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E-grāmata: Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, Fifth Edition

4.17/5 (18 ratings by Goodreads)
(West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA)
  • Formāts: 366 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-May-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351691604
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Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, Fifth EditionPalielināt
  • Formāts: 366 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-May-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351691604
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Covering a range of fundamental topics essential to modern forensic investigation, the fifth edition of the landmark text Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques presents contributions and case studies from the personal files of experts in the field. In the fully updated 5th edition, Bell combines these testimonies into an accurate and engrossing account of cutting edge of forensic science across many different areas.

Designed for a single-term course at the undergraduate level, the book begins by discussing the intersection of law and forensic science, how things become evidence, and how courts decide if an item or testimony is admissible. The text invites students to follow evidence all the way from the crime scene into laboratory analysis and even onto the autopsy table. Forensic Science offers the fullest breadth of subject matter of any forensic text available, including forensic anthropology, death investigation (including entomology), bloodstain pattern analysis, firearms, tool marks, and forensic analysis of questioned documents.

Going beyond theory to application, this text incorporates the wisdom of forensic practitioners who discuss the real cases they have investigated. Textboxes in each chapter provide case studies, current events, and advice for career advancement. A brand-new feature, Myths in Forensic Science, highlights the differences between true forensics and popular media fictions. Each chapter begins with an overview and ends with a summary, and key terms, review questions, and up-to-date references. Appropriate for any sensibility, more than 350 full-color photos from real cases give students a true-to-life learning experience.

*Access to identical eBook version included

Features











Showcases contributions from high-profile experts in the field





Highlights real-life case studies from experts personal files, along with stunning full-color photographs





Organizes chapters into topics most popular for coursework





Covers of all forms of evidence, from bloodstain patterns to questioned documents





Includes textboxes with historical notes, myths in forensic science, and advice for career advancement





Provides chapter summaries, key terms, review questions, and further reading





Includes access to an identical eBook version

Ancillaries for Instructors:











PowerPoint® lecture slides for every chapter





A full Instructors Manual with hundreds of questions and answersincluding multiple choice





Additional chapters from previous editions





Two extra in-depth case studies on firearms and arson (photos included)





Further readings on entomological evidence and animal scavenging (photos included)
Notes to the Instructor xv
About the Editor xvii
Chapter 1 Justice and Science
1(14)
1.1 The Role of Forensic Science
1(2)
1.2 Forensic Science and Competing Stories
3(1)
1.3 Science
4(2)
1.3.1 Bias in Science
5(1)
1.3.2 Junk Science
6(1)
1.4 The Recent Past of Forensic Science
6(2)
1.5 The Odd Couple
8(1)
1.6 Types of Legal Proceedings
9(2)
1.7 Ethics
11(1)
1.8 Review Material
12(3)
1.8.1 Key Terms and Concepts
12(1)
1.8.2 Review Questions
12(1)
1.8.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
13(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
13(2)
Chapter 2 Evidence: Origins, Types, and Admissibility
15(12)
2.1 Evidence
15(3)
2.2 Rules of Evidence
18(1)
2.3 Admissibility of Evidence
18(3)
2.3.1 Admissibility Hearings
18(1)
2.3.2 The Frye Decision and Frye Standard
19(1)
2.3.3 Federal Rules of Evidence
19(1)
2.3.4 Daubert Decision (1993)
20(1)
2.3.5 The Trilogy
20(1)
2.4 Categories of Evidence
21(1)
2.5 Methods of Interpretation
22(1)
2.6 Review Material
23(4)
2.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
23(1)
2.6.2 Review Questions
24(1)
2.6.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
24(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
24(3)
Chapter 3 Crime Scene Investigation
27(18)
3.1 A Crime Scene and Its Story
27(5)
3.2 Initial Crime Scene Investigation
32(1)
3.3 Crime Scene Documentation, Measurement, and Imaging
32(9)
3.3.1 Digital Imaging and Videography
33(1)
3.3.2 Sketching the Crime Scene
34(1)
3.3.3 Forensic Mapping and Laser Scanning
34(2)
3.3.4 Crime Scene Searches
36(3)
3.3.5 Packaging and Preservation
39(2)
3.4 Example Scene and Processing
41(1)
3.5 Review Material
42(3)
3.5.1 Key Terms and Concepts
42(1)
3.5.2 Questions
43(1)
3.5.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
43(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
43(2)
Chapter 4 Bloodstain Patterns
45(22)
4.1 Bloodstain Pattern Evidence
45(1)
4.2 Human Blood
45(1)
4.2.1 Biological Properties
45(1)
4.2.2 Physical Properties
46(1)
4.3 Formation of Bloodstains and Bloodstain Patterns
46(12)
4.3.1 Surface Considerations
46(1)
4.3.2 Size, Shape, and Directionality
47(3)
4.3.3 Spattered Blood
50(3)
4.3.4 Satellite Spatters
53(1)
4.3.5 Castoff Bloodstain Patterns
54(1)
4.3.6 Expirated Bloodstain Patterns
55(1)
4.3.7 Arterial Bloodstain Patterns
56(1)
4.3.8 Transfer Patterns
56(2)
4.4 Altered Bloodstains
58(3)
4.5 Return to the Scene of the Crime
61(1)
4.6 Review Material
61(6)
4.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
61(1)
4.6.2 Questions
62(1)
4.6.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
62(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
63(4)
Chapter 5 Medicolegal Investigation of Death
67(18)
5.1 Investigation of Death
67(2)
5.2 Systems of Death Investigation
69(1)
5.2.1 Medical Examiner System
69(1)
5.2.2 Forensic Pathology and Forensic Pathologists
70(1)
5.3 Time, Manner, and Cause of Death
70(2)
5.3.1 Cause and Mechanism of Death
71(1)
5.3.2 Manner of Death
71(1)
5.3.3 Time of Death
71(1)
5.4 Tools of Death Investigation
72(1)
5.5 Autopsy
73(2)
5.5.1 Autopsy Process
73(1)
5.5.2 Documentation and Specimens
74(1)
5.6 Investigation of Traumatic Death
75(4)
5.6.1 Mechanical Trauma
75(1)
5.6.1.1 Sharp Force Injury
75(1)
5.6.1.2 Firearms
76(1)
5.6.1.3 Other Blunt Force Injury
77(1)
5.6.2 Asphyxia
78(1)
5.7 Virtual Autopsy
79(2)
5.8 Return to the Scene of the Crime
81(1)
5.9 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
81(4)
5.9.1 Key Terms and Concepts
81(1)
5.9.2 Review Questions
82(1)
5.9.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
82(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
82(3)
Chapter 6 Postmortem Toxicology
85(20)
6.1 Toxicology and Death Investigation
85(1)
6.2 Xenobiotics
86(9)
6.2.1 Doses and Timing
86(2)
6.2.2 Lethal Doses
88(3)
6.2.3 ADME 89
91(1)
6.2.4 Moving through the Body
92(3)
6.3 Types of Postmortem Samples
95(1)
6.3.1 Blood
95(1)
6.3.2 Urine
95(1)
6.3.3 Gastric Contents
96(1)
6.3.4 Vitreous Humor
96(1)
6.3.5 Bile and Liver
96(1)
6.4 Methods of Analysis
96(5)
6.4.1 Immunoassay
96(2)
6.4.2 Confirmatory Analysis
98(3)
6.5 Interpreting Toxicological Findings
101(1)
6.6 Return to the Scene of the Crime
101(1)
6.7 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
101(4)
6.7.1 Key Concepts
101(1)
6.7.2 Review Questions
102(1)
6.7.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
102(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
102(3)
Chapter 7 Forensic Anthropology
105(16)
7.1 Anthropology and Death Investigation
105(1)
7.2 Recovering Remains
106(1)
7.3 Taphonomic Assessment of the Body and Where It Is Found
107(1)
7.3.1 Taphonomic Context of the Remains
107(1)
7.3.2 Taphonomic Condition of the Remains
107(1)
7.4 Biological Profile
108(6)
7.4.1 Estimating Age
109(1)
7.4.1.1 Growth and Development
109(1)
7.4.1.2 Age-Related Changes in the Adult
110(1)
7.4.2 Determining Sex
111(2)
7.4.3 Stature and Disarticulation
113(1)
7.5 Identification
114(1)
7.6 Trauma
115(2)
7.7 Return to the Scene of the Crime
117(1)
7.8 Review Material
117(4)
7.8.1 Key Terms and Concepts
117(1)
7.8.2 Questions
118(1)
7.8.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
118(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
118(3)
Chapter 8 Forensic Entomology
121(8)
8.1 Entomology and Death Investigation
121(1)
8.2 Estimating the PMI
121(4)
8.2.1 Larval Development or Maggot Aging
122(2)
8.2.2 Successive Colonization
124(1)
8.3 Other Applications of Forensic Entomology
125(2)
8.3.1 Indicating Whether the Body Has Been Moved
125(1)
8.3.2 Locating the Position of Wounds
126(1)
8.3.3 Drugs and Insects: Entomotoxicology
126(1)
8.3.4 DNA and Insects
127(1)
8.4 Review Material
127(2)
8.4.1 Key Terms and Concepts
127(1)
8.4.2 Questions
127(1)
8.4.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
128(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
128(1)
Chapter 9 Biological Evidence
129(14)
9.1 Finding and Identifying Biological Evidence
129(1)
9.2 Blood
129(5)
9.2.1 Identification of Blood
130(1)
9.2.2 Catalytic Color Tests
130(2)
9.2.3 Tests Using Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence
132(2)
9.3 Seminal Fluid
134(3)
9.3.1 Sperm Cells
134(1)
9.3.2 Acid Phosphatase
134(1)
9.3.3 Confirmatory Tests for Semen
135(2)
9.4 Saliva
137(1)
9.4.1 Starch-Iodine Test
137(1)
9.4.2 Phadebas® Reagent
137(1)
9.5 Alternate Light Sources
137(1)
9.6 Return to the Scene of the Crime
138(1)
9.7 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
139(4)
9.7.1 Key Terms and Concepts
139(1)
9.7.2 Review Questions
140(1)
9.7.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
140(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
140(3)
Chapter 10 DNA Typing
143(18)
10.1 Cells, Chromosomes, and DNA
143(3)
10.2 DNA Typing
146(6)
10.2.1 Loci and STRs in Forensic DNA Typing
147(1)
10.2.2 Sequence of Analysis
147(1)
10.2.3 PCR and DNA Amplification
148(1)
10.2.4 Analysis
149(2)
10.2.5 CODIS
151(1)
10.3 Mitochondrial DNA
152(2)
10.4 Current Issues in DNATyping
154(4)
10.4.1 Mixtures and Touch DNA
154(2)
10.4.2 Rapid DNA and Portable Systems
156(2)
10.5 Return to the Scene of the Crime
158(1)
10.6 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
159(2)
10.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
159(1)
10.6.2 Review Questions
159(1)
10.6.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
159(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
160(1)
Chapter 11 Drugs and Poisons
161(18)
11.1 Forensic Chemistry
161(1)
11.2 Drugs and Poisons
162(1)
11.2.1 Classification
162(1)
11.3 Seized Drug Analysis
163(7)
11.3.1 Controlled Substances Act
163(1)
11.3.2 Example Drugs and Drug Families
164(1)
11.3.2.1 Opiates
164(1)
11.3.2.2 Amphetamines
164(1)
11.3.2.3 Cocaine
165(1)
11.3.2.4 Cannabinoids
166(1)
11.3.3 Novel Psychoactive Substances
167(2)
11.3.4 Clandestine Laboratories
169(1)
11.4 Methods of Analysis
170(1)
11.5 Toxicology
171(4)
11.5.1 Blood and Breath Alcohol
172(1)
11.5.2 Cyanide
173(1)
11.5.3 Carbon Monoxide
174(1)
11.6 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
175(4)
11.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
175(1)
11.6.2 Review Questions
176(1)
11.6.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
176(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
176(3)
Chapter 12 Arson and Fire Investigation
179(18)
12.1 Aspects of Fire Investigation
179(1)
12.2 Chemistry of Combustion
180(6)
12.2.1 Critical Conditions and Points
182(1)
12.2.2 Heat
183(1)
12.2.3 Combustion Products
184(1)
12.2.4 Integrated Example
185(1)
12.3 Fire Investigation
186(7)
12.3.1 Accelerants and Incendiary Devices
186(1)
12.3.2 Laboratory Analysis
187(3)
12.3.3 Case Example
190(3)
12.4 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
193(4)
12.4.1 Key Terms and Concepts
193(1)
12.4.2 Review Questions
194(1)
12.4.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
194(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
195(2)
Chapter 13 Explosives and Improvised Explosive Devices
197(16)
13.1 Detonation and Definitions
197(4)
13.1.1 Burning and Propagation
197(2)
13.1.2 Deflagration
199(1)
13.1.3 Explosions
199(2)
13.2 Detonation
201(5)
13.3 Types of Explosives and Devices
206(2)
13.4 Forensic Aspects of Explosives
208(2)
13.5 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
210(3)
13.5.1 Key Terms and Concepts
210(1)
13.5.2 Review Questions
211(1)
13.5.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
211(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
211(2)
Chapter 14 Fingerprints
213(18)
14.1 Pattern Matching Disciplines in Forensic Science
213(1)
14.2 Fingerprints as a Means of Identification
214(1)
14.3 Fingerprint Patterns
215(2)
14.4 Fingerprint Classification
217(2)
14.5 Computerized Fingerprint Systems
219(1)
14.6 Fingerprints as Physical Evidence
220(5)
14.6.1 Composition of Latent Fingerprint Residues
221(1)
14.6.2 Physical Methods
221(2)
14.6.3 Chemical Methods
223(2)
14.6.4 Combination/Special Illumination
225(1)
14.7 Linking a Fingerprint to a Person
225(1)
14.8 Return to the Scene of the Crime
226(1)
14.9 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
227(4)
14.9.1 Key Terms and Concepts
227(1)
14.9.2 Review Questions
228(1)
14.9.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
228(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
229(2)
Chapter 15 Firearms and Tool Marks
231(18)
15.1 Markings on Metal
231(1)
15.2 How Firearms Work
232(8)
15.2.1 Types of Firearms
232(1)
15.2.2 Rifling, Caliber, and Gauge
233(2)
15.2.3 Ammunition and Propellants
235(1)
15.2.3.1 Propellants
236(2)
15.2.4 Types of Markings and Forensic Examination
238(2)
15.3 Tool Marks
240(2)
15.4 Advances in Firearm and Tool Mark Characterization
242(1)
15.5 Related Analyses
243(3)
15.6 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
246(3)
15.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
246(1)
15.6.2 Review Questions
247(1)
15.6.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
247(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
248(1)
Chapter 16 Tread Impressions
249(10)
16.1 Another Form of Impression Evidence
249(1)
16.2 Footwear Impressions
250(2)
16.3 Examination of Footwear Evidence
252(2)
16.4 Tire Impressions
254(3)
16.5 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
257(2)
16.5.1 Key Terms and Concepts
257(1)
16.5.2 Review Questions
257(1)
16.5.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
257(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
257(2)
Chapter 17 Trace Evidence and Microscopy
259(18)
17.1 What Is Trace Evidence?
259(2)
17.2 Microscopy
261(6)
17.2.1 Basic Microscopy
261(1)
17.2.2 Polarizing Light Microscopy
262(3)
17.2.3 Comparison Microscopy
265(1)
17.3 Microscopes Combined with Spectroscopy
266(1)
17.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
267(2)
17.5 Examples of Types of Trace Evidence
269(5)
17.5.1 Glass
269(3)
17.5.2 Fibers
272(1)
17.5.3 Paint
272(1)
17.5.4 Soils
273(1)
17.5.5 Gunshot Residue
274(1)
17.6 Return to the Scene of the Crime
274(1)
17.7 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
275(2)
17.7.1 Key Terms and Concepts
275(1)
17.7.2 Review Questions
275(1)
17.7.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
276(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
276(1)
Chapter 18 Questioned Documents
277(14)
18.1 Documents in an Electronic Society
277(1)
18.2 Handwriting Comparison
278(5)
18.2.1 Collection of Writing Standards
279(1)
18.2.2 Process of Comparison
279(1)
18.2.3 Types of Fraudulent Writing
279(2)
18.2.4 Factors That Can Affect Handwriting
281(2)
18.3 Alterations, Obliterations, and Ink Differentiation
283(2)
18.3.1 Video Spectral Comparison
283(1)
18.3.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography
284(1)
18.4 Indented Writing
285(2)
18.4.1 Oblique Lighting
285(1)
18.4.2 Electrostatic Detection
286(1)
18.5 Photocopiers and Laser Printer Examinations
287(2)
18.5.1 How Copiers Work
287(1)
18.5.2 Photocopy Examination
287(1)
18.5.3 Photocopy Forgery
288(1)
18.6 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
289(2)
18.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
289(1)
18.6.2 Review Questions
289(1)
18.6.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
289(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
290(1)
Chapter 19 Forensic Engineering
291(14)
19.1 Physics and Forensic Science
291(1)
19.2 Automobile Accidents
292(4)
19.2.1 Analytical Tools Used to Evaluate Accidents
292(2)
19.2.2 Converting Scene Data into an Event Sequence
294(1)
19.2.3 Accident Reconstruction: Energy
294(2)
19.3 Structural Collapses
296(5)
19.3.1 Static Loads
296(1)
19.3.2 Dynamic Loads
297(1)
19.3.3 Collapse of the Twin Towers in 2001
297(4)
19.4 Integrated Forensic Example
301(1)
19.5 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
302(3)
19.5.1 Key Terms and Concepts
302(1)
19.5.2 Review Questions
303(1)
19.5.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
303(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
303(2)
Chapter 20 Computer Forensics
305(12)
20.1 A New Type of Evidence
305(1)
20.2 Cybercrime
306(2)
20.2.1 Hacking, Security Breaches, and Extortion
307(1)
20.2.2 Piracy
307(1)
20.3 Procedures for Digital Evidence and Storage Devices
308(2)
20.4 Cell Phones and GPS
310(4)
20.5 Cybercrime and the Internet of Things
314(1)
20.6 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
315(2)
20.6.1 Key Terms and Concepts
315(1)
20.6.2 Review Questions
315(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
316(1)
Chapter 21 Behavioral Science
317(12)
21.1 Role of Behavioral Science in the Justice System
317(1)
21.2 Behavioral Science and the Justice System
317(3)
21.2.1 Deceptive Behavior
318(1)
21.2.2 Competency to Stand Trial
318(1)
21.2.3 Legal Insanity
319(1)
21.3 Interactions with Forensic Science and Active Investigations
320(2)
21.3.1 Manner of Death
320(1)
21.3.2 Crime Scene Staging
321(1)
21.4 Criminal Investigative Analysis
322(4)
21.4.1 Modus Operandi and Signature Analysis
323(1)
21.4.2 Victim Selection and Victimology
323(1)
21.4.3 Body Disposal
324(2)
21.5 Review Material: Key Concepts and Questions
326(3)
21.5.1 Key Terms and Concepts
326(1)
21.5.2 Review Questions
326(1)
21.5.3 Advanced Questions and Exercises
326(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading
326(3)
Appendix A Abbreviations 329(2)
Appendix B Glossary 331(10)
Index 341
Dr. Suzanne Bell obtained her Ph.D. from New Mexico State University, and her M.S. in Forensic Science from the University of New Haven. She has extensive professional experience as a forensic chemist and crime scene prosecutor with the New Mexico State Police and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. She started her career in academia in 1994 at Eastern Washington University, where she helped develop a forensic chemistry major. In 2003 she joined the Chemistry Department at West Virginia University. In addition to numerous research articles, she has authored and edited many text and reference books, including Forensic Chemistry and the 4th edition of Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques.
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