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Formation Testing: Low Mobility Pressure Transient Analysis [Hardback]

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  • Formāts: Hardback, 320 pages, height x width x depth: 236x160x23 mm, weight: 562 g
  • Sērija : Advances in Petroleum Engineering
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Dec-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1118925947
  • ISBN-13: 9781118925942
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  • Cena: 222,41 €
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Formation Testing: Low Mobility Pressure Transient AnalysisPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 320 pages, height x width x depth: 236x160x23 mm, weight: 562 g
  • Sērija : Advances in Petroleum Engineering
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Dec-2015
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1118925947
  • ISBN-13: 9781118925942
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781118925942.html
Keywords:

Traditional well logging methods, such as  resistivity, acoustic, nuclear and NMR, provide indirect information related to fluid and formation properties.  The “formation tester,” offered in wireline and MWD/LWD operations, is different.  It collects actual downhole fluid samples for surface analysis, and through pressure transient analysis, provides direct measurements for pore pressure, mobility, permeability and anisotropy.  These are vital to real-time drilling safety, geosteering, hydraulic fracturing and economic analysis.

Methods for formation testing analysis, while commercially important and accounting for a substantial part of service company profits, however, are shrouded in secrecy.  Unfortunately, many are poorly constructed, and because details are not available, industry researchers are not able to improve upon them.  This new book explains conventional models and develops new powerful algorithms for “double-drawdown” and “advanced phase delay” early-time analysis - importantly, it is now possible to predict both horizontal and vertical permeabilities, plus pore pressure, within seconds of well logging in very low mobility reservoirs.  Other subjects including inertial Forchheimer effects in contamination modeling and time-dependent flowline volumes are also developed.  All of the methods are explained in complete detail.  Equations are offered for users to incorporate in their own models, but convenient, easy-to-use software is available for those needing immediate answers.

The leading author is a well known petrophysicist, with hands-on experience at Schlumberger, Halliburton, BP Exploration and other companies.  His work is used commercially at major oil service companies, and important extensions to his formation testing models have been supported by prestigious grants from the United States Department of Energy.  His new collaboration with China National Offshore Oil Corporation  marks an important turning point, where advanced simulation models and hardware are evolving side-by-side to define a new generation of formation testing logging instruments.  The present book provides more than formulations and solutions: it offers a close look at formation tester development “behind the scenes,” as the China National Offshore Oil Corporation opens up its research, engineering and manufacturing facilities through a collection of interesting photographs to show how formation testing tools are developed from start to finish. 
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Basic Ideas, Interpretation Issues and Modeling Hierarchies 1(24)
1.1 Background and Approaches
1(4)
1.2 Modeling Hierarchies
5(8)
1.3 Experimental Methods and Tool Calibration
13(11)
1.4 References
24(1)
2 Single-Phase Flow Forward and Inverse Algorithms 25(26)
2.1 Overview
25(2)
2.2 Basic Model Summaries
27(24)
2.2.1 Module FT-00
28(2)
2.2.2 Module FT-01
30(1)
2.2.3 Module FT-03
30(1)
2.2.4 Forward Model Application, Module FT-00
31(2)
2.2.5 Inverse Model Application, Module FT-01
33(2)
2.2.6 Effects of Dip Angle
35(2)
2.2.7 Inverse "Pulse Interaction" Approach Using FT-00
37(3)
2.2.8 Computational Notes
40(1)
2.2.9 Source Model Limitations and More Complete Model
41(2)
2.2.10 Phase Delay Analysis, Module FT-04
43(2)
2.2.11 Drawdown-Buildup, Module FT-PTA-DDBU
45(3)
2.2.12 Real Pumping, Module FT-06
48(2)
2.2.13 Closing Remarks
50(1)
2.2.14 References
50(1)
3 Advanced Drawdown and Buildup Interpretation in Low MobilityEnvironments 51(44)
3.1 Basic Steady Flow Model
51(2)
3.2 Transient Spherical Flow Models
53(6)
3.2.1 Forward or Direct Analysis
53(1)
3.2.2 Dimensionless Formulation
54(1)
3.2.3 Exact Solutions for Direct Problem
55(1)
3.2.4 Special Limit Solutions
56(2)
3.2.5 New Inverse Approach for Mobility and Pore Pressure Prediction
58(1)
3.3 Multiple-Drawdown Pressure Analysis (Patent Pending)
59(5)
3.3.1 Background on Existing Models
59(1)
3.3.2 Extension to Anisotropic, No-Skin Applications
60(6)
3.3.2.1 Method 1 - Drawdown-Alone Test
61(1)
3.3.2.2 Method 2 - Single-Drawdown- Single-Buildup Test
62(1)
3.3.2.3 Method 3 - Double-Drawdown- Single-Buildup Test
62(2)
3.4 Forward Analysis with Illustrative Calibration
64(2)
3.5 Mobility and Pore Pressure Using First Drawdown Data
66(8)
3.5.1 Run No. 1, Flowline Volume 200 Cc
66(3)
3.5.2 Run No. 2, Flowline Volume 500 Cc
69(2)
3.5.3 Run No. 3, Flowline Volume 1,000 Cc
71(2)
3.5.4 Run No. 4, Flowline Volume 2,000 Cc
73(1)
3.6 Mobility and Pore Pressure from Last Buildup Data
74(7)
3.6.1 Run No. 5, Flowline Volume 200 Cc
74(2)
3.6.2 Run No. 6, Flowline Volume 500 Cc
76(1)
3.6.3 Run No. 7, Flowline Volume 1,000 Cc
77(1)
3.6.4 Run No. 8, Flowline Volume 2,000 Cc
78(1)
3.6.5 Run No. 9, Time-Varying Flowline Volume
79(2)
3.7 Tool Calibration in Low Mobility Applications
81(12)
3.7.1 Steady Flow Model
81(1)
3.7.2 Example 1, Calibration Using Early-Time Buildup Data
81(5)
3.7.3 Example 2, Calibration Using Early-Time Buildup Data
86(3)
3.7.4 Example 3, Example 1 Using Drawdown Data
89(2)
3.7.5 Example 4, Example 2 Using Drawdown Data
91(2)
3.8 Closing Remarks
93(1)
3.9 References
94(1)
4 Phase Delay and Amplitude Attenuation for Mobility Prediction in Anisotropic Media with Dip (Patent Pending) 95(45)
4.1 Basic Mathematical Results
96(11)
4.1.1 Isotropic Model
96(2)
4.1.2 Anisotropic Equations
98(1)
4.1.3 Vertical Well Solution
99(1)
4.1.4 Horizontal Well Solution
100(1)
4.1.5 Formulas for Vertical and Horizontal Wells
101(1)
4.1.6 Deviated Well Equations
101(2)
4.1.7 Deviated Well Interpretation for Both Kh and K
103(2)
4.1.8 Two-Observation-Probe Models
105(2)
4.2 Numerical Examples and Typical Results
107(11)
4.2.1 Example 1, Parameter Estimates
108(1)
4.2.2 Example 2, Surface Plots
109(1)
4.2.3 Example 3, Sinusoidal Excitation
110(3)
4.2.4 Example 4, Rectangular Wave Excitation
113(2)
4.2.5 Example 5, Permeability Prediction at General Dip Angles
115(2)
4.2.6 Example 6, Solution for a Random Input
117(1)
4.3 Layered Model Formulation
118(5)
4.3.1 Homogeneous Medium, Basic Mathematical Ideas
118(2)
4.3.2 Boundary Value Problem for Complex Pressure
120(1)
4.3.3 literative Numerical Solution to General Formulation
120(1)
4.3.4 Successive Line Over Relaxation Procedure
121(1)
4.3.5 Advantages of the Scheme
122(1)
4.3.6 Extensions to Multiple Layers
122(1)
4.3.7 Extensions to Complete Formation Heterogeneity
123(1)
4.4 Phase Delay Software Interface
123(4)
4.4.1 Output File Notes
126(1)
4.4.2 Special User Features
126(1)
4.5 Detailed Phase Delay Results in Layered Anisotropic Media
127(13)
4.6 Typical Experimental Results
134(4)
4.7 Closing Remarks - Extensions and Additional Applications
138(1)
4.8 References
139(1)
5 Four Permeability Prediction Methods 140(11)
5.1 Steady-State Drawdown Example
142(2)
5.2 Early-Time, Low-Mobility Drawdown-Buildup
144(3)
5.3 Early-Time, Low-Mobility Drawdown Approach
147(1)
5.4 Phase Delay, Non-Ideal Rectangular Flow Excitation
148(3)
6 Multiphase Flow with Inertial Effects 151(24)
6.1 Physical Problem Description
152(7)
6.1.1 The Physical Problem
152(2)
6.1.2 Job Planning Considerations
154(1)
6.1.3 Modeling Challenges
155(1)
6.1.4 Simulation Objectives
156(1)
6.1.5 Modeling Overview
157(2)
6.2 Immiscible Flow Formulation
159(9)
6.2.1 Finite Difference Solution
160(1)
6.2.2 Formation Tester Application
161(2)
6.2.3 Mudcake Growth and Formation Coupling at Sandface
163(2)
6.2.4 Pumpout Model for Single-Probe Pad Nozzles
165(1)
6.2.5 Dual Probe and Packer Surface Logic
166(2)
6.3 Miscible Flow Formulation
168(1)
6.4 Inertial Effects With Forchheimer Corrections
169(4)
6.4.1 Governing Differential Equations
169(2)
6.4.2 Pumpout Boundary Condition
171(1)
6.4.3 Boundary Value Problem Summary
172(1)
6.5 References
173(2)
7 Multiphase Flow - Miscible Mixing Clean-Up Examples 175(54)
7.1 Overview Capabilities
175(16)
7.1.1 Example 1, Single Probe, Infinite Anisotropic Media
176(5)
7.1.2 Example 2, Single Probe, Three Layer Medium
181(2)
7.1.3 Example 3, Dual Probe Pumping, Three Layer Medium
183(2)
7.1.4 Example 4, Straddle Packer Pumping
185(2)
7.1.5 Example 5, Formation Fluid Viscosity Imaging
187(1)
7.1.6 Example 6, Contamination Modeling
188(1)
7.1.7 Example 7, Multi-Rate Pumping Simulation
189(2)
7.2 Source Code and User Interface Improvements
191(9)
7.2.1 User Data Input Panel
191(2)
7.2.2 Source Code Engine Changes
193(2)
7.2.3 Output Color Graphics
195(5)
7.3 Detailed Applications
200(29)
7.3.1 Run No. 1, Clean-Up, Single-Probe, Uniform Medium
200(9)
7.3.2 Run No. 2, Clean-Up, Dual-Probe, Uniform Medium
209(4)
7.3.3 Run No. 3, Clean-Up, Elongated Pad, Uniform Medium
213(5)
7.3.4 Run No. 4, A Minimal Invasion Example
218(4)
7.3.5 Run No. 5, A Single-Phase Fluid, Constant Viscosity example
222(2)
7.3.6 Run No. 6, A Low-Permeability "Supercharging" Example
224(2)
7.3.7 Run No. 7, A Three-Layer Simulation
226(3)
8 Time-Varying Flowline Volume 229(41)
8.1 Transient Anisotropic Formulation for Ellipsoidal Source
230(8)
8.1.1 Formulation for Liquids and Gases
230(2)
8.1.2 Similarity Transform
232(1)
8.1.3 Transient Flow Numerical Modeling
233(1)
8.1.4 Finite Difference Equation
234(1)
8.1.5 Boundary Condition - Flowline Storage With and Without Skin Effects
235(1)
8.1.6 Detailed Time Integration Scheme
236(1)
8.1.7 Observation Probe Response
237(1)
8.2 FT-06 Software Interface and Example Calculations
238(6)
8.3 Time-Varying Flowline Volume Model
244(26)
8.3.1 Example 1, Software Calibration
245(7)
8.3.2 Example 2, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data
252(3)
8.3.3 Example 3, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data
255(2)
8.3.4 Example 4, Simple Interpretation Using Low Permeability Data
257(1)
8.3.5 Example 5, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data
258(4)
8.3.6 Example 6, Simple Interpretation Using Numerical Pressure Data
262(2)
8.3.7 Example 7, Enhancing Phase Delay Detection In Very Low Permeability Environments
264(6)
9 Closing Remarks 270(11)
References 281(6)
Index 287(6)
About the Authors 293
Wilson C. Chin, who earned his Ph.D. from M.I.T. and M.Sc. from Caltech, heads Stratamagnetic Software, LLC in Houston, which develops mathematical modeling software for formation testing, MWD telemetry, borehole electromagnetics, well logging, reservoir engineering and managed pressure drilling. He is the author of twelve books, more than one hundred papers and over forty patents.

Yanmin Zhou received her Ph.D. in Geological Resources Engineering from the University of Petroleum, Beijing, and serves as Geophysics Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.

Yongren Feng is Chief Mechanical Engineer at the China National Offshore Oil Corporation with three decades of design experience covering a dozen logging tools. With more than one hundred patents, he serves as Project Leader for the 12th National Five Year Plan in formation tester development, and he was elected as one of China's National Technology and Innovation Leaders.

Qiang Yu earned his M.Sc. in Measurement Technology and Instrumentation from Xi'an Shiyou University and serves as Senior Control Engineer in formation testing and field operations. He is an Associate Project Leader with the China National Offshore Oil Corporation in the national formation testing program.