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Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition 4th edition [Hardback]

3.83/5 (23 ratings by Goodreads)

Ted L. Anderson (Quest Integrity Group, Boulder USA)

Formāts: Hardback, 684 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1560 g, 40 Tables, black and white; 8 Line drawings, color; 495 Line drawings, black and white; 30 Halftones, black and white; 8 Illustrations, color; 525 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 23-Feb-2017
Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-10: 1498728138
ISBN-13: 9781498728133

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Stress & fracture

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Formāts: Hardback, 684 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1560 g, 40 Tables, black and white; 8 Line drawings, color; 495 Line drawings, black and white; 30 Halftones, black and white; 8 Illustrations, color; 525 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 23-Feb-2017
Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
ISBN-10: 1498728138
ISBN-13: 9781498728133

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Stress & fracture

Speciālā piedāvājuma visas grāmatas: Taylor & Francis offers several science and technology titles with ISE (International Student Edition) prices

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781498728133.html

Keywords:

Fracture mechanics

With its combination of practicality, readability, and rigor that is characteristic of any truly authoritative reference and text, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications quickly established itself as the most comprehensive guide to fracture mechanics available. It has been adopted by more than 100 universities and embraced by thousands of professional engineers worldwide. Now in its third edition, the book continues to raise the bar in both scope and coverage. It encompasses theory and applications, linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics, solid mechanics, and materials science with a unified, balanced, and in-depth approach.

Reflecting the many advances made in the decade since the previous edition came about, this indispensable Third Edition now includes:

A new chapter on environmental cracking

Expanded coverage of weight functions

New material on toughness test methods

New problems at the end of the book

New material on the failure assessment diagram (FAD) method

Expanded and updated coverage of crack closure and variable-amplitude fatigue

Updated solutions manual

In addition to these enhancements, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Third Edition also includes detailed mathematical derivations in appendices at the end of applicable chapters; recent developments in laboratory testing, application to structures, and computational methods; coverage of micromechanisms of fracture; and more than 400 illustrations. This reference continues to be a necessity on the desk of anyone involved with fracture mechanics.

Recenzijas

"This book presents a good cross section of theoretical and practical material, providing the student with a good grounding in the fundamentals as well as examples and opportunities to practice solving engineering problems related to fracture. I especially like the historical approach taken in this book, which shows how the field has developed rapidly over the past 75 years. This gives the student an appreciation of how recently the field has emerged and how it is still evolving." Michael H. Santare, University of Delaware, USA

Preface

Section I Introduction

1 History and Overview

(22)

1.1 Why Structures Fail

(3)

1.2 Historical Perspective

(6)

1.2.1 Early Fracture Research

(1)

1.2.2 The Liberty Ships

(1)

1.2.3 Postwar Fracture Mechanics Research

(1)

1.2.4 Fracture Mechanics from 1960 through 1980

(2)

1.2.5 Fracture Mechanics from 1980 to the Present

(1)

1.3 The Fracture Mechanics Approach to Design

(4)

1.3.1 The Energy Criterion

(1)

1.3.2 The Stress Intensity Approach

(1)

1.3.3 Time-Dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance

(1)

1.4 Effect of Material Properties on Fracture

(1)

1.5 A Brief Review of Dimensional Analysis

(4)

1.5.1 The Buckingham II Theorem

(1)

1.5.2 Dimensional Analysis in Fracture Mechanics

(2)

References

(4)

Section II Fundamental Concepts

2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

(84)

2.1 An Atomic View of Fracture

(2)

2.2 Stress Concentration Effect of Flaws

(3)

2.3 The Griffith Energy Balance

(5)

2.3.1 Comparison with the Critical Stress Criterion

(1)

2.3.2 Modified Griffith Equation

(2)

2.4 Energy Release Rate

(4)

2.5 Instability and the R Curve

(5)

2.5.1 Reasons for the R Curve Shape

(1)

2.5.2 Load Control versus Displacement Control

(1)

2.5.3 Structures with Finite Compliance

(2)

2.6 Stress Analysis of Cracks

(16)

2.6.1 The Stress Intensity Factor

(3)

2.6.2 Relationship between K and Global Behavior

(4)

2.6.3 Effect of Finite Size

(4)

2.6.4 Principle of Superposition

(2)

2.6.5 Weight Functions

(3)

2.7 Relationship between K and

(2)

2.8 Crack Tip Plasticity

(9)

2.8.1 The Irwin Approach

(3)

2.8.2 The Strip Yield Model

(2)

2.8.3 Comparison of Plastic Zone Corrections

(1)

2.8.4 Plastic Zone Shape

(2)

2.9 K-Controlled Fracture

(4)

2.10 Plane Strain Fracture: Fact versus Fiction

(9)

2.10.1 Crack Tip Triaxiality

(2)

2.10.2 Effect of Thickness on Apparent Fracture Toughness

(3)

2.10.3 Plastic Zone Effects

(2)

2.10.4 Implications for Cracks in Structures

(1)

2.11 Mixed-Mode Fracture

(6)

2.11.1 Propagation of an Angled Crack

(2)

2.11.2 Equivalent Mode I Crack

(1)

2.11.3 Biaxial Loading

(2)

2.12 Interaction of Multiple Cracks

(2)

2.12.1 Coplanar Cracks

(1)

2.12.2 Parallel Cracks

(2)

Appendix 2A: Mathematical Foundations of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: Selected Results

(15)

References

107

(2)

3 Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics

109

(72)

3.1 Crack Tip Opening Displacement

109

(5)

3.2 The J Contour Integral

114

(13)

3.2.1 Nonlinear Energy Release Rate

115

(2)

3.2.2 J as a Path-Independent Line Integral

117

(1)

3.2.3 J as a Stress Intensity Parameter

118

(1)

3.2.4 The Large-Strain Zone

119

(2)

3.2.5 Laboratory Measurement of J

121

(6)

3.3 Relationships between J and CTOD

127

(2)

3.4 Crack Growth Resistance Curves

129

(6)

3.4.1 Stable and Unstable Crack Growth

131

(2)

3.4.2 Computing J for a Growing Crack

133

(2)

3.5 J-Controlled Fracture

135

(6)

3.5.1 Stationary Cracks

136

(2)

3.5.2 J-Controlled Crack Growth

138

(3)

3.6 Crack Tip Constraint under Large-Scale Yielding

141

(19)

3.6.1 The Elastic T Stress

145

(2)

3.6.2 J-Q Theory

147

(5)

3.6.2.1 The J-Q Toughness Locus

149

(1)

3.6.2.2 Effect of Failure Mechanism on the J-Q Locus

150

(2)

3.6.3 Scaling Model for Cleavage Fracture

152

(5)

3.6.3.1 Failure Criterion

152

(1)

3.6.3.2 The Jo Parameter

153

(1)

3.6.3.3 Three-Dimensional Effects

154

(1)

3.6.3.4 Application of the Model

155

(2)

3.6.4 Limitations of Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics

157

(3)

Appendix 3A: Mathematical Foundations of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Selected Results

160

(18)

References

178

(3)

4 Dynamic and Time-Dependent Fracture

181

(48)

4.1 Dynamic Fracture and Crack Arrest

181

(17)

4.1.1 Rapid Loading of a Stationary Crack

182

(5)

4.1.2 Rapid Crack Propagation and Arrest

187

(10)

4.1.2.1 Crack Speed

189

(1)

4.1.2.2 Elastodynamic Crack Tip Parameters

190

(3)

4.1.2.3 Dynamic Toughness

193

(1)

4.1.2.4 Crack Arrest

194

(3)

4.1.3 Dynamic Contour Integrals

197

(1)

4.2 Creep Crack Growth

198

(8)

4.2.1 The C Integral

199

(3)

4.2.2 Short-Time versus Long-Time Behavior

202

(4)

4.2.2.1 The Ct Parameter

203

(2)

4.2.2.2 Primary Creep

205

(1)

4.3 Viscoelastic Fracture Mechanics

206

(10)

4.3.1 Linear Viscoelasticity

206

(3)

4.3.2 The Viscoelastic J Integral

209

(4)

4.3.2.1 Constitutive Equations

209

(1)

4.3.2.2 Correspondence Principle

210

(1)

4.3.2.3 Generalized J Integral

210

(2)

4.3.2.4 Crack Initiation and Growth

212

(1)

4.3.3 Transition from Linear to Nonlinear Behavior

213

(3)

Appendix 4A: Dynamic Fracture Analysis: Selected Results

216

(7)

References

223

(6)

Section III Material Behavior

5 Fracture Mechanisms in Metals

229

(38)

5.1 Ductile Fracture

229

(15)

5.1.1 Void Nucleation

231

(1)

5.1.2 Void Growth and Coalescence

232

(9)

5.1.3 Ductile Crack Growth

241

(3)

5.2 Cleavage

244

(12)

5.2.1 Fractography

244

(1)

5.2.2 Mechanisms of Cleavage Initiation

244

(5)

5.2.3 Mathematical Models of Cleavage Fracture Toughness

249

(7)

5.3 The Ductile-Brittle Transition

256

(2)

5.4 Intergranular Fracture

258

(1)

Appendix 5A: Statistical Modeling of Cleavage Fracture

259

(5)

References

264

(3)

6 Fracture Mechanisms in Nonmetals

267

(42)

6.1 Engineering Plastics

267

(24)

6.1.1 Structure and Properties of Polymers

268

(6)

6.1.1.1 Molecular Weight

268

(1)

6.1.1.2 Molecular Structure

269

(1)

6.1.1.3 Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers

269

(2)

6.1.1.4 Viscoelastic Behavior

271

(2)

6.1.1.5 Mechanical Analogs

273

(1)

6.1.2 Yielding and Fracture in Polymers

274

(6)

6.1.2.1 Chain Scission and Disentanglement

275

(1)

6.1.2.2 Shear Yielding and Crazing

276

(1)

6.1.2.3 Crack Tip Behavior

277

(2)

6.1.2.4 Rubber Toughening

279

(1)

6.1.2.5 Fatigue

279

(1)

6.1.3 Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

280

(11)

6.1.3.1 An Overview of the Failure Mechanisms

281

(1)

6.1.3.2 Delamination

282

(4)

6.1.3.3 Compressive Failure

286

(2)

6.1.3.4 Notch Strength

288

(3)

6.1.3.5 Fatigue Damage

291

(1)

6.2 Ceramics and Ceramic Composites

291

(10)

6.2.1 Microcrack Toughening

295

(2)

6.2.2 Transformation Toughening

297

(1)

6.2.3 Ductile Phase Toughening

298

(1)

6.2.4 Fiber and Whisker Toughening

299

(2)

6.3 Concrete and Rock

301

(3)

References

304

(5)

Section IV Applications

7 Fracture Toughness Testing of Metals

309

(60)

7.1 General Considerations

309

(8)

7.1.1 Specimen Configurations

310

(1)

7.1.2 Specimen Orientation

310

(4)

7.1.3 Fatigue Precracking

314

(1)

7.1.4 Instrumentation

315

(1)

7.1.5 Side Grooving

316

(1)

7.2 KIc Testing

317

(9)

7.2.1 ASTM E399

318

(4)

7.2.2 Limitations of E399 and Similar Standards

322

(4)

7.3 K-R Curve Testing

326

(4)

7.3.1 Specimen Design

327

(1)

7.3.2 Experimental Measurement of K-R Curves

328

(2)

7.4 J Testing of Metals

330

(6)

7.4.1 The Basic Test Procedure and JIc Measurements

330

(3)

7.4.2 J-R Curve Testing

333

(2)

7.4.3 Critical J Values for Unstable Fracture

335

(1)

7.5 CTOD Testing

336

(2)

7.6 Dynamic and Crack Arrest Toughness

338

(6)

7.6.1 Rapid Loading in Fracture Testing

339

(1)

7.6.2 KIa Measurements

340

(4)

7.7 Fracture Testing of Weldments

344

(4)

7.7.1 Specimen Design and Fabrication

344

(1)

7.7.2 Notch Location and Orientation

345

(2)

7.7.3 Fatigue Precracking

347

(1)

7.7.4 Post-Test Analysis

347

(1)

7.8 Testing and Analysis of Steels in the Ductile-Brittle Transition Region

348

(2)

7.9 Component Fracture Tests

350

(3)

7.9.1 Surface Crack Plate Specimens

351

(2)

7.9.2 SENT Specimens

353

(1)

7.10 Qualitative Toughness Tests

353

(5)

7.10.1 Charpy and Izod Impact Test

355

(1)

7.10.2 Drop Weight Test

356

(2)

7.10.3 Drop Weight Tear and Dynamic Tear Tests

358

(1)

Appendix 7: Stress Intensity, Compliance, and Limit Load Solutions for Laboratory Specimens

358

(6)

References

364

(5)

8 Fracture Testing of Nonmetals

369

(32)

8.1 Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics

369

(20)

8.1.1 The Suitability of K and J for Polymers

369

(7)

8.1.1.1 K-Controlled Fracture

370

(3)

8.1.1.2 ]-Controlled Fracture

373

(3)

8.1.2 Precracking and Other Practical Matters

376

(2)

8.1.3 KIc Testing

378

(4)

8.1.4 J Testing

382

(2)

8.1.5 Experimental Estimates of Time-Dependent Fracture Parameters

384

(3)

8.1.6 Qualitative Fracture Tests on Plastics

387

(2)

8.2 Interlaminar Toughness of Composites

389

(4)

8.3 Ceramics

393

(5)

8.3.1 Chevron-Notched Specimens

394

(2)

8.3.2 Bend Specimens Precracked by Bridge Indentation

396

(2)

References

398

(3)

9 Application to Structures

401

(70)

9.1 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

401

(11)

9.1.1 KI for Part-Through Cracks

403

(1)

9.1.2 Influence Coefficients for Polynomial Stress Distributions

404

(4)

9.1.3 Weight Functions for Arbitrary Loading

408

(2)

9.1.4 Primary, Secondary, and Residual Stresses

410

(1)

9.1.5 A Warning about LEFM

411

(1)

9.2 The CTOD Design Curve

412

(2)

9.3 Elastic-Plastic J-Integral Analysis

414

(13)

9.3.1 The EPRI J-Estimation Procedure

414

(6)

9.3.1.1 Theoretical Background

415

(1)

9.3.1.2 Estimation Equations

416

(2)

9.3.1.3 Comparison with Experimental J Estimates

418

(2)

9.3.2 The Reference Stress Approach

420

(2)

9.3.3 Ductile Instability Analysis

422

(3)

9.3.4 Some Practical Considerations

425

(2)

9.4 Failure Assessment Diagrams

427

(24)

9.4.1 Original Concept

427

(3)

9.4.2 J-Based FAD

430

(3)

9.4.3 Approximations of the FAD Curve

433

(1)

9.4.4 Fitting Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Results to a FAD Equation

434

(7)

9.4.5 Application to Welded Structures

441

(6)

9.4.5.1 Incorporating Weld Residual Stresses

442

(3)

9.4.5.2 Weld Misalignment and Other Secondary Stresses

445

(1)

9.4.5.3 Weld Strength Mismatch

446

(1)

9.4.6 Primary versus Secondary Stresses in the FAD Method

447

(2)

9.4.7 Ductile Tearing Analysis with the FAD

449

(1)

9.4.8 Standardized FAD-Based Procedures

450

(1)

9.5 Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics

451

(2)

Appendix 9: Stress Intensity and Fully Plastic J Solutions for Selected Configurations

453

(16)

References

469

(2)

10 Fatigue Crack Propagation

471

(66)

10.1 Similitude in Fatigue

471

(2)

10.2 Empirical Fatigue Crack Growth Equations

473

(3)

10.3 Life Prediction

476

(2)

10.4 Crack Closure

478

(9)

10.4.1 A Closer Look at Crack Wedging Mechanisms

483

(1)

10.4.2 Effects of Loading Variables on Closure

484

(3)

10.5 The Fatigue Threshold

487

(6)

10.5.1 The Closure Model for the Threshold

488

(2)

10.5.2 A Two-Criterion Model

490

(3)

10.6 Variable-Amplitude Loading and Retardation

493

(19)

10.6.1 Linear Damage Model for Variable-Amplitude Fatigue

493

(4)

10.6.2 Cycle Counting and Histogram Construction

497

(4)

10.6.3 Reverse Plasticity at the Crack Tip

501

(4)

10.6.4 The Effect of Overloads and Underloads

505

(5)

10.6.5 Modeling Retardation and Variable-Amplitude Fatigue

510

(2)

10.7 Growth of Short Cracks

512

(4)

10.7.1 Microstructurally Short Cracks

514

(1)

10.7.2 Mechanically Short Cracks

515

(1)

10.8 Micromechanisms of Fatigue

516

(5)

10.8.1 Fatigue in Region II

517

(1)

10.8.2 Micromechanisms near the Threshold

518

(2)

10.8.3 Fatigue at High DeltaK Values

520

(1)

10.9 Fatigue Crack Growth Experiments

521

(6)

10.9.1 Crack Growth Rate and Threshold Measurement

521

(2)

10.9.2 Closure Measurements

523

(2)

10.9.3 A Proposed Experimental Definition of DeltaKeff

525

(2)

10.10 Damage Tolerance Methodology

527

(2)

Appendix 10A: Application of the J Contour Integral to Cyclic Loading

529

(5)

References

534

(3)

11 Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Metals

537

(44)

11.1 Corrosion Principles

537

(5)

11.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions

537

(3)

11.1.2 Corrosion Current and Polarization

540

(1)

11.1.3 Electrode Potential and Passivity

541

(1)

11.1.4 Cathodic Protection

541

(1)

11.1.5 Types of Corrosion

542

(1)

11.2 Environmental Cracking Overview

542

(9)

11.2.1 Terminology and Classification of Cracking Mechanisms

543

(1)

11.2.2 Occluded Chemistry of Cracks, Pits, and Crevices

544

(1)

11.2.3 Crack Growth Rate versus Applied Stress Intensity

544

(2)

11.2.4 The Threshold for EAC

546

(1)

11.2.5 Small Crack Effects

547

(2)

11.2.6 Static, Cyclic, and Fluctuating Loads

549

(1)

11.2.7 Cracking Morphology

549

(1)

11.2.8 Life Prediction

550

(1)

11.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking

551

(5)

11.3.1 The Film Rupture Model

553

(1)

11.3.2 Crack Growth Rate in Stage II

554

(1)

11.3.3 Metallurgical Variables That Influence SCC

554

(1)

11.3.4 Corrosion Product Wedging

555

(1)

11.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement

556

(8)

11.4.1 Cracking Mechanisms

556

(1)

11.4.2 Variables That Affect Cracking Behavior

557

(7)

11.4.2.1 Loading Rate and Load History

557

(3)

11.4.2.2 Strength

560

(1)

11.4.2.3 Amount of Available Hydrogen

561

(1)

11.4.2.4 Temperature

561

(3)

11.5 Corrosion Fatigue

564

(7)

11.5.1 Time-Dependent and Cycle-Dependent Behavior

564

(2)

11.5.2 Typical Data

566

(3)

11.5.3 Mechanisms

569

(1)

11.5.3.1 Film Rupture Models

569

(1)

11.5.3.2 Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement

569

(1)

11.5.3.3 Surface Films

570

(1)

11.5.4 The Effect of Corrosion Product Wedging on Fatigue

570

(1)

11.6 Experimental Methods

571

(7)

11.6.1 Tests on Smooth Specimens

571

(2)

11.6.2 Fracture Mechanics Test Methods

573

(5)

References

578

(3)

12 Computational Fracture Mechanics

581

(44)

12.1 An Overview of Numerical Methods

581

(5)

12.1.1 The Finite Element Method

582

(2)

12.1.2 The Boundary Integral Equation Method

584

(2)

12.2 Traditional Methods in Computational Fracture Mechanics

586

(6)

12.2.1 Stress and Displacement Matching

587

(1)

12.2.2 Elemental Crack Advance

588

(1)

12.2.3 Contour Integration

588

(1)

12.2.4 Virtual Crack Extension: Stiffness Derivative Formulation

589

(1)

12.2.5 Virtual Crack Extension: Continuum Approach

590

(2)

12.3 The Energy Domain Integral

592

(7)

12.3.1 Theoretical Background

592

(3)

12.3.2 Generalization to Three Dimensions

595

(2)

12.3.3 Finite Element Implementation

597

(2)

12.4 Mesh Design

599

(7)

12.5 Linear Elastic Convergence Study

606

(8)

12.6 Analysis of Growing Cracks

614

(4)

Appendix 12: Properties of Singularity Elements

618

(4)

References

622

(3)

13 Practice Problems

625

(22)

13.1
Chapter 1

625

(1)

13.2
Chapter 2

626

(3)

13.3
Chapter 3

629

(2)

13.4
Chapter 4

631

(1)

13.5
Chapter 5

632

(1)

13.6
Chapter 6

633

(1)

13.7
Chapter 7

634

(3)

13.8
Chapter 8

637

(2)

13.9
Chapter 9

639

(1)

13.10
Chapter 10

640

(2)

13.11
Chapter 11

642

(1)

13.12
Chapter 12

643

(4)

Index

647

Dr. Anderson is an internationally recognized expert in fracture mechanics and fitness-for-service methods. In addition to his best-selling book on fracture mechanics, Dr. Anderson has authored over 100 papers and 3 book chapters. During his career, he has held positions at a number of organizations, including TWI, Texas A&M University, Quest Integrity and Team Industrial Services. He founded a consulting and software company in 1995, which was acquired by Quest Integrity in 2007. Recently, Dr. Anderson returned to independent consulting. For more information about Dr. Anderson, visit his website at www.FractureMechanics.com.

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