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xv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
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xviii | |
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xix | |
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1 | (13) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1 Theories of Creole development |
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2 | (4) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Superstratist theory |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Universalist theory |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.5 Feature pool hypothesis -- an ecological approach |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 The comparative approach |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 About the French Creoles |
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10 | (4) |
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1.5.1 The Atlantic French Creoles |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5.2 The French Creoles of the Americas |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5.3 The French Creoles of the Indian Ocean |
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12 | (1) |
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1.5.4 The French creole of New Caledonia (Pacific) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (33) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (7) |
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2.2.1 Subcategories of nouns |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.3 Nouns in the French Creoles |
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23 | (23) |
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2.3.1 Subcategories of nouns |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (4) |
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2.3.4 Definiteness and specificity |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (6) |
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2.3.6 Noun-noun constructions |
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41 | (3) |
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2.3.7 Nouns and derivational morphology in the French Creoles |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (38) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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3.2 Determiners in French |
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49 | (3) |
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3.2.1 The definite article |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The indefinite article |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2.3 The partitive article |
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51 | (1) |
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3.3 Determiners in the French Creoles |
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52 | (32) |
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3.3.1 Loss of French definite articles |
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53 | (6) |
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3.3.2 The indefinite article |
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59 | (2) |
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3.3.3 The definite determiner |
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61 | (13) |
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3.3.4 The demonstrative determiner |
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74 | (4) |
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3.3.5 The possessive determiner |
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78 | (6) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (51) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (7) |
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86 | (4) |
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4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns |
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90 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Possessive pronouns |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Impersonal/expletive pronouns |
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92 | (1) |
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4.3 Pronouns in the French Creoles |
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93 | (42) |
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4.3.1 Personal pronouns in the French Creoles |
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93 | (1) |
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4.3.1.1 Personal pronouns in the IOC |
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93 | (3) |
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4.3.1.2 Personal pronouns in Haitian |
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96 | (2) |
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4.3.1.3 Personal pronouns in Lesser Antillean Creoles |
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98 | (2) |
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4.3.1.4 Personal pronouns in Guyanese |
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100 | (1) |
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4.3.1.5 Personal pronouns in Karipuna |
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101 | (1) |
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4.3.1.6 Personal pronouns in Louisiana Creole |
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102 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Demonstrative pronouns in the French Creoles |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3.2.1 Demonstrative pronouns in the IOC |
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104 | (1) |
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4.3.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns in Haitian |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3.2.3 Demonstrative pronouns in Lesser Antillean Creoles |
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106 | (1) |
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4.3.2.4 Demonstrative pronouns in Guyanese and Karipuna |
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107 | (1) |
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4.3.2.5 Demonstrative pronouns in Louisiana Creole |
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108 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Possessive pronouns in the French Creoles |
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110 | (1) |
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4.3.3.1 Possessive pronouns in the IOC |
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110 | (1) |
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4.3.3.2 Possessive pronouns in the Atlantic French Creoles |
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111 | (1) |
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4.3.3.3 Possessive pronouns in Karipuna and Lousiana Creole |
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112 | (3) |
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4.3.4 Reflexive pronouns in the French Creoles |
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115 | (1) |
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4.3.4.1 Reflexive pronouns in the IOC |
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115 | (4) |
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4.3.4.2 Reflexive pronouns in Haitian |
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119 | (2) |
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4.3.4.3 Reflexive pronouns in Lesser Antillean Creoles |
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121 | (1) |
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4.3.4.4 Reflexive pronouns in Guyanese and Karipuna |
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122 | (1) |
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4.3.4.5 Reflexive pronouns in Louisiana Creole |
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123 | (1) |
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4.3.4.6 Reflexive pronouns in Tayo |
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124 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in the French Creoles |
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126 | (1) |
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4.3.5.1 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in the IOC |
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126 | (1) |
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4.3.5.2 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in Haitian |
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127 | (2) |
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4.3.5.3 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in Lesser Antillean Creoles |
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129 | (1) |
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4.3.5.4 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in Guyanese and Karipuna |
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130 | (2) |
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4.3.5.5 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in Louisiana Creole |
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132 | (2) |
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4.3.5.6 Impersonal/expletive pronouns in Tayo |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (27) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (8) |
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5.2.1 Adjectives as modifiers |
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137 | (1) |
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5.2.1.1 Post-nominal adjectives |
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138 | (1) |
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5.2.1.2 Pre-nominal adjectives |
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139 | (1) |
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5.2.1.3 Pre- and post-nominal adjectives |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Agreement between adjectives and nouns |
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141 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Adjectives as heads and complements |
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143 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Adjectives as nouns and adverbs |
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144 | (1) |
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5.2.6 Comparative and superlative adjectives |
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145 | (1) |
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5.3 Adjectives in the French Creoles |
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145 | (17) |
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5.3.1 Post-nominal adjectives |
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146 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Pre-nominal adjectives |
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148 | (3) |
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5.3.3 Pre- and post-nominal adjectives |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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5.3.5 Adjectives as heads and complements |
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153 | (2) |
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5.3.6 Adjectives as nouns and adverbs |
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155 | (1) |
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5.3.7 Comparative and superlative adjectives |
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156 | (3) |
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5.3.8 Adjective reduplication |
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159 | (2) |
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5.3.9 Adjective compounds |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (17) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (1) |
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6.3 Adverbs in the French Creoles |
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166 | (13) |
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173 | (5) |
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6.3.2 Adverb reduplication |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (23) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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7.2 Prepositions in French |
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182 | (1) |
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7.3 Prepositions in the French Creoles |
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183 | (19) |
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7.3.1 Absence of French grammatical prepositions |
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183 | (7) |
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7.3.2 The semantics of prepositions |
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190 | (6) |
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7.3.3 The syntax of prepositions |
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196 | (3) |
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7.3.3.1 Preposition reanalysis |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (51) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (6) |
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8.2.1 French verb morphology |
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206 | (5) |
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8.3 Verbs in the French Creoles |
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211 | (41) |
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8.3.1 Morphology of verbs |
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211 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Typology of verbs in the French Creoles |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (6) |
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8.3.2.2 Ditransitive verbs |
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220 | (4) |
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8.3.2.3 Unaccusative verbs |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Complex-transitive verbs |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (5) |
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236 | (4) |
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240 | (5) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (4) |
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252 | (2) |
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9 Tense, mood, and aspect |
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254 | (45) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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9.2 Tense, mood, and aspect in French |
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256 | (2) |
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9.3 Tense, mood, and aspect in the French Creoles |
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258 | (36) |
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9.3.1 Tense in the French Creoles |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (6) |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Aspect in the French Creoles |
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275 | (9) |
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9.3.3 Modality in the French Creoles |
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284 | (10) |
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9.4 Order of tense, modal, aspect markers |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (19) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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10.2 Negative sentences in French |
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301 | (4) |
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10.3 Negative sentences in the French Creoles |
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305 | (6) |
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10.4 Negative words in the French Creoles |
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311 | (5) |
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316 | (2) |
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11 Clause structure and word order |
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318 | (35) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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11.2 Typology of sentences in French |
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319 | (3) |
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11.3 Typology of sentences in the French Creoles |
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322 | (3) |
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11.4 Word order in the French Creoles |
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325 | (5) |
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11.5 Structure of sentences in the French Creoles |
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330 | (3) |
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11.6 Subject-less and object-less sentences |
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333 | (9) |
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11.7 Independent verb-less sentences |
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342 | (9) |
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351 | (2) |
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12 Clausal complements and complementisers |
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353 | (29) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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12.2 Clausal complements and complementisers in French |
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355 | (4) |
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12.3 Clausal complements and complementisers in the French Creoles |
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359 | (18) |
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12.3.1 Clausal complements and complementisers in the IOC |
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360 | (4) |
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12.3.2 Clausal complements and complementisers in Haitian |
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364 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Clausal complements and complementisers in Lesser Antillean Creoles |
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367 | (2) |
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12.3.4 Clausal complements and complementisers in St. Lucian |
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369 | (2) |
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12.3.5 Clausal complements and complementisers in Guyanese |
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371 | (2) |
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12.3.6 Clausal complements and complementisers in Karipuna |
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373 | (1) |
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12.3.7 Clausal complements and complementisers in Louisiana Creole |
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374 | (3) |
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12.4 Small clause complements in the French Creoles |
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377 | (4) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (28) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (2) |
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13.2 Relative clauses in French |
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384 | (3) |
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13.3 Relative clauses in the French Creoles |
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387 | (17) |
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13.3.1 Relative clauses in the IOC |
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387 | (4) |
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13.3.2 Relative clauses in Haitian |
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391 | (3) |
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13.3.3 Relative clauses in Martinican, Guadeloupean, St. Lucian, and Guyanese |
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394 | (4) |
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13.3.4 Relative clauses in Karipuna |
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398 | (2) |
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13.3.5 Relative clauses in Louisiana Creole |
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400 | (3) |
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13.3.6 Relative clauses in Tayo |
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403 | (1) |
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13.4 Non-finite relative clauses in the French Creoles |
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404 | (2) |
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13.5 Free relatives in the French Creoles |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (33) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (3) |
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14.3 Questions in the French Creoles |
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415 | (24) |
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415 | (3) |
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418 | (1) |
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14.3.2.1 Direct wh-questions |
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418 | (13) |
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14.3.2.2 Indirect wh-questions |
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431 | (2) |
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14.3.2.3 Long wh-questions |
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433 | (2) |
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14.3.2.4 Multiple wh-questions |
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435 | (1) |
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14.3.2.5 Wh-in-situ questions |
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436 | (2) |
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14.3.3 Verification tag questions |
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438 | (1) |
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14.4 A Note on Questions in Tayo |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (2) |
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15 Cleft, topic, and dislocated constructions |
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443 | (43) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (2) |
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15.2 Cleft, topic, and left dislocated constructions in French |
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445 | (2) |
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15.3 Cleft, topic, and left dislocated constructions in the French Creoles |
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447 | (37) |
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15.3.1 Cleft constructions |
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448 | (1) |
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15.3.1.1 Cleft constructions in the IOC |
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448 | (6) |
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15.3.1.2 Cleft constructions in Haitian |
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454 | (4) |
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15.3.1.3 Cleft constructions in Martinican and Guadeloupean |
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458 | (2) |
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15.3.1.4 Cleft constructions in St. Lucian |
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460 | (1) |
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15.3.1.5 Cleft constructions in Guyanese |
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461 | (2) |
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15.3.1.6 Cleft constructions in Karipuna |
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463 | (1) |
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15.3.1.7 Cleft constructions in Louisiana Creole |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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15.3.2 Topic constructions |
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466 | (1) |
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15.3.2.1 Topic constructions in the French Creoles |
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467 | (1) |
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15.3.2.1.1 Topic constructions in the IOC |
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467 | (3) |
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15.3.2.1.2 Topic constructions in Haitian |
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470 | (1) |
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15.3.2.1.3 Topic constructions in Martinican and Guadeloupean |
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471 | (2) |
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15.3.2.1.4 Topic constructions in Karipuna |
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473 | (1) |
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15.3.2.1.5 Topic constructions in Louisiana Creole |
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474 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Dislocated constructions in the French Creoles |
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475 | (1) |
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15.3.3.1 Left dislocated constructions in the IOC |
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475 | (3) |
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15.3.3.2 Left dislocated constructions in Haitian |
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478 | (1) |
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15.3.3.3 Left dislocated constructions in Martinican and Guadeloupean |
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478 | (3) |
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15.3.3.4 Left dislocated constructions in Guyanese and St. Lucian |
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481 | (1) |
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15.3.3.5 Left dislocated constructions in Karipuna and Louisiana Creole |
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482 | (2) |
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484 | (2) |
Bibliography |
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486 | (9) |
Index |
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495 | |