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E-grāmata: Forensic Science in Healthcare: Caring for Patients, Preserving the Evidence

(Jemez Springs, New Mexico, USA)
  • Formāts: 373 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Apr-2018
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439844915
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  • Formāts: 373 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Apr-2018
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439844915

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"This book contains basic forensic information necessary for healthcare professionals to assess and manage victims of trauma and criminal behavior. Chapters cover information on types of wounds and how to describe them; various types of evidence which may be encountered in the healthcare setting; and general principles of evidence collection. Common evidentiary items such as clothing, foreign objects, trace evidence, biological evidence, and bite marks are discussed and collection procedures are identified. A glossary of terms is included and a downloadable CD-ROM with information and printable templates such as human body diagrams supplements the text"--Provided by publisher.

First responders confronted by forensic cases are forced to consider the competing concerns of administering proper medical treatment while at the same time safeguarding vital evidence. Forensic Science in Healthcare: Caring for Patients, Preserving the Evidence presents precise on-scene protocol designed to ensure that the actions of the response team provide the necessary care and yet maintain the integrity of the evidence for legal purposes.

Following an introduction to forensics, the book explains how to recognize and identify patients with forensic issues, offers guidelines on proper documentation, and provides tips on forensic photography and capturing critical images. It reviews basic principles of evidence collection before moving into specific Law scenarios, including domestic violence, sexual assault, child and elder abuse, youth violence, and death investigation. The book also examines occupational concerns for forensic personnel as well as legal issues such as testifying in depositions and in court.

Enhanced with photographs, illustrations, templates for documentation, and case-specific recommendation., this one-stop reference provides first responders with practical understanding of the steps that should be followed to ensure not only patient protection but evidence preservation.

A forensic nurse who teaches and practices in New Mexico, Darnell offers people at all levels within the healthcare spectrum basic knowledge and skills for ensuring that a forensic patient's legal rights are protected within the healthcare setting. She describes how to identify patients with forensic issues, and guides readers through the practical aspects of evidence preservation, documentation, and legal reporting procedures. Among her topics are evidence, domestic violence and abuse, sexual assault of children, death investigation, and legal issues. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

First responders confronted by forensic cases are forced to consider the competing concerns of administering proper medical treatment while at the same time safeguarding vital evidence. Forensic Science in Healthcare: Caring for Patients, Preserving the Evidence presents precise on-scene protocol designed to ensure that the actions of the response team provide the necessary care and yet maintain the integrity of the evidence for legal purposes.

Following an introduction to forensics, the book explains how to recognize and identify patients with forensic issues, offers guidelines on proper documentation, and provides tips on forensic photography and capturing critical images. It reviews basic principles of evidence collection before moving into specific case scenarios, including domestic violence, sexual assault, child and elder abuse, youth violence, and death investigation. The book also examines occupational concerns for forensic personnel as well as legal issues such as testifying in depositions and in court.

Enhanced with photographs, illustrations, templates for documentation, and case-specific recommendations, this one-stop reference provides first responders with practical understanding of the steps that should be followed to ensure not only patient protection but evidence preservation.

Recenzijas

" ... an excellent resource for all healthcare providers and right on target for our EMS colleagues." Philip J. Froman, MD, FACEP, EMS Medical Director, Albuquerque, New Mexico

"This quick reference guide is a resource of fundamentals for first responders confronted with forensic cases. Law enforcement officers, fire personnel, EMTs, nurses and physicians will find precise instructions for on-scene actions to ensure that valuable forensic evidence is properly safeguarded. The author has distilled the essentials for those who do not have the time to wade through a lot of peripheral nice to know information to find immediate answers for the forensic scenario at hand. Occupational health and safety issues are also addressed. Color illustrations, charts, tables, references and online resources amplify the text and provide useful guidance for field personnel. If you can have only one quick reference manual, it should be this one!" Janet Barber Duval, Forensic Nurse

"Well-organized chapters with plenty of key points, photographs, illustrations, references, tools, and information help empower health care professionals to protect patients entrusted to their care. This book is an excellent resource for all first responders, but it is also a must-read for nurses at all levels in all settings. The author does an excellent job of incorporating forensic information with nursing observation and documentation. Managers will find valuable information for developing policies and procedures and the tools necessary to help staff members protect the forensic patients legal rights in the health care setting." Phyllis J. Fawcett, Regional Clinical Informaticist, Community Health Systems, Franklin, Tennessee, in Journal of Operating Room Nurses

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Author xxi
1 Introduction to Forensics 1(16)
Red Flags
2(1)
The Evolution of Crime, Violence, and Crime Detection
3(1)
Living Forensics
3(1)
The Scope of Crime and Violence in Modern Society
4(1)
The Financial Cost of Violence
5(1)
The Emotional Cost of Violence
6(1)
The Role of Healthcare
6(3)
Standards of Care
9(1)
The Nursing Process
9(2)
Assessment: Data Collection
10(1)
Nursing Diagnosis
10(1)
Planning
11(1)
Implementation
11(1)
Evaluation
11(1)
Summary
11(2)
Appendix 1.1: Signs of Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation
13(1)
References
14(3)
2 Documentation 17(88)
Medical Documentation
17(2)
General Physical Examination
19(1)
Wound Documentation
20(2)
Blunt Force Injuries
22(15)
Abrasions
23(2)
Contusions
25(10)
Lacerations
35(2)
Sharp Force Injuries
37(6)
Cuts or Incisions
38(1)
Stab Wounds
38(5)
Mixed Blunt and Sharp Injuries
43(1)
Fast Force Injuries (Gunshot Wounds)
43(15)
Range of Fire
45(6)
Angle of Entry
51(1)
Types of Projectiles and Intervening Objects
52(5)
Photographing Gunshot Wounds
57(1)
Important Terms to Remember about Gunshot Wounds
57(1)
Bite Marks
57(1)
Fractures of Bone
58(1)
Thermal, Electrical, and Chemical Injuries
58(15)
Thermal Burns
58(3)
Classifications
58(1)
Scalding Burns
59(1)
Inhalation Injuries
60(1)
Electrical Burns
61(9)
Definitions
61(1)
Basics of Electricity
61(4)
Types of Electrical Burns
65(3)
Lightning Injuries and Death
68(2)
Weather-Related Hazards
70(2)
Overheating-Related Tissue Injury
70(1)
Cold-Related Tissue Injury
71(1)
Chemical Burns
72(1)
In Conclusion
72(1)
Photography
73(9)
Photographic Evidence
73(1)
Purposes of Photographs
73(1)
Basics of Photography
74(1)
Consent to Photograph
75(1)
Informed Consent
75(1)
Implied Consent
76(1)
Admissibility of Photographs
76(1)
Qualities of Photographs for Evidentiary Purposes
76(1)
Equipment for Forensic Photographs
77(1)
Scene Photography
77(1)
Sequence of Photographs
78(1)
Photographing Human Abuse and Assault Injuries
78(3)
Tips for Photographing Anatomical Features
81(1)
Digital Evidence
82(3)
What Is Digital Evidence and Cyberforensics?
82(1)
What Is the Unique Forensic Value of Digital Evidence?
82(2)
Implications for Healthcare and Forensic Personnel
84(1)
Tampering and Spoliation of Records
85(3)
Safety and Security Concerns
86(1)
Reporting
87(1)
Appendix 2.1: Adult Male Body Diagram
88(1)
Appendix 2.2: Adult Male Body Diagram, Side View
89(1)
Appendix 2.3: Adult Female Body Diagram
90(1)
Appendix 2.4: Adult Female Body Diagram, Side View
91(1)
Appendix 2.5: Head and Neck
92(1)
Appendix 2.6: Hands
93(1)
Appendix 2.7: Feet—Toes and Bottom
94(1)
Appendix 2.8: Feet—Side View
95(1)
Appendix 2.9: Hands, Feet, Head, Eyes, Ears
96(1)
Appendix 2.10: Female Genitalia
97(1)
Appendix 2.11: Male Genitalia
98(1)
Appendix 2.12: Child Body Diagram
99(1)
Appendix 2.13: Infant Body Diagram
100(1)
Appendix 2.14: Consent to Photograph Forms
101(2)
Appendix 2.15: Some Commonly Used ICD-9 and CPT Codes
103(1)
References
104(1)
3 Evidence 105(38)
Healthcare Role in Evidence Collection
106(1)
Healthcare Providers
106(1)
Categories of Evidence
107(1)
Types of Evidence
108(3)
Physical Evidence
108(1)
Trace Evidence
108(1)
Verbal Evidence
109(1)
Questions to Ask
109(1)
Demonstrative Evidence
110(1)
Testimonial Evidence
110(1)
Digital or Electronic Evidence
110(1)
Behavioral Evidence
111(1)
Basic Principles of Evidence Collection
111(1)
General Procedures
112(4)
Personal Protective Equipment
112(1)
Collection Basics
112(6)
Drying
113(1)
Labeling
114(1)
Sealing
114(1)
Processing
115(1)
Storage and Security
115(1)
Chain of Custody
116(2)
Common Types of Physical Evidence in Medical Settings
118(7)
Clothing
118(1)
Bullets and Other Projectiles
119(1)
Foreign Objects
120(1)
Trace or Small Evidence
120(1)
Gunshot Residue
121(1)
Small or Loose Materials
121(1)
Large Loose Foreign Materials
122(1)
Fibers and Threads
122(1)
Hair
123(1)
Paint
123(1)
Metal or Sharp Items
123(1)
Glass
124(1)
Pollen
124(1)
Guidelines for Collecting Pollen Samples
125(1)
Biological Evidence
125(1)
Body Fluid Collection
125(2)
Control Swabs
125(1)
Dried Blood
126(1)
Moist Secretions (e.g., nondried blood or other moist substances; semen or unknown liquid)
126(1)
Dried Secretions
126(1)
Urine Samples
126(1)
Gastric Contents
127(1)
Bite Marks
127(1)
Blood Alcohol and Other Toxicological Specimens
128(3)
Testing for Drugs of Abuse
130(1)
Poisoning
131(2)
Things Not to Do
132(1)
Fetal Drug Exposure
133(1)
DNA—CODIS
133(1)
Sexual Assault
134(1)
After the Evidence Collection
134(1)
Summary
135(1)
Appendix 3.1: Evidence Tag and Chain of Custody
136(1)
Appendix 3.2: Classic Bindle Fold Diagram and Instructions
137(5)
Appendix 3.3a: Blood Collection Instructions
139(1)
Appendix 3.3b: Nail Collection Instructions
140(1)
Appendix 3.3c: Cord Tissue Collection Instructions
141(1)
References
142(1)
Additional Resources
142(1)
4 Domestic Violence and Abuse 143(30)
Physical Abuse
143(1)
Sexual Abuse
144(1)
Psychological Abuse
144(1)
Economic Abuse
144(2)
Joint Commission
146(1)
Intervention for Domestic Violence
147(2)
Screening
149(2)
Be Prepared and Comfortable Dealing with a "Yes" Answer!
150(1)
Assessment
151(1)
Safety First
152(1)
Patient History
152(2)
Psychological History
154(1)
Physical Examination
155(1)
Intervention
156(1)
Care Plan
157(1)
Mental Health Plan
158(1)
Safety Plan
159(2)
Resource List
161(1)
Community Resources
161(1)
Documentation
162(1)
Appendix 4.1: Danger Assessment—English
163(2)
Appendix 4.2: Danger Assessment—Spanish
165(2)
Appendix 4.3: Domestic Violence Assessment Tool
167(3)
Appendix 4.4: Domestic Violence CQI Tool
170(2)
References
172(1)
5 Sexual Assault 173(30)
Definitions
173(1)
Goals of Care
173(1)
Injuries
174(1)
Role of the First Responder and Healthcare Provider
175(1)
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANE)
176(1)
A National Protocol
177(18)
Appendix 5.1: Suggestions for Police Officers in Sexual Assault Cases
195(3)
Appendix 5.2: Suggestions for First Responders in Sexual Assault Cases
198(3)
References
201(2)
6 Child Abuse and Neglect 203(24)
Definition of Child Abuse
203(1)
Physical Abuse
203(1)
Emotional Abuse
204(1)
Sexual Abuse
204(1)
Neglect
204(1)
Munchausen by Proxy
204(1)
Forensic Resources
204(1)
Basic Assumptions
205(1)
Why Parents or Caregivers Abuse
205(1)
Child Abuse: Not an Isolated Event
205(1)
The Vulnerable Child
206(1)
Target Child
206(1)
Healthcare's Role
206(9)
General Assessment
206(1)
Recognizing Child Physical Abuse
207(1)
Parent-Child Interaction
207(1)
Evaluating Childhood Injuries
208(2)
Accidental versus Abusive Injuries
209(1)
Physical Exam
210(3)
Head Injuries
210(2)
Injuries to the Face and Mouth
212(1)
Musculoskeletal Injuries
212(1)
Burns
212(1)
Review of Records
213(1)
Interviewing the Abused Child
214(1)
Healthcare Provider Actions in Cases of Suspected Poisoning
214(1)
Reporting Responsibilities
215(2)
What to Report
215(1)
Child Neglect
215(1)
Sexual Assault of Children
215(2)
Pediatric Specimens
217(2)
Bite Marks
217(1)
Swab Technique for Bite Marks
217(1)
Prenatal Alcohol and Drug Abuse
217(1)
Poisoning
218(1)
Laboratory, Radiological, and Ophthalmic Testing
218(1)
Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome
219(3)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
222(1)
Failure to Thrive
222(1)
Summary
222(2)
Appendix 6.1: Guidelines for Initial Healthcare Provider-Child Interaction
224(1)
References
225(1)
Additional Resources
226(1)
7 Sexual Assault of Children 227(16)
Reporting Laws
228(1)
Definitions
228(1)
Child Sexuality
229(1)
Perpetrators and Victims
229(1)
Short- and Long-Term Psychological and Physical Harm
230(1)
Signs of Sexual Abuse in Children
230(1)
Prehospital Care
231(1)
Physical Injury
231(1)
Initial Disclosure
232(1)
Assessment
232(2)
Nursing Diagnoses
234(1)
Planning
234(1)
Intervention
234(1)
Evaluation
235(1)
Prevention
235(1)
Summary
236(1)
Appendix 7.1: Child Sexuality
237(3)
At Birth
237(1)
During First Year
237(1)
Two Years
237(1)
Three Years
237(1)
Four Years
238(1)
Five to Seven Years
238(1)
Eight to Twelve Years
238(1)
Thirteen Years and Older
238(2)
Appendix 7.2: Signs of Child Sexual Abuse
240(1)
References
240(1)
Additional Resources
241(2)
8 Youth Behaviors and Violence 243(16)
Risky Behavior
243(1)
Drug Use
244(1)
Dating Violence
244(3)
Bullying
247(2)
Guns and Gangs
249(2)
Dangers to Bystanders and Healthcare Workers
250(1)
Female Gang Membership
250(1)
Effects of Gangs on Children
250(1)
Gangs in Rural Areas
251(1)
Homelessness
251(1)
Suicide
251(3)
Risk Factors for Suicide
252(1)
Deterrents
252(1)
Intervention
252(2)
Stranger Danger
254(1)
Child Pornography
255(1)
Summary
256(1)
References
256(3)
9 Elder Abuse 259(22)
Categories of Elder Abuse
262(1)
Joint Commission Standards
262(1)
Definitions
263(3)
Physical Abuse
263(1)
Sexual Abuse
263(1)
Emotional or Psychological Abuse
263(1)
Spiritual Abuse
264(1)
Neglect
264(1)
Self-Neglect
264(1)
Fraud, Theft, and Financial or Material Exploitation
264(1)
Abandonment
265(1)
Risk Factors for Abuse
266(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Physical Abuse
266(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Sexual Abuse
266(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Emotional or Psychological Abuse
267(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Neglect
267(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Self-Neglect
267(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Abandonment
268(1)
Signs and Symptoms of Financial or Material Exploitation
268(1)
Reasons Elder Abuse Isn't Reported
268(1)
Reasons for Abuse or Neglect in Institutionalized Settings
269(1)
Assessment
269(2)
Physical Assessment
269(1)
Mental Assessment
270(1)
History
270(1)
Intervention
271(1)
Reporting
272(1)
Safety Planning
272(1)
Resources
273(1)
Appendix 9.1: Rights of Elders
274(2)
Fairness
274(1)
Freedom
274(1)
Self-Determination
275(1)
Privacy
275(1)
Appendix 9.2: Elder Abuse Assessment Tool
276(2)
Appendix 9.3: Support Agencies
278(1)
References
278(3)
10 Death Investigation 281(18)
Some Thoughts to Consider
281(2)
History
283(1)
Cause, Manner, and Mechanism of Death
283(2)
Manner of Death
284(1)
Mechanism of Death
285(2)
Example 1
285(1)
Example 2
285(1)
Autopsy
285(2)
Role of the Death Investigator
287(1)
Goals of Death Investigation
287(1)
Implications for Healthcare Providers
287(3)
Death Investigation Basics
287(1)
Goals of Evidence Collection at the Time of Death
288(1)
Handling the Deceased
288(2)
Assisting Survivors
290(1)
Traumatic Grief
290(1)
The Consultation Autopsy
291(1)
Organ and Tissue Donation
291(1)
Basic Information Regarding Donation
292(1)
Brain Death Criteria
292(1)
Summary of HCFA 42 CFR 482
292(1)
In Conclusion
293(1)
Appendix 10.1: Deaths to Be Reported to the Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI)
294(1)
Appendix 10.2: Suspicious Circumstances of Death
295(1)
Appendix 10.3: Death Investigation Report
296(1)
References
297(2)
11 Occupational Issues for Forensic Personnel 299(24)
Safety in the Workplace
299(2)
The Clean Room
300(1)
Workplace Violence
301(6)
Precipitating Factors
302(1)
Those at Greatest Risk
303(1)
Prevention
303(1)
Awareness and Responses
304(1)
Signs of Increasing Tension
304(1)
Responding to Increasing Tension
304(1)
Signs of Increasing Disruption
304(1)
Response to Increasing Disruption
304(1)
Types of Violent Behavior
305(1)
Responding to Violent Behavior
305(1)
Reporting Responsibilities
306(1)
Consequences for the Victim, Staff, Patients, and the Provider Organization
306(1)
OSHA Guidelines
306(1)
Hostage-Taking Scenarios
307(1)
Sexual Harassment
308(1)
Types of Sexual Harassment
308(1)
Sexual Harassment Policy
308(1)
Electrical Hazards
309(1)
Definitions
309(1)
Two Important Rules
309(1)
Toxins
310(2)
Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Deprivation
310(1)
Cyanide Poisoning
311(1)
Hydrogen Sulfide
311(1)
Altitude-Related Illness
312(1)
Bomb Threats
312(1)
Forensic Response
313(1)
Regulations and Reporting
313(1)
Appendix 11.1: Equipment and Supplies
314(2)
Appendix 11.2: Minimum Required Equipment for Nontransport Medical Rescue Vehicles: New Mexico Administrative Code 2009
316(3)
Appendix 11.3: Violent Incident Report Form
319(1)
Appendix 11.4: Bomb Threat Report
320(1)
References
321(2)
12 Legal Issues 323(8)
Testifying in Court
323(5)
Fear Not
323(1)
What Is the Law?
323(1)
Be Prepared
324(1)
Arrival
325(1)
Personal Characteristics
325(1)
Attire
325(1)
Presence on the Stand
326(1)
Do's and Don'ts When Testifying
326(1)
Do's
326(1)
Don'ts
327(1)
Testimony
327(1)
Depositions
328(3)
Index 331
Connie Darnell is an operating room nurse at Los Alamos Medical Center in New Mexico.