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Formulas for Mechanical and Structural Shock and Impact [Mīkstie vāki]

  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 792 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1470 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Oct-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367385074
  • ISBN-13: 9780367385071
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 792 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1470 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Oct-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367385074
  • ISBN-13: 9780367385071
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
In dealing with extreme loads on structures, simple approximations of key variables can indicate if there is a threat of collapse. The ability to determine such variables early on strongly impacts the decisions about the engineering approach to adopt.





Formulas for Mechanical and Structural Shock and Impact is a self-contained and concise presentation of formulas and methodology you can use to determine dynamic response to shock loads, to help you decide on the optimal design. This book offers insight into how objects and structures respond to sudden, strongand generally shortimpulses. In our computer-oriented environment, in which structural programs are used for most large analytical tasks, engineers can still benefit from certain manual calculations and analytical methods to quickly assess the situation at hand.





Exploring a range of mechanical and civil engineering applications, the text enables engineers to manually calculate what happens to structures and objects when pushed, pulled, jerked, or blasted by providing ready access to formulas required for advanced problem solving. It describes relatively simple methods of dealing with many design situations, in which simple spreadsheets or MathCad are sometimes employed. These scenarios may include:















Determination of preliminary figures on the anticipated dynamic response of a system that is in an early stage of design and for which a full-scale computation is not practical





Preparations for physical testing or for large-scale calculations, during which a dynamic model is generated





Indirect verification of computer-generated results, to explain questionable results or guard against hidden errors





Structural safety can be facilitated through the use of simple approximate solutions early in the design process, often eliminating the need for complicated and more involved solutions later. This book is a valuable companion for modern
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
Author xv
Symbols and Abbreviations (General) xvii
Chapter 1 Concepts and Definitions 1(6)
Theoretical Outline
1(6)
Stiffness and Natural Frequency
1(2)
The Analogy between Translational and Rotational Motion
3(1)
Units
3(2)
Inertia Force and Dynamic Equilibrium
5(1)
Equivalent Stress and a Safety Factor
5(2)
Chapter 2 Natural Frequency 7(42)
Theoretical Outline
7(17)
Determination of Natural Frequency by the Direct Method and by the Energy Method
7(1)
Bodies with Continuous Mass Distribution
8(6)
Equations of Motion: Bar and Shaft
8(3)
Equations of Motion: Cable and Shear Beam
11(2)
Equations of Motion: Flexural Beam
13(1)
Beams on Elastic Foundation
14(1)
Continuous Elastic Medium
14(1)
Types of Structural Arrangements
14(1)
A Two-Mass Oscillator
15(1)
Geometric Stiffening
16(2)
Buckling Force, Critical Force, Stiffness, and Frequency
18(1)
Static Deflection Method, Dunkerley's Method, and Addition of Flexiblilities
19(1)
Distributed Mass System with a Single Lumped Mass
20(1)
Symmetry Properties
21(2)
Closing Remarks
23(1)
Tabulation of Cases
24(18)
Comments
24(1)
Cases (2.1-2.49)
24(18)
Examples (2.1-2.6)
42(7)
Chapter 3 Simple Linear Systems 49(46)
Theoretical Outline
49(18)
Equations of Motion
49(1)
Free, Undamped Motion
50(1)
Forced, Undamped Motion
51(1)
Free, Damped Motion
52(2)
Forced, Damped Motion
54(1)
Response of Oscillator to Step Loading
55(2)
Response of Oscillator to Impulsive Load
57(1)
Oscillator Response to Triangular Pulses
58(2)
Summary of Response to Single Pulses
60(1)
Multiple Shock Loads
60(2)
Shock Isolation
62(2)
Types of Damping
64(3)
Tabulation of Cases
67(20)
Cases (3.1-3.39)
67(20)
Examples (3.1-3.9)
87(8)
Chapter 4 Simple Nonlinear Systems 95(52)
Theoretical Outline
95(22)
General Remarks about Nonlinearities
95(1)
Elastic, Nonlinear Systems
96(2)
Material Nonlinearity, Ductile Materials
98(3)
Shear and Twisting of Shafts
101(1)
Properties of Concrete
102(2)
Stress and Strain in a Large Deformation Range
104(2)
Some Response Features
106(1)
Duration of Forward Motion with the Initial Velocity Prescribed
107(2)
Characteristics of a Polytropic Gas
109(1)
Large Deflections of Simple Elements
110(3)
Thick Rings and Shells of EPP Material
113(3)
A Body of a Variable Mass
116(1)
Tabulation of Cases
117(19)
Cases (4.1-4.30)
117(19)
Examples (4.1-4.11)
136(11)
Chapter 5 Wave Propagation 147(68)
Theoretical Outline
147(31)
The Basic Solution of the Equation of Motion
147(3)
Imposition of End Disturbance
150(2)
Traveling Waves, Vibration, and a Standing Wave Concept
152(2)
Unconstrained Bar Pushed at the End
154(1)
Collision of Waves
155(1)
Transmission of Waves between Materials of Different Properties
156(2)
Waves in Bars of Nonlinear Material
158(1)
The Extent of a Plastic Wave Spreading
159(3)
Bar Impacting Rigid Wall, Inelastic Range
162(1)
Constrained Bar Pushed at the End
163(2)
Twisting Deformation of Shafts
165(1)
Strong Shock Waves
166(2)
Body Waves in an Unbounded Elastic Medium
168(2)
Waves in an Elastic Half-Space
170(2)
Nonreflecting Boundary
172(1)
Pulse Decay due to Material Damping
173(2)
Some Notes on Finite-Element Modeling of Wave Motion
175(1)
Comments on Limits of Some Solutions
176(1)
Closing Remarks
177(1)
Tabulation of Cases
178(15)
Cases (5.1-5.20)
178(15)
Examples (5.1-5.22)
193(22)
Chapter 6 Yield and Failure Criteria 215(14)
Theoretical Outline
215(11)
Basic Theories of Combined Stress
215(3)
Failure under Applied Load
218(1)
Strain-Rate Effects on Smooth Material Samples
218(2)
Balanced Material Concept
220(1)
Strength of Notched Elements under Dynamic Loading
221(3)
Strain Rate in Concrete
224(1)
Closing Remarks
225(1)
Examples (6.1-6.2)
226(3)
Chapter 7 Impact 229(50)
Theoretical Outline
229(19)
Central Impact against Rigid Wall
229(2)
Particle Impact against Rigid Surface
231(1)
Body Impact against Frictionless Surface
231(2)
Body Impact against No-Slip Surface
233(2)
Body of Revolution Impacting a Surface
235(1)
Peak Impact Force and Duration of Impact
236(1)
Local Deformation Formulas for Elastic Contact
237(2)
Parameters of Impact according to Hertz Theory
239(2)
Elastoplastic Contact and Perfectly Plastic Contact
241(3)
Rigid Mass Impacting an Axial Bar
244(2)
Axial Bar with the End Spring
246(1)
Closing Remarks
247(1)
Tabulation of Cases
248(17)
Comments
248(1)
Cases (7.1-7.33)
248(17)
Examples (7.1-7.18)
265(14)
Chapter 8 Collision 279(36)
Theoretical Outline
279(15)
Central Collision of Bodies
279(2)
Collision of Particles in a Plane
281(1)
Collision of Two Bodies and the Influence of Friction
282(2)
Impact against Body Free to Rotate about Fixed Axis
284(1)
Parameters of Collision with Linear Characteristic
285(1)
Parameters of Collision with Nonlinear Characteristic
286(1)
Shock Load on Unconstrained Bodies and Dynamic Equilibrium Concept
287(1)
Axial Collision of Two Bars with Identical Properties
288(2)
Axial Collision of Two Bars with Different Properties
290(1)
Collision Method for a Mass-Beam Impact Problem
291(1)
Collision Accompanied by Strong Shock Waves
292(2)
Tabulation of Cases
294(12)
Comments
294(1)
Cases (8.1-8.18)
294(12)
Examples (8.1-8.8)
306(9)
Chapter 9 Cables and Strings 315(32)
Theoretical Outline
315(12)
Statics of Cables
315(2)
Strain Energy and Work
317(2)
Transient Cable Motion
319(3)
Inelastic Cable
322(1)
Projectile Impact
323(2)
End Disturbance in Cable Motion
325(1)
Closing Remarks
326(1)
Tabulation of Cases
327(11)
Cases (9.1-9.14)
327(11)
Examples (9.1-9.9)
338(9)
Chapter 10 Beams 347(90)
Theoretical Outline
347(44)
Basic Relationships
347(6)
Pure Bending
347(4)
Static and Dynamic Properties of Elastic Beams
351(2)
Distributed Loading, Elastic Range
353(4)
Estimation of Response to Rectangular Load Pulses
353(1)
Alternative Estimates of Peak Responses
354(2)
Responses to Other Impulse Shapes
356(1)
The Accuracy of the SDOF Approach
356(1)
Point Loads, Elastic Range
357(4)
Transient Beam Response due to a Suddenly Applied Point Load
357(2)
Global Response of an Elastic Beam to a Point-Load Impact
359(1)
The Influence of Shear Deformation and Sustained Axial Force
360(1)
Mass-Beam Impact
361(6)
The Lumped-Parameter Methods for Mass-Beam Impact Problem
361(1)
Application of a Shear Beam Concept
362(1)
A Mass-Beam Impact Approach Involving Transient Beam Deformation
363(3)
Elastic Strain Energy and Approximate Deflected Shapes
366(1)
Distributed Loading, Inelastic Range
367(8)
Assumptions and Procedures
367(1)
Limit Values of Bending Moment and Shear Force
368(1)
Static Collapse Values for Distributed Load
369(2)
Simplified Estimates of Dynamic Response
371(3)
The Influence of Material Model and the Assumed Shape
374(1)
Point Loads, Inelastic Range
375(8)
Basic Response to Point Loads
375(1)
Infinite or Semi-Infinite Beams, Stationary Joints, and Traveling Joints
376(3)
Finite-Length Unconstrained Beams, Step Load, Stationary Joints
379(1)
Some Cases of Strain Distribution along a Beam
380(2)
Deformation History When Plastic Joints Are Involved
382(1)
Special Topics
383(7)
High-Speed Collision of Two Beams
383(2)
Beams on Elastic Foundation
385(1)
Sandwich Beams
386(1)
Laminated Beams
387(2)
Dynamic Strength of a Circular Ring in Radial Motion
389(1)
Closing Remarks
390(1)
Tabulation of Cases
391(24)
Cases (10.1-10.38)
391(24)
Examples(10.1-10.22)
415(22)
Chapter 11 Columns and Beam-Columns 437(66)
Theoretical Outline
437(26)
Axially Compressed Beams
437(2)
Strain Energy in an Elastic Column
439(1)
Buckling When Peak Stress Exceeds the Yield Point
440(1)
Two-Flange Symmetrical Column
441(3)
Section Capacity under Combined Load Components
444(1)
Compression of Imperfect Columns, Yield Strength, and Post-Yield Response
445(3)
Dynamic Buckling of Elastic Members
448(1)
Higher-Order Elastic Buckling of Imperfect Columns
449(2)
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Column
451(4)
Rigid Stick Models of Axially Impacted Beams
455(3)
Beams with No Translation of End Points
458(4)
Closing Remarks
462(1)
Tabulation of Cases
463(22)
Comments
463(1)
Cases (11.1-11.29)
463(22)
Examples (11.1-11.20)
485(18)
Chapter 12 Plates and Shells 503(52)
Theoretical Outline
503(27)
Basic Relationships
503(6)
Governing Equations
503(2)
Static Properties of Elastic Plates
505(3)
Shear Plate
508(1)
Pressure Loading, Elastic Range
509(2)
Response of Plates to Pressure Shock Loading in Elastic Range
509(2)
Point Loads, Elastic Range
511(7)
Transient Plate Response to a Point Load
511(2)
Global Response
513(1)
Mass-Plate Impact
514(2)
Limit Values of the Internal Forces and the Onset of Yielding
516(2)
Inelastic Range
518(4)
Static Collapse Load under Pressure Loading
518(1)
Estimates of Dynamic Deflection under Pressure
519(3)
Cylindrical and Spherical Shells
522(7)
Long, Pressurized Cylindrical Shell with No End Constraints
522(1)
Cylindrical Shell with Axisymmetric Load Varying along the Axis
522(2)
Fixed-Ended Cylindrical Shell under Pressure Loading
524(2)
Static Collapse Loads for Cylindrical Shells
526(2)
Shells Stiffened by Equidistant Rings
528(1)
Dynamic Response of Shells
529(1)
Closing Remarks
529(1)
Tabulation of Cases
530(16)
Cases (12.1-12.25)
530(16)
Examples (12.1-12.8)
546(9)
Chapter 13 Dynamic Effects of Explosion 555(56)
Theoretical Outline
555(20)
Physical Effects of an Explosion
555(2)
Instantaneous Explosion Concept; γ-Law
557(1)
Basic Properties of Explosives
558(1)
Spherical Charge Suspended in Air
558(2)
Hemispherical Charge on a Solid Surface
560(1)
Propelling of Solid Container Pieces by Explosive Action
561(1)
Contact Explosion on a Hard Surface
562(1)
Close Proximity Impulse
563(1)
Aboveground Explosion
564(1)
Loads on Fixed, Solid Objects from a Distant Blast
565(1)
Blast Wave Interaction with Movable Solid Bodies
566(4)
Force-Impulse Diagrams
570(2)
Blast Scaling Basics
572(1)
The Effects of Explosions in Ground
573(1)
Closing Remarks
574(1)
Tabulation of Cases
575(18)
Comments
575(1)
Cases (13.1-13.31)
575(18)
Examples (13.1-13.18)
593(18)
Chapter 14 Penetration and Perforation 611(28)
Theoretical Outline
611(10)
Impact against a Semi-Infinite Medium
611(2)
Impact against a Finite-Thickness Target
613(1)
Soil Penetration
614(1)
Concrete Penetration
615(2)
Metal Penetration
617(1)
Kinematics of a Hard Projectile Movement
618(2)
Closing Remarks
620(1)
Tabulation of Cases
621(12)
Comments
621(1)
Cases (14.1-14.17)
621(12)
Examples (14.1-14.7)
633(6)
Chapter 15 Damage, Failure, and Fragmentation 639(76)
Theoretical Outline
639(28)
Pressurized Rings and Shells
639(4)
Static vs. Dynamic Breakup
639(1)
Mechanism of Multiple Fracturing
639(2)
Maximum Number of Fragments from Experiment
641(1)
Radial Motion in Cylindrical Shell under Explosive Pressure
642(1)
Fragmentation Caused by Wave Reflection
643(2)
Spalling Effects in an Axial Bar
643(1)
Breaking of Solids with Stress Waves
644(1)
Failure of Beams
645(3)
The Four Basic Modes of Failure
645(2)
Dynamic Crack Propagation
647(1)
Collapse
648(4)
Dynamic Destruction of a Structural Element
648(2)
Progressive Collapse
650(2)
Rock Breaking
652(14)
Deformability of Cracked Material around Cavity
652(3)
Deformability of Crushed and Cracked Medium in a Cylindrical Cavity
655(1)
Explosive Energy Content
656(1)
Compressive Strength of Rock and an Estimate of Crushed Zone Radius
657(1)
Cylindrical Cavity Expanded by Explosive Pressure, CC Mode
658(1)
Cylindrical Cavity Expanded by Explosive Pressure, Cracking Mode
659(1)
Boulder Breaking
659(2)
Ground Cratering due to Subsurface Explosion
661(5)
Closing Remarks
666(1)
Tabulation of Cases
667(26)
Cases (15.1-15.33)
667(26)
Examples (15.1-15.24)
693(22)
Chapter 16 Selected Examples 715(24)
Theoretical Outline
715(24)
Examples (16.1-16.11)
715(24)
Appendix A Mohr Circles 739(4)
Plane Stress
739(2)
Plane Strain
741(1)
Three-Dimensional State of Stress
741(2)
Appendix B Shortcuts and Approximations 743(4)
Filling Factors
743(2)
Approximate Functions for Small Argument Values
745(2)
Appendix C Aerodynamic Drag Coefficients 747(2)
Appendix D Lame Equations 749(2)
Thick, Pressurized Ring
749(1)
Thick, Pressurized Spherical Shell
750(1)
References 751(6)
Index 757
Dr. Gregory Szuladziski received his masters degree in mechanical engineering from Warsaw University of Technology in 1965 and his doctoral degree in structural mechanics from the University of Southern California in 1973. From 1966 to 1980, he worked in the United States in the fields of aerospace, nuclear engineering, and shipbuilding. He has done extensive work in computer simulations of seismic events and accidental dynamic conditions as related to the safety of nuclear plants and military hardware. From 1981 until the present time, he has been working in Australia in the fields of aerospace, railway, power, offshore, automotive, and process industries, as well as in rock mechanics, underground blasting, infrastructure protection, and military applications. He has a number of publications to his credit in the area of nonlinear mechanics. His first book on the subject, Dynamics of Structures and Machinery: Problems and Solutions, was published in 1982. Dr. Szuladziski has been involved with the finite-element method of simulation of structural problems since 1966. In 19781979, he worked as the principal analyst for Control Data in Los Angeles in support of fi nite-element analysis (FEA) codes. Since the early 1990s he has been working on computer simulations of such violent phenomena as rock breaking with the use of explosives, fragmentation of metallic objects, shock damage to buildings, structural collapse, fluidstructure interaction, blast protection, and aircraft impact protection. He has conducted a number of state of-the-art studies showing explicit fragmentations of structures and other objects. He is a fellow of the Institute of Engineers Australia, a member of its Structural and Mechanical College, a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and of the American Society of Civil Engineers.