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E-grāmata: Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse

Edited by (LTG formerly London Toxicology Group, UK), Edited by (St Georges, University of London, UK), Edited by (Queen Mary University of London, UK)
  • Formāts: 569 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Mar-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Royal Society of Chemistry
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781788018104
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Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and MisusePalielināt
  • Formāts: 569 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Mar-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Royal Society of Chemistry
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781788018104
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An essential handbook for postgraduate students in forensic toxicology, and for researchers in forensic toxicology laboratories who need the latest data and knowledge on drug abuse.

New designer drugs, access to databases, and changing availability of samples for analysis have changed the face of modern forensic toxicology in recent years. Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse brings together the latest information direct from experts in each sub-field of the discipline providing a broad overview of current thinking and the most innovative approaches to case studies.
The text begins with an in-depth discussion of pharmaco­epidemiology, including information on the value of nationwide databases in forensic toxicology. The use and abuse of drugs in driving, sport and the workplace are then discussed by industry experts who are conducting case work in their field. Not only are new drug groups discussed (NPS), but also their constantly changing impact on drug legislation. Synthetic cannabinoids, khat and mephodrone are discussed in detail. Following a section devoted to legislation and defence, readers will find comprehensive chapters covering sample choice reflecting the increasing use of hair and oral fluid, and also the less commonly used sweat and nail analysis. New and old case examples are compared and contrasted in the final part of the book, which will enable readers to understand how drugs impact on each other and how the interpretative outcome of a case are dependent on many aspects.
From use of pharmaceutical drugs in a clinical setting, through smart drugs to new psychoactive drugs, this book documents the wide range in which drugs today are abused. This book will be an essential resource for postgraduate students in forensic toxicology, and for researchers in forensic toxicology laboratories who need the latest data and knowledge.
1 Introduction to Forensic Toxicology and the Value of a Nationwide Database
1(29)
Alan Wayne Jones
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Forensic Toxicology in Sweden
2(2)
1.3 Analytical Methods
4(3)
1.4 Post-mortem Toxicology
7(4)
1.5 Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driving
11(3)
1.6 Drug-facilitated Sexual Assault
14(2)
1.7 Concluding Remarks
16(14)
References
20(10)
2 Forensic Pharmacology
30(14)
Nigel J. Langford
2.1 Introduction
30(1)
2.2 Drug Dose
31(1)
2.3 Drug Absorption
32(1)
2.4 Drug Bioavailability
33(2)
2.5 Clearance
35(1)
2.6 Half-life
36(1)
Forensic Toxicology: Drug Use and Misuse Edited by Susannah Davies, Atholl Johnston and David Holt © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
2.7 Drug Biotransformation
37(2)
2.8 Excretion
39(1)
2.9 Tolerance
40(1)
2.10 Adverse Drug Reactions
40(1)
2.11 Conclusion
41(3)
References
42(2)
3 The Role of Amnesty Bins in Understanding the Pattern of Recreational Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances Being Used Within a Locality
44(10)
David M. Wood
Paul I. Dargan
3.1 Introduction
44(1)
3.2 What are Amnesty Bins?
45(1)
3.3 Data from Amnesty Bins Studies
46(3)
3.4 Expansion to Settings Outside of the Night-time Economy
49(2)
3.5 Conclusion
51(3)
References
51(3)
4 Contamination of Water with Drugs and Metabolites
54(26)
Victoria Hilborne
4.1 Introduction
54(1)
4.2 Drug Consumption
55(5)
4.3 Sources of Drugs in Water
60(3)
4.4 Ecotoxicology
63(2)
4.5 Sampling and Analysis
65(2)
4.6 Sewage Epidemiology
67(5)
4.7 Drugs in Surface Waters
72(1)
4.8 Drugs in Groundwater and Drinking Water
72(2)
4.9 Conclusion
74(6)
References
75(5)
5 Understanding the Utility of Analysis of Anonymous Pooled Urine from Standalone Urinals in Detecting and Monitoring Recreational Drug Use
80(14)
David M. Wood
Paul I. Dargan
5.1 Introduction
80(1)
5.2 Wastewater Analysis
81(1)
5.3 Anonymous Pooled Urine Sample Analysis
82(1)
5.4 Ethical Considerations
83(1)
5.5 Results from Analysis of Anonymous Pooled Urine Samples
84(6)
5.6 Conclusions
90(4)
References
91(3)
6 Mephedrone and New Psychoactive Substances
94(33)
Simon Elliott
6.1 Introduction
94(2)
6.2 Analysis
96(1)
6.3 Drug Types
97(1)
6.4 Amphetamines/Phenylethylmines
98(4)
6.5 Piperazines
102(1)
6.6 Tryptamines
103(2)
6.7 Cathinones
105(1)
6.8 Aminoindanes
106(2)
6.9 Synthetic Cannabinoids
108(2)
6.10 New Psychoactive Substances in Investigations
110(17)
References
114(13)
7 Novel Psychoactives in New Zealand
127(20)
Samantha J. Coward
Hilary J. Hamnett
7.1 Introduction: The New Zealand Drug Scene
127(5)
7.2 Party Pills
132(5)
7.3 Kava
137(1)
7.4 Cathinones
138(2)
7.5 NBOMe Compounds
140(1)
7.6 Conclusions
141(6)
Acknowledgements
143(1)
References
143(4)
8 Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids
147(18)
Kim Wolff
8.1 Cannabis
147(6)
8.2 Medicinal Cannabinoids
153(1)
8.3 Synthetic Cannabinoids
154(2)
8.4 Conclusion
156(9)
Further Reading
156(2)
References
158(7)
9 Khat -- Chewing it Over: Continuing "Cultural Cement", Cardiac Challenge or Catalyst for Change?
165(43)
John Martin Corkery
9.1 Introduction
165(1)
9.2 Natural Range and Cultivation
166(1)
9.3 History of Use and Diffusion
167(2)
9.4 Global Epidemiology
169(1)
9.5 Transportation, Trade and Price
170(1)
9.6 Legal and Religious Control
171(3)
9.7 Use
174(1)
9.8 Social and Criminal Effects
175(1)
9.9 Seizures of Khat
176(1)
9.10 Chemistry
177(1)
9.11 Pharmacology
178(3)
9.12 Toxicology
181(1)
9.13 Deaths
182(8)
9.14 Toxicological Findings
190(2)
9.15 Conclusions
192(16)
References
194(14)
10 Role of Analytical Screening in the Management and Assessment of Acute Recreational Drug Toxicity
208(11)
David M. Wood
Paul I. Dargan
10.1 Introduction
208(1)
10.2 Patterns of Acute Toxicity
209(1)
10.3 Studies Assessing Toxicological Screening in the Night-time Economy Setting
210(1)
10.4 Role of Toxicological Screening in the Emergency Department
211(4)
10.5 National and International Guidelines
215(1)
10.6 Conclusions
215(4)
References
216(3)
11 Workplace Drug Testing
219(20)
Simon Walker
11.1 How Does Workplace Testing Differ from Other Sorts of Drug Testing?
219(1)
11.2 Why Test?
220(2)
11.3 Confidentiality Issues
222(1)
11.4 How To Test?
223(2)
11.5 What Substances To Test For?
225(1)
11.6 What Cut-offs To Apply?
225(5)
11.7 The "Testing Process"
230(4)
11.8 Incidence of Drug Use at Work
234(2)
11.9 Conclusion
236(3)
Recommended Reading
236(1)
References
236(3)
12 Current Issues in Human Sport Drug Testing: Clenbuterol, Erythropoietin and Xenon
239(23)
A. T. Kicman
D. A. Cowan
I. Gavrilovic
12.1 Introduction
239(1)
12.2 Clenbuterol
239(9)
12.3 Erythropoietin and Micro-dosing
248(4)
12.4 Xenon and Sport
252(4)
12.5 Conclusion
256(6)
References
256(6)
13 Drugs and Driving
262(14)
Kim Wolff
13.1 Introduction
262(1)
13.2 Determining Thresholds for Drug Driving
262(3)
13.3 Consideration of Sampling Time
265(1)
13.4 Alcohol
265(1)
13.5 Risk Estimates
266(1)
13.6 Illicit Drug Use
266(3)
13.7 Psychoactive Medicines
269(1)
13.8 Poly-substance Use
270(6)
References
271(5)
14 Alcohol Technical Defences in Road Traffic Casework
276(21)
Mike Scott-Ham
14.1 The Law (United Kingdom)
276(3)
14.2 Evidential Samples
279(2)
14.3 Pre-analytical Considerations
281(1)
14.4 Alcohol Calculations
282(7)
14.5 Report Content
289(3)
14.6 Medication
292(5)
Additional Reading
293(1)
References
294(3)
15 New Psychoactive Substances and the Criminal Law
297(46)
Rudi Fortson
15.1 Regulating Psychoactive Substances that Fall Outside the UN Drug Conventions
297(9)
15.2 The Introduction of the UK Psychoactive Substances Act (2016)
306(2)
15.3 Meaning of "Psychoactive Substance" and "Exempted Substances"
308(7)
15.4 Principal Offences Under the 2016 Act
315(11)
15.5 Other Models for Regulating NPS
326(17)
Notes and References
330(13)
16 Scheduling of Drugs in the United States
343(13)
Jeffery Hackett
16.1 Scheduling Drugs and Pharmaceuticals in the USA
343(2)
16.2 Drugs that are Categorized in Schedule I
345(2)
16.3 Schedule II
347(2)
16.4 Schedule III
349(2)
16.5 Schedule IV
351(1)
16.6 Schedule V
352(2)
16.7 Conclusion
354(2)
Further Reading
354(2)
17 Drug Legislation in New Zealand
356(14)
Keith Bedford
17.1 Historical Background and New Zealand Drug Policy Framework
356(2)
17.2 Scheduling of Substances under the MoDA
358(1)
17.3 Controlled Drug Analogue Provisions of the MoDA
359(1)
17.4 The Appearance of "Party Drugs" and the Introduction of "Restricted Substance" Class
360(2)
17.5 Consequences
362(1)
17.6 The Rise of "Synthetic Cannabinoid" Products
362(1)
17.7 Introduction of "Temporary Class Drug Orders"
363(1)
17.8 The Psychoactive Substances Regime
364(6)
Declaration of Interest
368(1)
References
368(2)
18 Use of Reference Materials in Toxicology
370(30)
Jennifer Button
18.1 Importance of Standardisation and Harmonisation
370(1)
18.2 The Language of Metrology
370(1)
18.3 International System of Units
371(2)
18.4 Metrological Traceability
373(1)
18.5 Measurement Uncertainty
373(2)
18.6 (Certified) Reference Materials
375(1)
18.7 Quality Control Materials
376(1)
18.8 Accreditation for Reference Material Producers
377(2)
18.9 Requirements for Independent Sources
379(2)
18.10 Certificates of Analysis
381(1)
18.11 Structural Confirmation
382(1)
18.12 Purity
383(1)
18.13 Guidance for Selection and Use of Reference Materials
384(1)
18.14 Distinguishing between Chemicals and Reference Materials
385(1)
18.15 Weighing Environment
385(1)
18.16 Neat versus Solutions
386(1)
18.17 Free Base versus Salts
387(1)
18.18 Recovering Reference Materials from their Container
387(1)
18.19 Dealing with Low Quantity Reference Materials
388(1)
18.20 Correct Selection of Solvent
389(1)
18.21 Stability
390(1)
18.22 Databases for Certified Reference Materials
391(1)
18.23 CCQM
392(1)
18.24 Import and Export of Controlled Drug Reference Materials
393(1)
18.25 Import and Export Exemptions
394(6)
Supplementary Reading
396(1)
References
396(4)
19 Nail Analysis in Forensic Toxicology
400(11)
Nikolas P. Lemos
19.1 Introduction
400(1)
19.2 The Nail
401(2)
19.3 The Nail in Forensic and Analytical Toxicology
403(1)
19.4 Challenges and Further Considerations
403(2)
19.5 Conclusions
405(6)
References
406(5)
20 Hair Testing in Forensic Toxicology
411(15)
Donna M. Cave
Robert Kingston
20.1 Introduction
411(1)
20.2 Cut-off Levels
412(1)
20.3 Laboratories and Accreditation
412(3)
20.4 Collection Process
415(1)
20.5 Queries on Reported Results
416(2)
20.6 Expert Report and Interpretation
418(1)
20.7 Types of Analysis Requested
419(1)
20.8 Cannabinoids Results Seen in Hair
420(2)
20.9 Alcohol Markers and Hair Testing
422(1)
20.10 Patterns of Results Obtained
423(3)
References
424(2)
21 Drugs in Oral Fluid
426(12)
Peter Akrill
21.1 Introduction
426(1)
21.2 What is Oral Fluid?
427(1)
21.3 Mechanisms of Drug Entry into Saliva
427(2)
21.4 Windows of Detection
429(1)
21.5 Oral Fluid Sample Collection and Storage
430(1)
21.6 Detection of Inadvertent Exposure to Drugs
431(1)
21.7 Analysis of Oral Fluid Samples for Drugs
432(2)
21.8 Oral Fluid Guidelines and Standards
434(1)
21.9 Conclusion
435(3)
References
435(3)
22 Sweat as an Alternative Biological Matrix
438(26)
Nadia De Giovanni
22.1 Introduction
438(3)
22.2 Skin and Sweat
441(3)
22.3 Analytical Issues
444(4)
22.4 Monitoring Drug Exposure through Sweat: Forensic Applications
448(6)
22.5 Interpreting Analytical Results
454(2)
22.6 Conclusions
456(8)
References
457(7)
23 Smart Drugs
464(15)
Angela Wing Gar Kwan
23.1 Introduction
464(1)
23.2 Non-medical Use
465(4)
23.3 Safety of Smart Drugs
469(2)
23.4 Ethics of Smart Drugs
471(1)
23.5 Future of Smart Drugs
472(7)
References
473(6)
24 Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines
479(19)
Badr Aljohani
24.1 Introduction: Nature of the Problem
479(4)
24.2 Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines
483(1)
24.3 Factors Affecting the Spread of Counterfeit and Substandard Medicines
484(2)
24.4 Methods for Detecting Counterfeit Medicines
486(1)
24.5 Safety of Drug Use: Branded versus Generic
487(4)
24.6 Excipients in Medicines
491(1)
24.7 Conclusion
492(6)
References
493(5)
25 Detection of Drugs and Drug Metabolites from Fingerprints
498(21)
Paula Garcia Calavia
David A. Russell
25.1 Introduction
498(1)
25.2 Exogenous Drug Residue in Fingerprints
499(7)
25.3 Endogenously Excreted Drugs in Fingerprints
506(5)
25.4 Other Chemical Information in Fingerprints
511(3)
25.5 Conclusions
514(5)
References
514(5)
26 Investigating Drug Metabolism of New Psychoactive Substances Using Human Liver Preparations and Animal Studies
519(16)
Markus R. Meyer
Hans H. Maurer
26.1 Introduction
519(1)
26.2 In vitro Approaches
520(1)
26.3 Subcellular Fractions
521(2)
26.4 Heterologously Expressed Single Enzymes
523(2)
26.5 Hepatocytes
525(1)
26.6 In vivo Approaches (Animal Studies)
526(1)
26.7 Concluding Remarks
527(8)
References
527(8)
27 Case Examples and Discussion
535(24)
John Slaughter
27.1 Introduction
535(1)
27.2 Alcohol
536(3)
27.3 Carbon Monoxide
539(2)
27.4 Cyanide
541(1)
27.5 Potassium and Tablets in the Stomach
542(3)
27.6 Cocaine
545(1)
27.7 Post-mortem Redistribution
546(1)
27.8 Decomposed Bodies
547(2)
27.9 Excited Delirium
549(1)
27.10 Doping and DFSA (Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault)
550(3)
27.11 Plant Poisons
553(2)
27.12 Morphine
555(1)
27.13 Conclusions
556(3)
References
557(2)
Subject Index 559
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