologies by Region
34(2)
3.7 Commonly-used Frequency Bands by Region
36(1)
References
36(1)
4 Cellular Theory 37(56)
4.1 Pre-cellular Radiotelephone Networks
37(1)
4.2 Radio Cells
38(2)
4.3 Frequency Reuse
40(1)
4.4 Cell Size and Coverage
41(2)
4.5 Duplex Techniques
43(1)
4.5.1 Frequency Division Duplex
43(1)
4.5.2 Time Division Duplex
44(1)
4.6 Multiple Access Techniques
44(2)
4.6.1 Time Division Multiple Access
45(1)
4.6.2 Code Division Multiple Access
45(1)
4.6.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
45(1)
4.6.4 Multiple Radio Access Technologies
46(1)
4.7 Generic Network Architecture
46(1)
4.8 Mobile Devices
47(1)
4.8.1 The Third Generation Partnership Project Mobile Devices
47(1)
4.8.2 Other Network Types
48(1)
4.9 Radio Access Networks
48(3)
4.9.1 Cells and Base Stations
48(1)
4.9.2 Location Areas
49(2)
4.10 Core Networks
51(1)
4.10.1 2G/3G Core Networks
51(1)
4.10.2 4G Core Networks
52(1)
4.11 Subscriber and Device Identifiers
52(5)
4.11.1 Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network
53(1)
4.11.2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity
53(2)
4.11.3 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
55(1)
4.11.4 International Mobile Equipment Identity
55(2)
4.12 Network Databases
57(2)
4.12.1 Home Location Register/Home Subscriber Server
57(1)
4.12.2 Local Mobility Management Database
57(1)
4.12.3 Equipment Identity Register
58(1)
4.12.4 Network Types — MNOs and MVNOs
58(1)
4.13 Cell Sites
59(7)
4.13.1 Channels and Carriers
59(1)
4.13.2 Cells and Sectors
60(2)
4.13.3 Cell Capacity
62(1)
4.13.4 Cell Identifiers
63(1)
4.13.5 Physical-layer Cell Identifiers
64(1)
4.13.6 Cell Global Identifiers
64(1)
4.13.7 Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
65(1)
4.14 Antennas and Azimuths
66(2)
4.15 Uptilt and Downtilt
68(1)
4.16 Cell Types and Sizes
69(1)
4.17 Cell Site Types and Uses
70(1)
4.18 Single and Multi Frequency Networks
71(3)
4.18.1 Single Frequency Networks
71(1)
4.18.2 Multi Frequency Networks
72(1)
4.18.3 Multi Carrier SFNs
73(1)
4.19 Cell Coverage Concepts
74(3)
4.19.1 Dominance
74(1)
4.19.2 Non-dominance
75(1)
4.19.3 Poor Coverage Areas
76(1)
4.20 Small Cells and Closed Subscriber Groups
77(1)
4.21 Network Activities
78(5)
4.21.1 Mobile Device Activities at Power On
78(2)
4.21.2 Attach and Detach
80(1)
4.21.3 Authentication and Ciphering
81(1)
4.21.4 TMSI Allocation
82(1)
4.21.5 Detach
82(1)
4.22 Idle Mode and Connected Mode
83(4)
4.22.1 Idle Mode Procedures (Cell Selection and Reselection)
83(2)
4.22.2 Connected Mode Procedures (Connection Setup and Handover)
85(1)
4.22.3 Transition from Idle Mode to Connected Mode
86(1)
4.23 Cell Access Control
87(2)
4.23.1 Cell Barring
88(1)
4.23.2 Forbidden LAC/TAC
88(1)
4.24 Location Updating (Idle Mode Mobility)
89(2)
4.25 Handover (Connected Mode Mobility)
91(1)
4.25.1 Inter-carrier Handover
91(1)
4.25.2 Intra-carrier Handover
91(1)
References
92(1)
5 3GPP Network Types 93(56)
5.1 2G GSM Networks
94(17)
5.1.1 2G GSM Access Networks
94(1)
5.1.2 2G GSM Radio Interface
95(1)
5.1.3 GSM Channel Configuration
96(1)
5.1.4 2G GSM Cell Selection
97(5)
5.1.5 2G GSM Reselection Candidates
102(1)
5.1.6 2G GSM Cell Configurations
103(2)
5.1.7 2G GSM Channel Numbering
105(2)
5.1.8 2G GSM Cell Identifiers
107(2)
5.1.9 2G GSM Cell Discrimination
109(1)
5.1.10 2G GSM Radio Measurements
110(1)
5.2 3G UMTS/HSPA Networks
111(19)
5.2.1 3G UMTS Access Networks
112(1)
5.2.2 3G UMTS Radio Interface
113(2)
5.2.3 3G UMTS Cell Selection
115(1)
5.2.4 Active and Monitored Cells
116(1)
5.2.5 Single and Multi Frequency 3G UMTS Networks
117(2)
5.2.6 3G UMTS Handover — Soft Handover
119(1)
5.2.7 Other Kinds of 3G UMTS Handover
120(1)
5.2.8 Cell Breathing
121(2)
5.2.9 3G UMTS Radio Measurements
123(2)
5.2.10 3G UMTS Channel Numbering
125(1)
5.2.11 3G UMTS Cell Identifiers
126(2)
5.2.12 3G UMTS Cell Configurations
128(1)
5.2.13 3G UMTS Cell Discrimination
129(1)
5.2.14 Multi-carrier UMTS Services
130(1)
5.3 4G LTE Networks
130(16)
5.3.1 4G LTE Network Architecture
131(1)
5.3.2 4G LTE Radio Interface
132(2)
5.3.3 4G LTE Cell Selection and Reselection
134(2)
5.3.4 4G LTE Handovers
136(1)
5.3.5 4G LTE Cell Configurations
137(1)
5.3.6 4G LTE Radio Bands and Channel Numbering
138(1)
5.3.7 4G LTE Cell Identifiers
138(3)
5.3.8 4G LTE Cell Discrimination
141(1)
5.3.9 4G LTE Radio Measurements
142(1)
5.3.10 4G LTE Variants — TDD and FDD
143(1)
5.3.11 4G LTE Voice Call Options
144(2)
5.3.12 LTE Evolution — LTE -Advanced and Beyond
146(1)
References
146(3)
6 Other Cellular Network Types 149(26)
6.1 2G IS-95/cdmaOne
149(1)
6.2 3G IS-2000/CDMA2000 1xRTT
150(13)
6.2.1 CDMA2000 Generations and Variants
150(1)
6.2.2 CDMA2000 Network Architecture
151(1)
6.2.3 CDMA2000 Network Structure
152(1)
6.2.4 3G CDMA2000 User and Device Identities
153(2)
6.2.5 3G CDMA2000 Radio Interface
155(2)
6.2.6 3G CDMA2000 Cell Selection
157(1)
6.2.7 3G CDMA2000 Handover
158(1)
6.2.8 3G CDMA2000 Radio Measurements
158(1)
6.2.9 3G CDMA2000 Band Classes and Channel Numbering
159(1)
6.2.10 3G CDMA2000 Cell Identifiers
159(3)
6.2.11 3G CDMA2000 Cell Configurations
162(1)
6.3 3G CDMA2000 EV-DO
163(2)
6.3.1 EV-DO Forensic Surveys
164(1)
6.3.2 CDMA2000 Specifications
165(1)
6.4 Surveying Other Technologies
165(8)
6.4.1 2G iDEN
166(1)
6.4.2 2G Personal Digital Cellular (Japan)
166(1)
6.4.3 2G TETRA
166(2)
6.4.4 2G GSM for Railways
168(1)
6.4.5 3G TD-SCDMA (China)
168(2)
6.4.6 4G WIMAX
170(1)
6.4.7 Non-Cellular: WiFi
171(2)
References
173(2)
7 Forensic Radio Surveys 175(80)
7.1 Forensic Radio Survey Objectives
175(1)
7.2 Forensic Radio Survey Terminology
175(1)
7.3 Forensic Radio Survey Types and Techniques
176(11)
7.3.1 Spot/Location Surveys
177(2)
7.3.2 Location Surveys
179(1)
7.3.3 Static Spot Surveys
180(1)
7.3.4 Indoor Surveys
180(1)
7.3.5 All-Network Profiles
181(2)
7.3.6 Cell Coverage Surveys
183(2)
7.3.7 Route Profile Surveys
185(2)
7.4 Idle Mode versus Connected Mode Surveys
187(9)
7.4.1 Idle Mode
187(1)
7.4.2 Connected Mode
188(1)
7.4.3 Transition from Idle Mode to Connected Mode
188(1)
7.4.4 Idle Mode Surveys
188(3)
7.4.5 Connected Mode Surveys
191(3)
7.4.6 Mixed Mode Surveys
194(1)
7.4.7 Suggested Survey Modes
195(1)
7.5 Additional Survey Techniques
196(5)
7.5.1 Surveying using Multiple Devices
196(2)
7.5.2 Test Call Protocols
198(1)
7.5.3 Lock Files
199(1)
7.5.4 Orbit Tests
200(1)
7.6 Survey Preparation
201(4)
7.6.1 Survey Specifications
201(1)
7.6.2 Preparing Survey Devices
202(2)
7.6.3 Survey Safety
204(1)
7.7 Typical Survey Actions and Procedures
205(12)
7.7.1 Spot/Location Surveys
205(5)
7.7.2 All-Network Profiles
210(1)
7.7.3 Cell Coverage Surveys
210(6)
7.7.4 Route Profile Surveys
216(1)
7.8 Survey Results: Checking and Confirmation
217(3)
7.8.1 Confirming the Expected Results
217(1)
7.8.2 Expected Results Not Found
217(1)
7.8.3 Surveying Near Location/Tracking Area Boundaries
218(2)
7.9 Survey Notes and Progress Maps
220(1)
7.10 Survey Equipment Types
221(4)
7.10.1 3G Forensics CSury
221(1)
7.10.2 Anite NEMO Handy
222(1)
7.10.3 Ascom TEMS
223(1)
7.10.4 Forensic Mobile Services CSU-4 L
224(1)
7.11 Raw Survey Results
225(5)
7.11.1 CSury Data (2G)
225(1)
7.11.2 CSury Data (3G)
225(3)
7.11.3 NEMO Data
228(1)
7.11.4 TEMS Data
229(1)
7.11.5 FMS CSU-4 L Data
230(1)
7.12 Processing Survey Results
230(9)
7.12.1 Spot/Location Raw Survey Results
230(3)
7.12.2 Spot/Location Survey Summarised Results
233(2)
7.12.3 All-Network Profile Results
235(1)
7.12.4 Coverage Survey Results
235(3)
7.12.5 Route Profile Results
238(1)
7.13 Understanding Survey Results
239(6)
7.13.1 Understanding Coverage and Route Survey Results
240(1)
7.13.2 Understanding Spot/Location Survey Results
241(2)
7.13.3 Finding 'Missing' Cell IDs
243(2)
7.14 Storage of Survey Data
245(3)
7.14.1 Continuity of Evidence
245(1)
7.14.2 Historical Survey Data
246(1)
7.14.3 Proactive Surveys
247(1)
7.15 Quality and Best Practice
248(4)
7.15.1 Survey Preparation
248(1)
7.15.2 Idle Mode versus Connected Mode
248(1)
7.15.3 Best Practice for Survey Types
249(1)
7.15.4 Contemporaneous Note Taking
250(1)
7.15.5 Post-Survey Reports
250(1)
7.15.6 Summary of Survey Best Practice
251(1)
7.16 Summary of Typical Survey Results
252(2)
7.16.1 GSM Measurements
252(1)
7.16.2 UMTS Measurements
252(1)
7.16.3 LTE Measurements
253(1)
7.16.4 cdmaOne and CDMA2000 Measurements
253(1)
References
254(1)
8 Cell Site Analysis 255(42)
8.1 Cell Site Concepts
256(1)
8.2 Uses and Limitations of Cell Site Evidence
257(7)
8.2.1 Limitations
257(1)
8.2.2 Cell Site Uses
258(3)
8.2.3 Historical versus Live Cell Site
261(1)
8.2.4 Combining Cell Site Analysis with Other Evidence
261(2)
8.2.5 Attribution
263(1)
8.3 Regulation of Cell Site Analysis
264(1)
8.4 Components of Cell Site Analysis
265(1)
8.5 Call Detail Records
265(11)
8.5.1 Voice/Text CDRs
267(1)
8.5.2 GPRS Data CDRs
268(4)
8.5.3 CDR Examples
272(4)
8.6 Sources of Cellular Coverage Data
276(2)
8.6.1 Serving Cell Plots
276(1)
8.6.2 Path Profiles
277(1)
8.7 Forensic Radio Surveys
278(1)
8.7.1 Role of Forensic Survey Results
278(1)
8.7.2 Limitations of Forensic Surveys
278(1)
8.8 Cell Site Reports
279(6)
8.8.1 Report Writing and Structure
279(6)
8.9 Call Schedules
285(1)
8.10 Maps and Graphics
286(3)
8.11 Report Checking and Peer Review
289(1)
8.12 Professional and Expert Witnesses
290(3)
8.12.1 Witness of Fact
290(1)
8.12.2 Witness of Opinion
291(1)
8.12.3 Duties of an Expert Witness
291(1)
8.12.4 Defence Cell Site Reports
292(1)
8.13 Court Presentations
293(3)
8.13.1 Evidence-in-Chief
293(2)
8.13.2 Typical Cross-Examination Questions
295(1)
References
296(1)
9 Summary and Practical Activities 297(66)
9.1 Radio and Cellular Concepts
297(4)
9.1.1 Basic Radio Terminology
297(1)
9.1.2 Decibels
297(1)
9.1.3 Decibel Milliwatts
298(1)
9.1.4 Cellular Radio Bands
299(1)
9.1.5 Cellular Radio bands by Region
299(1)
9.1.6 Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal
300(1)
9.2 Cellular Identifiers
301(6)
9.2.1 Mobile Country Code List
301(6)
9.3 Cellular Network Types
307(5)
9.3.1 2G GSM Networks
307(1)
9.3.2 3G UMTS Networks
307(2)
9.3.3 2G cdmaOne and 3G CDMA2000 Networks
309(1)
9.3.4 4G LTE Networks
309(3)
9.4 Forensic Radio Surveys
312(9)
9.4.1 Spot/Location Surveys
312(2)
9.4.2 All-Network Profiles
314(2)
9.4.3 Cell Coverage Surveys
316(1)
9.4.4 Route Profiles
317(1)
9.4.5 Survey Specifications
318(1)
9.4.6 Preparing Survey Devices
318(2)
9.4.7 Survey Safety
320(1)
9.5 Survey Results: Checking and Confirmation
321(1)
9.5.1 Confirming the Expected Results
321(1)
9.5.2 Expected Results Not Found
321(1)
9.6 Survey Notes and Progress Maps
322(1)
9.7 Survey Results
323(7)
9.7.1 Spot/Location Survey Results
323(1)
9.7.2 All-Network Profile Results
324(2)
9.7.3 Coverage Survey Results
326(1)
9.7.4 Route Profile Results
327(3)
9.7.5 Summary of Survey Best Practice
330(1)
9.8 Cell Site Analysis
330(5)
9.8.1 Limitations of Cell Site Analysis
330(1)
9.8.2 Components of Cell Site Analysis
331(3)
9.8.3 Report Checking and Peer Review
334(1)
9.9 End-to-End Process
335(1)
9.10 Master List of Events/Locations
336(1)
9.11 Source Files Attribution List
336(1)
9.12 Normalise Call Data into a Standard Format
337(7)
9.12.1 CDR Normalisation
338(6)
9.13 Create a Master Cell List
344(1)
9.14 Creating a Case Master Map
345(2)
9.15 Compile Radio Survey Summary Tables
347(8)
9.16 Creating Call and Cell Labels
355(3)
9.17 Cell Site Mapping Presentations
358(2)
9.18 Summary
360(1)
References
361(2)
Index 363
Joseph Hoy is a telecoms engineer and trainer with 27 years of industry experience. He has worked extensively as a forensic cell site analyst and expert witness, contributing to many high-profile cases. He has undertaken the work of the forensic radio surveyor, capturing measurements of cellular coverage at crime scenes and other locations, and has also provided extensive training for cellular engineers, cell site analysts and forensic radio survey engineers.
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