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E-grāmata: Formation Of The Solar System, The: Theories Old And New

(University Of York, Uk)
  • Formāts: 340 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Oct-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Imperial College Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781908979209
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  • Bibliotēkām
  • Formāts: 340 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Oct-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Imperial College Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781908979209
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This fully-updated second edition remains the only truly detailed exploration of the origins of our Solar System, written by an authority in the field. Unlike other authors, Michael Woolfson focuses on the formation of the solar system, engaging the reader in an intelligent yet accessible discussion of the development of ideas about how the Solar System formed from ancient times to the present.Within the last five decades new observations and new theoretical advances have transformed the way scientists think about the problem of finding a plausible theory. Spacecraft and landers have explored the planets of the Solar System, observations have been made of Solar-System bodies outside the region of the planets and planets have been detected and observed around many solar-type stars. This new edition brings in the most recent discoveries, including the establishment of dwarf planets and challenges to the 'standard model' of planet formation — the Solar Nebula Theory.While presenting the most up-to-date material and the underlying science of the theories described, the book avoids technical jargon and terminology. It thus remains a digestible read for the non-expert interested reader, whilst being detailed and comprehensive enough to be used as an undergraduate physics and astronomy textbook, where the formation of the solar system is a key part of the course.Michael Woolfson is Emeritus Professor of Theoretical Physics at University of York and is an award-winning crystallographer and astronomer.
Introduction xv
Prologue: The Dreamer xxi
General Background
Theories Come and Theories Go
3(6)
What is Science?
3(2)
The Problem of Cosmogony
5(2)
New Theories for Old
7(2)
Measuring Atoms and the Universe
9(10)
Measuring Things in Everyday Life
9(2)
Science and Everyday Life
11(1)
Small Things Beyond Our Ken
11(2)
Measuring Things in the Solar System
13(2)
Large Things Beyond Our Ken
15(4)
Enlightenment
Greek Offerings
19(8)
Even Before the Ancient Greeks
19(1)
Plato and Aristotle
20(1)
Aristarchus --- A Man Ahead of his Time
21(1)
Eratosthenes --- The Man who Measured the Earth
22(2)
Ptolemy and the Geocentric Solar System
24(3)
The Shoulders of Giants
27(16)
The Refugees
27(1)
Nicolaus Copernicus and a Heliocentric Solar System
28(2)
Tycho Brahe --- the Man with a Golden Nose
30(2)
Johannes Kepler --- A Mathematical Genius
32(2)
Galileo Galilei --- Observation versus Faith
34(3)
Isaac Newton --- and All was Light
37(6)
The Solar System: Features and Problems
A Voyage of Discovery to the Solar System
43(10)
Travelling Towards the Solar System
43(1)
Approaching the Solar System
43(4)
Most of the Planets have Satellites
47(3)
Other Small Bodies
50(3)
The Problem to be Solved
53(4)
Knowledge and Time
53(1)
Very Basic Requirements for a Solution
54(3)
The French Connection
57(6)
Some Early Theoretical and Observational Developments
57(2)
Laplace and his Spinning Cloud
59(2)
The Problem with a Spinning Cloud
61(2)
American Catherine-Wheels
63(5)
Spirals in the Sky
63(1)
Making a Catherine Wheel
64(2)
Objections to the Chamberlin-Moulton Theory
66(2)
British Big Tides
68(8)
The Jeans Tidal Theory
68(3)
Jeffreys' Objections
71(2)
Russell's Objection
73(1)
Spitzer's Objection
74(1)
A Modern Objection
75(1)
Russian Cloud Capture --- With British Help
76(3)
The Schmidt Model
76(1)
Lyttleton's Modification of the Accretion Theory
77(2)
German Vortices --- With a Little French Help
79(3)
First Ideas about Vortices
79(1)
The von Weizsacker Vortex Theory
80(1)
Objections to the Vortex Idea
80(2)
McCrea's Floccules
82(5)
Producing Stars and Planets Together
82(3)
Objections to the Floccule Theory
85(2)
What Earlier Theories Indicate
87(6)
Angular Momentum Difficulties
87(1)
Planet Formation
88(1)
Indications of Requirements for a Successful Theory
89(4)
New Knowledge
Disks Around New Stars
93(6)
How Hot and How Luminous?
93(3)
What is a New Star?
96(1)
Detecting Disks
97(2)
Planets Around Other Stars
99(9)
Stars in Orbit
99(1)
Finding the Speed of a Star
100(3)
Finding Out About the Planet
103(3)
Characteristics of Exoplanets
106(2)
Disks Around Older Stars
108(5)
The Sun has a Disk
108(2)
Disks Around Other Older Stars
110(3)
What a Theory Should Explain Now
113(6)
The Beginning of the 21st Century
113(1)
The Sun and its Properties
114(1)
Planet Formation
115(1)
Satellite Formation
115(1)
Asteroids and Comets
116(1)
Concluding Remarks
116(3)
The Return of the Nebula
The New Solar Nebula Theory: The Angular Momentum Problem
119(10)
A Message from Meteorites
119(2)
Mechanical Slowing Down of the Sun's Spin
121(1)
Magnetism Gives a Helping Hand
122(3)
A Modification of the Hoyle Mechanism
125(1)
Slowing the Sun's Spin
126(3)
Making Planets Top-Down
129(3)
A Massive Disk
129(1)
Some Problems of Top-Down Processes
130(2)
A Bottom-Up Alternative
132(9)
A Summary of the Bottom-Up Approach
132(1)
Forming a Dusty Carpet
133(2)
The Formation of Planetesimals
135(1)
Making Terrestrial Planets and Cores for Giant Planets
136(3)
Major Planets --- The Final Stage
139(2)
Making Planets Faster
141(5)
Conditions in the Disk
141(3)
Runaway Growth
144(2)
Wandering Planets
146(8)
The Need for Planets to Wander
146(1)
Interactions Between Planets
147(1)
Effects Due to the Mass of the Nebula Disk
148(2)
The Role of Spiral Waves
150(1)
Saving the Planet
151(1)
A Problem with Type-I Migration
152(2)
Back to Top-Down
154(5)
Perceived Problems with the SNT
154(5)
Making Stars
This is the Stuff that Stars are Made of
159(5)
The Question
159(1)
The Galaxy
160(2)
The Ingredients
162(2)
Making Dense Cool Clouds
164(6)
The ISM, Clouds and Temperature
164(1)
Atoms, Ions, Molecules and Electrons
165(1)
Further Cooling Processes
166(2)
Making a Dense Cool Cloud
168(2)
A Star is Born
170(11)
Collapse of Stout Party
170(2)
Turbulent Times
172(1)
The Big Squeeze
173(1)
Some Observations about Star Formation
174(1)
A Star-Forming Model
175(6)
Capture
Close to the Maddening Crowd
181(4)
Neighbours
181(1)
Another Big Squeeze
182(3)
Close Encounters of the Stellar Kind
185(10)
Jeans Revisited --- The Capture Theory
185(2)
New Knowledge --- New Ideas
187(1)
A Method for Realistic Simulations
188(1)
Capture-Theory Simulations
189(3)
Doing Without Protostars
192(3)
Ever Decreasing Circles
195(13)
The Starting Orbits of Planets
195(1)
A Resisting Medium
195(2)
Resistance Due to Viscous Drag
197(1)
Resistance Due to the Effects of Mass
198(1)
The Evolution of Planetary Orbits
199(3)
Slowing Down and Speeding Up
202(2)
Eccentric Orbits
204(2)
Orbital Periods in Simple Ratios
206(2)
How Many Planetary Systems?
208(6)
More About Embedded Clusters
208(1)
Factors to be Considered
209(3)
The Ravages of the Embedded Cluster
212(2)
Starting a Family
214(5)
The Family Album
214(2)
The Family Circle (or Disk)
216(2)
Other Features of the Model
218(1)
Tilting --- But not at Windmills
219(12)
The Leaning Sun
219(3)
A Child's Top and Evolving Planetary Orbits
222(2)
The Leaning Planets
224(2)
A Fairly Close Encounter of the Protoplanet Kind
226(5)
The Biggish-Bang Hypothesis
The Terrestrial Planets Raise Problems!
231(5)
The Problem
231(1)
What Kinds of Material does the Universe Contain?
232(1)
What Kinds of Material Does the Earth Contain?
233(3)
A Biggish Bang Theory: The Earth and Venus
236(11)
A Very Close Encounter of a Planetary Kind
236(2)
Hydrogen and Deuterium
238(2)
Deuterium in Early Planets
240(1)
How to Make a Hydrogen Bomb
241(1)
The Colliding Planets
242(2)
The Collision
244(2)
Summary and Comments
246(1)
Behold the Wandering Moon
247(10)
Orphans of the Storm
247(1)
A Lopsided Moon
248(4)
The Lopsided Moon --- An Answer and a Question
252(1)
Collision to the Rescue
253(2)
A Brief History of the Moon
255(2)
Fleet Mercury and Warlike Mars
257(7)
Mars as An Orphan
257(4)
Mercury as An Orphan
261(3)
Gods of the Sea and the Nether Regions
264(6)
That Puny Planet Pluto
264(1)
Neptune and its Family
265(1)
Yet Another Effect of the Collision
266(3)
A Summary of the Triton-Collision and its Outcome
269(1)
Bits and Pieces
270(10)
The Gap and its Denizens
270(2)
Some Ideas on the Origin of Asteroids
272(2)
The Planetary Collision Again!
274(2)
How do we Interpret Meteorites?
276(3)
How do we Interpret Asteroids?
279(1)
A Summary
279(1)
Comets --- The Harbingers of Doom!
280(9)
Early Superstition
280(1)
What is a Comet?
280(3)
The Different Kinds of Comet Orbit
283(1)
Some Problems with Comets
284(2)
Yes, You Guessed it --- The Planetary Collision Again
286(3)
Making Atoms With a Biggish Bang
289(9)
Let's Find Out More About Isotopes
289(2)
Isotopes in Meteorites
291(4)
For The Last Time --- A Planetary Collision
295(2)
Deuterium in the Colliding Planets and Other Bodies
297(1)
Is the Capture Theory Valid?
298(5)
Epilogue --- An Autumn Evening 303(2)
Bibliography 305(8)
Index 313