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1 | (14) |
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1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics |
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2 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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System and Control Volume |
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6 | (1) |
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Differential versus Integral Approach |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (4) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Preferred Systems of Units |
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11 | (1) |
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Dimensional Consistency and "Engineering" Equations |
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11 | (2) |
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1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS |
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15 | (23) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
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One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows |
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18 | (1) |
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Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (4) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions |
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30 | (6) |
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Viscous and Inviscid Flows |
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32 | (2) |
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Laminar and Turbulent Flows |
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34 | (1) |
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Compressible and Incompressible Flows |
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34 | (1) |
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Internal and External Flows |
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35 | (1) |
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2.7 Summary and Useful Equations |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (32) |
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3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics |
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39 | (3) |
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3.2 The Standard Atmosphere |
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42 | (1) |
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3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid |
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43 | (7) |
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Incompressible Liquids: Manometers |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (2) |
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3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces |
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50 | (10) |
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Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface |
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50 | (7) |
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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface |
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57 | (3) |
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3.5 Buoyancy and Stability |
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60 | (3) |
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3.6 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion |
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63 | (5) |
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3.7 Summary and Useful Equations |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME |
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70 | (58) |
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4.1 Basic Laws for a System |
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71 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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The Angular-Momentum Principle |
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72 | (1) |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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72 | (1) |
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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73 | (1) |
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4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation |
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73 | (4) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (5) |
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78 | (4) |
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4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume |
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82 | (17) |
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Differential Control Volume Analysis |
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93 | (4) |
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Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity |
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97 | (2) |
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4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration |
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99 | (6) |
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4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration |
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105 | (5) |
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4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle |
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110 | (8) |
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Equation for Fixed Control Volume |
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110 | (4) |
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Equation for Rotating Control Volume |
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114 | (4) |
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4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics |
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118 | (7) |
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Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
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4.9 Summary and Useful Equations |
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125 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION |
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128 | (34) |
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129 | (6) |
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Rectangular Coordinate System |
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129 | (4) |
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Cylindrical Coordinate System |
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133 | (2) |
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5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow |
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135 | (2) |
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5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) |
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137 | (14) |
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Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field |
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138 | (6) |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (4) |
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151 | (9) |
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Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle |
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151 | (1) |
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Differential Momentum Equation |
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152 | (1) |
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Newtonian Fluid: Navier--Stokes Equations |
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152 | (8) |
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5.5 Summary and Useful Equations |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW |
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162 | (40) |
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6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equation |
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163 | (4) |
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6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow |
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167 | (10) |
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Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates |
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167 | (1) |
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Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates |
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168 | (1) |
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Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (5) |
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Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation |
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176 | (1) |
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6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation |
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177 | (4) |
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6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line |
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181 | (2) |
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6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (15) |
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Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (2) |
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Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows |
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191 | (9) |
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6.7 Summary and Useful Equations |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE |
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202 | (25) |
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7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations |
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204 | (2) |
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7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem |
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206 | (6) |
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7.3 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics |
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212 | (2) |
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7.4 Flow Similarity and Model Studies |
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214 | (11) |
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216 | (5) |
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Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters |
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221 | (3) |
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Comments on Model Testing |
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224 | (1) |
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7.5 Summary and Useful Equations |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW |
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227 | (66) |
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8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics |
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228 | (2) |
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Laminar versus Turbulent Flow |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Part A Fully Developed Laminar Flow |
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230 | (1) |
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8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates |
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230 | (11) |
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230 | (6) |
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Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U |
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236 | (5) |
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8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe |
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241 | (4) |
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Part B Flow in Pipes and Ducts |
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245 | (1) |
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8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow |
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246 | (1) |
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8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow |
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247 | (4) |
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8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow |
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251 | (2) |
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Kinetic Energy Coefficient |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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8.7 Calculation of Head Loss |
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253 | (10) |
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Major Losses: Friction Factor |
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253 | (5) |
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258 | (4) |
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Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems |
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263 | (16) |
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264 | (12) |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows |
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279 | (11) |
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282 | (4) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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8.10 Summary and Useful Equations |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW |
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293 | (50) |
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295 | (1) |
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9.1 The Boundary Layer Concept |
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295 | (4) |
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9.2 Laminar Flat Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution |
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299 | (3) |
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9.3 Momentum Integral Equation |
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302 | (4) |
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9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient |
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306 | (8) |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (3) |
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9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary Layer Flow |
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314 | (2) |
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Part B Fluid Flow About Immersed Bodies |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (12) |
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Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow |
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317 | (3) |
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Pure Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow |
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320 | (1) |
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Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder |
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320 | (6) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (12) |
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9.8 Summary and Useful Equations |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 FLUID MACHINERY |
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343 | (71) |
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10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines |
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344 | (4) |
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Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid |
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344 | (2) |
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Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (1) |
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10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis |
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348 | (10) |
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The Angular Momentum Principle: The Euler Turbomachine Equation |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (2) |
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Performance---Hydraulic Power |
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352 | (1) |
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Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed |
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353 | (5) |
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10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers |
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358 | (26) |
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Application of Euler Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps |
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358 | (1) |
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Application of the Euler Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans |
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359 | (3) |
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Performance Characteristics |
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362 | (5) |
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367 | (4) |
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Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head |
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371 | (3) |
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Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems |
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374 | (6) |
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380 | (4) |
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10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (8) |
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387 | (2) |
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Performance Characteristics for Hydraulic Turbines |
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389 | (6) |
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10.6 Propellers and Wind Turbines |
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395 | (11) |
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395 | (5) |
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400 | (6) |
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10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines |
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406 | (4) |
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Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (3) |
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Compressible-Flow Turbines |
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410 | (1) |
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10.8 Summary and Useful Equations |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS |
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414 | (46) |
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11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions |
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416 | (7) |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (1) |
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Speed of Surface Waves and the Froude Number |
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419 | (4) |
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11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows |
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423 | (8) |
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425 | (1) |
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Critical Depth: Minimum Specific Energy |
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426 | (5) |
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11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) |
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431 | (4) |
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431 | (4) |
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435 | (6) |
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Depth Increase Across a Hydraulic Jump |
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438 | (1) |
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Head Loss Across a Hydraulic Jump |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (10) |
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The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow |
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443 | (5) |
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Energy Equation for Uniform Flow |
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448 | (2) |
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Optimum Channel Cross Section |
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450 | (1) |
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11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth |
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451 | (4) |
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Calculation of Surface Profiles |
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452 | (3) |
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11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs |
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455 | (3) |
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Suppressed Rectangular Weir |
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455 | (1) |
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Contracted Rectangular Weirs |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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11.8 Summary and Useful Equations |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW |
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460 | (1) |
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12.1 Review of Thermodynamics |
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461 | (6) |
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12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves |
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467 | (6) |
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467 | (4) |
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Types of Flow---The Mach Cone |
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471 | (2) |
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12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties |
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473 | (7) |
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Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas |
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474 | (6) |
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480 | (1) |
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12.5 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Row |
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480 | (3) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
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481 | (1) |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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482 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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12.6 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation |
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483 | (18) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas |
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487 | (5) |
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Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle |
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492 | (4) |
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Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle |
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496 | (5) |
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501 | (6) |
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Basic Equations for a Normal Shock |
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501 | (2) |
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Normal-Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas |
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503 | (4) |
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12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks |
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507 | (2) |
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12.9 Summary and Useful Equations |
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509 | (2) |
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511 | |
Problems |
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1 | (1) |
Appendix A Fluid Property Data |
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1 | (12) |
Appendix B Videos for Fluid Mechanics |
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13 | (2) |
Appendix C Selected Performance Curves for Pumps and Fans |
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15 | (11) |
Appendix D Flow Functions for Computation of Compressible Flow |
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26 | (3) |
Appendix E Analysis of Experimental Uncertainty |
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29 | (6) |
Appendix F Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics |
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35 | |
Index |
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1 | |