List of Figures |
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xxi | |
List of Tables |
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xxiii | |
Introduction to Volume 1 |
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1 | (5) |
Introduction to Behavioral Economics and the Book Volumes |
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6 | (321) |
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1 Some antecedents of behavioral economics |
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8 | (1) |
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2 On methodology in economics |
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9 | (6) |
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3 The experimental method in economics |
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15 | (12) |
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3.1 Experiments and internal validity |
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16 | (2) |
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3.2 Subject pools used in lab experiments |
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18 | (1) |
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3.3 Stake sizes in experiments |
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19 | (1) |
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3.4 The issue of the external validity of lab findings |
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19 | (2) |
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3.5 The role of incentives in economics |
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21 | (3) |
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3.6 Is survey data of any use? |
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24 | (2) |
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3.7 Replications in experimental economics |
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26 | (1) |
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4 Approach and organization of the book |
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27 | (5) |
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5 Five theoretical approaches in behavioral economics |
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32 | (23) |
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5.1 A case study of prospect theory |
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32 | (7) |
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5.2 Human sociality and inequity averse preferences |
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39 | (4) |
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5.3 The quasi-hyperbolic model and self-control problems |
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43 | (3) |
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5.4 Level-k and CH models: disequilibrium in beliefs in strategic interaction |
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46 | (5) |
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5.5 The heuristics and biases program: radical behavioral economics |
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51 | (4) |
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6 Five examples of behavioral evidence |
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55 | (11) |
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6.1 Does competitive market equilibrium survive fairness considerations? |
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55 | (3) |
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6.2 Why do we not let bygones be bygones? |
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58 | (3) |
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6.3 Are financial markets efficient? |
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61 | (2) |
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6.4 Is expert behavior consistent with neoclassical economics? |
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63 | (1) |
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6.5 Do people play a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium? |
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64 | (2) |
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7 Appendix A: The random lottery incentive mechanism |
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66 | (1) |
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8 Appendix B: In lieu of a problem set |
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66 | (6) |
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References for Introduction |
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72 | (13) |
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1 The Evidence on Human Choice under Risk and Uncertainty |
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85 | (27) |
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85 | (1) |
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1.2 The elements of classical decision theory |
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86 | (5) |
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1.2.1 Preference foundations of expected utility theory (EU) |
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87 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Attitudes to risk under EU |
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89 | (2) |
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1.3 Subjective expected utility theory (SEU) |
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91 | (3) |
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1.4 Eliciting the utility function under EU |
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94 | (3) |
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1.4.1 The case of known probabilities |
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94 | (2) |
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1.4.2 The case of unknown probabilities |
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96 | (1) |
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1.5 Violations of expected utility theory |
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97 | (15) |
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1.5.1 Violations of the independence axiom |
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98 | (3) |
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1.5.2 The probability triangle and violations of the axioms of rationality |
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101 | (2) |
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1.5.3 Some attempts to relax the independence axiom |
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103 | (3) |
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1.5.4 Attitudes to risk for small and large stakes: Rabin's paradox |
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106 | (3) |
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1.5.5 Violations of description invariance |
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109 | (1) |
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1.5.6 Preference reversals |
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109 | (1) |
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1.5.7 Is the reduction axiom supported by the evidence? |
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110 | (2) |
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2 Behavioral Models of Decision Making |
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112 | (103) |
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112 | (6) |
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2.2 Probability weighting functions |
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118 | (8) |
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2.2.1 Prelec's probability weighting function |
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121 | (4) |
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2.2.2 Stochastic dominance under non-linear probability weighting |
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125 | (1) |
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2.3 Rank dependent utility theory (RDU) |
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126 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Attitudes to risk under RDU |
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127 | (3) |
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2.3.2 RDU under uncertainty |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (10) |
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2.4.1 A brief note on PT under uncertainty |
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136 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Attitudes to risk under prospect theory |
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137 | (3) |
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2.4.3 A violation of EU and RDU that can be explained by PT |
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140 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Some erroneous criticisms of PT |
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140 | (2) |
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2.5 Elicitation of utility and probability weighting functions in PT |
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142 | (8) |
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2.5.1 Elicitation of the utility function under PT |
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142 | (4) |
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2.5.2 Elicitation of loss aversion under PT |
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146 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Elicitation of the probability weighting function under PT |
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148 | (2) |
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2.6 The axiomatic foundations of PT |
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150 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Foundations of PT in terms of the trade-off consistency method |
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150 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Foundations of the Prelec weighting function |
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152 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Foundations of the power form of utility |
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153 | (1) |
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2.7 Third generation PT and stochastic reference points |
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154 | (2) |
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2.8 Stochastic reference points in PT under rational expectations |
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156 | (19) |
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2.8.1 An example of a choice acclimating equilibrium (CPE): The newsvendor problem |
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163 | (3) |
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2.8.2 An example of an unacclimating personal equilibrium (UPE): The taxi drivers' problem |
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166 | (4) |
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2.8.3 Some empirical evidence for Koszegi-Rabin preferences |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (8) |
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2.9.1 The evidence and critique from configural weights models |
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175 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Violations of gain-loss separability |
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176 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Interaction between probability weights and stake sizes |
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177 | (4) |
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2.9.4 Heterogeneity in preferences |
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181 | (2) |
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2.10 A selection of other behavioral theories |
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183 | (10) |
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183 | (1) |
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2.10.2 The theory of disappointment aversion |
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184 | (2) |
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2.10.3 Salience and context in decision theory |
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186 | (3) |
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2.10.4 Case-based decision theory |
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189 | (1) |
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2.10.5 Configural weights models |
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190 | (3) |
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2.11 Human behavior for extreme probability events |
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193 | (8) |
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2.11.1 Original prospect theory (OPT) |
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194 | (1) |
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2.11.2 The evidence on behavior under low probability events |
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195 | (3) |
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2.11.3 Composite Prospect Theory |
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198 | (3) |
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2.12 Risk preferences and time preferences |
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201 | (14) |
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2.12.1 Can non-linear probability weighting explain temporal behavior under risk? |
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202 | (6) |
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2.12.2 Intertemporal risk aversion |
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208 | (1) |
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2.12.3 An agenda for the future |
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209 | (1) |
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2.12.4 Delay dependence and probability weighting |
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210 | (2) |
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2.12.5 Probability weighting and process dependence |
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212 | (3) |
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3 Applications of Behavioral Decision Theory |
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215 | (72) |
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215 | (4) |
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3.2 The endowment effect and exchange asymmetries |
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219 | (19) |
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3.2.1 Loss aversion and the endowment effect |
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222 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Is there any risk aversion beyond loss aversion? |
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224 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Market experience and loss aversion |
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227 | (4) |
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3.2.4 Subject misinterpretation as explanation of exchange asymmetries |
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231 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Other implications/explanations of the endowment effect |
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233 | (5) |
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3.3 Prospect theory preferences in primates |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (4) |
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3.5 Why do people pay taxes? |
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245 | (5) |
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3.6 Explanation of Rabin's paradox using PT |
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250 | (3) |
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3.7 Goals as reference points |
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253 | (5) |
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3.7.1 A theory of goals in prospect theory |
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253 | (3) |
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3.7.2 The evidence on goals |
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256 | (2) |
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3.8 Why is it so hard to find a taxi on a rainy day in New York? |
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258 | (7) |
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3.9 Some implications of inverse S-shaped weighting functions |
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265 | (1) |
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3.10 Contracts as reference points |
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266 | (9) |
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267 | (5) |
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3.10.2 Empirical evidence for contracts as reference points |
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272 | (3) |
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3.11 Moral hazard, loss aversion, and optimal contracts |
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275 | (6) |
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3.12 Renegotiation, long-term contracts, and loss aversion |
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281 | (6) |
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4 Human Behavior under Ambiguity |
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287 | (26) |
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287 | (2) |
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4.2 A problem for SEU: The Ellsberg paradox |
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289 | (2) |
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4.3 Neoclassical models of ambiguity |
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291 | (13) |
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4.3.1 Choquet expected utility |
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292 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Models of multiple priors |
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294 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Two-stage recursive models and failure of compounding |
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296 | (2) |
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4.3.4 The smooth ambiguity aversion model |
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298 | (2) |
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4.3.5 A brief note on the related literature |
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300 | (1) |
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4.3.6 Some empirical evidence on ambiguity aversion |
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301 | (3) |
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4.4 Behavioral models of ambiguity |
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304 | (9) |
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304 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Prospect theory, source-dependent uncertainty, and ambiguity |
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307 | (6) |
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5 A Guide to Further Reading |
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313 | (14) |
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5.1 Evidence on decision making under risk and uncertainty |
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313 | (2) |
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5.2 Models of behavioral decision theory |
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315 | (1) |
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5.3 Behavioral economics of ambiguity |
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316 | (4) |
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5.4 Exercises for Volume 1 |
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320 | (7) |
References for Volume 1 |
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327 | (20) |
Author Index |
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347 | (7) |
Subject Index |
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354 | |