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E-grāmata: Frequency Selective Surfaces - Theory and Design: Theory and Design [Wiley Online]

(Emeritus, The Ohio State University, Fellow IEEE)
  • Formāts: 440 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-May-2000
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Interscience
  • ISBN-10: 471723770
  • ISBN-13: 9780471723776
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 264,76 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 440 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-May-2000
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Interscience
  • ISBN-10: 471723770
  • ISBN-13: 9780471723776
The technology of frequency selective surfaces (FSS) originated in the attempts to hide airplane antennae from enemy radar, but now it used in new applications in electromagnetics, microwaves, antennae, radar, and satellite communication. Here, Munk (electrical engineering, Ohio State U.), one of the originators of the technology, explains how to build different FSSs, and explains the theory and physics behind the technology. The components of single and multilayered FSSs are analyzed and transmission and reflection curves of desired shapes are explored. The mathematical background necessary for the technology, the periodic method of moments, is also derived in full. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

"...Ben has been the world-wide guru of this technology, providing support to applications of all types. His genius lies in handling the extremely complex mathematics, while at the same time seeing the practical matters involved in applying the results. As this book clearly shows, Ben is able to relate to novices interested in using frequency selective surfaces and to explain technical details in an understandable way, liberally spiced with his special brand of humor... Ben Munk has written a book that represents the epitome of practical understanding of Frequency Selective Surfaces. He deserves all honors that might befall him for this achievement." -William F. Bahret.

Mr. W. Bahret was with the United States Air Force but is now retired. From the early 50s he sponsored numerous projects concerning Radar Cross Section of airborne platforms in particular antennas and absorbers. Under his leadership grew many of the concepts used extensively today, as for example the metallic radome. In fact, he is by many considered to be the father of stealth technology.

"This book compiles under one cover most of Munk's research over the past three decades. It is woven with the physical insight that he has gained and further developed as his career has grown. Ben uses mathematics to whatever extent is needed, and only as needed. This material is written so that it should be useful to engineers with a background in electromagnetics. I strongly recommend this book to any engineer with any interest in phased arrays and/or frequency selective surfaces. The physical insight that may be gained from this book will enhance their ability to treat additional array problems of their own." -Leon Peters, Jr.

Professor Leon Peters, Jr., was a professor at the Ohio State University but is now retired. From the early sixties he worked on, among many other things, RCS problems involving antennas and absorbers.

This book presents the complete derivation of the Periodic Method of Moments, which enables the reader to calculate quickly and efficiently the transmission and reflection properties of multi-layered Frequency Selective Surfaces comprised of either wire and/or slot elements of arbitrary shape and located in a stratified medium. However, it also gives the reader the tools to analyze multi-layered FSS's leading to specific designs of the very important Hybrid Radome, which is characterized by constant band width with angle of incidence and polarization. Further, it investigates in great detail bandstop filters with large as well as narrow bandwidth (dichroic surfaces). It also discusses for the first time, lossy elements used in producing Circuit Analog absorbers. Finally, the last chapter deals with power breakdown of FSS's when exposed to pulsed signals with high peak power.

The approach followed by most other presentations simply consists of expanding the fields around the FSS, matching the boundary conditions and writing a computer program. While this enables the user to obtain calculated results, it gives very little physical insight and no help in how to design actual multi-layered FSS's. In contrast, the approach used in this title analyzes all curves of desired shapes. In particular, it discusses in great detail how to produce radomes made of FSS's located in a stratified medium (Hybrid Radomes), with constant band width for all angles of incidence and polarizations. Numerous examples are given of great practical interest. More specifically, Chapter 7 deals with the theory and design of bandpass radomes with constant bandwidth and flat tops. Examples are given for mono-, bi- and tri-planar designs. Chapter 8 deals with bandstop filters with broad as well as narrow bandwidth. Chapter 9 deals with multi-layered FSS of lossy elements, namely the so-called Circuit Analog Absorbers, designed to yield outstanding absorption with more than a decade of bandwidth.

Features material previously labeled as classified
Foreword I xv
Foreword II xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Symbols and Definitions xxiii
General Overview
1(25)
What is a Periodic Surface?
1(1)
Passive Versus Active Arrays
1(2)
Dipole Versus Slot Arrays
3(1)
Complementary Arrays
4(1)
A Little History with Physical Insight
5(4)
How Do We ``Shape'' the Resonant Curve?
9(5)
Cascading Periodic Surfaces without Dielectrics
10(1)
Single Periodic Surface with Dielectric Slabs
10(1)
Real Hybrid Periodic Structures
11(3)
Application of Periodic Structures
14(7)
Hybrid Radomes
14(1)
Band-Stop Filters
14(2)
Dichroic Subreflectors
16(2)
Dichroic Main Reflectors
18(1)
Circuit Analog Absorbers
18(2)
Meanderline Polarizers
20(1)
Common Misconceptions
21(2)
Grating Lobes
23(2)
Problems
25(1)
Element Types: A Comparison
26(37)
Introduction
26(2)
Group 1: Center Connected or N-Poles
28(10)
``Gangbuster'' Surface
28(5)
Unloaded Tripole Array
33(1)
Anchor Element
33(2)
Jerusalem Cross
35(2)
Square Spiral Element
37(1)
Group 2: Loop Types
38(11)
Four-legged Loaded Element
38(6)
Three-legged Loaded Element
44(2)
Hexagon Element
46(3)
Group 3: Solid Interior Types
49(5)
Group 4: Combination Elements
54(2)
Some Common Misconceptions About Elements
56(3)
Array versus Element Effect
56(2)
Bandwidth versus Width of the Elements
58(1)
Comparison of Elements
59(1)
Problems
60(3)
Evaluating Periodic Structures: An Overview
63(16)
Introduction
63(3)
Single Infinite Case
66(3)
Double Infinite Case
69(4)
Example
73(1)
Common Misconceptions
74(2)
Summary of Our Computational Approach
76(1)
Problems
77(2)
Spectral Expansion of One- and Two-Dimensional Periodic Structures
79(46)
Introduction
79(2)
The Vector Potential d Aq from a Single Infinite Column Array of Hertzian Elements with Arbitrary Orientation p
81(2)
Vector Potential dA for a Double Infinite Array of Hertzian Elements with Arbitrary Orientation p
83(3)
Rectangular Grid
83(2)
Skewed Grid
85(1)
Vector Fields d H (R) and d E (R) for a Double Infinite Array of Hertzian Elements with Arbitrary Orientation p
86(1)
Vector Field E(R) for a Double Infinite Array of Elements with Given Current Distribution I(l) and Arbitrary Orientation p(1)
86(4)
Physical Interpretation
90(5)
Induced Voltages in a Linear Antenna
95(5)
By a Single Plane Wave
95(2)
By a Plane Wave Spectrum
97(3)
More Physical Insight
100(2)
Real Space: ry Positive Real
101(1)
Imaginary Space: ry Negative Imaginary
101(1)
Region II
102(1)
Self-Impedance of a Single Element and of Arrays
103(2)
Examples
105(9)
Example I: Scattering from an Array of z-Directed Elements
105(3)
Example II: Investigation of RA
108(1)
Example III: Variation of Γ with Scan Angle
109(3)
Example IV: Scan Impedance ZA as a Function of Scan Angle; Surface Waves
112(2)
Planar Elements of Arbitrary Shape
114(3)
Total Radiated Field from an Array with Segmented Elements
114(1)
Induced Voltage in a Segmented Element
115(1)
Mutual Impedance Z1',1 for Arrays with Segmented Elements
116(1)
Common Misconceptions
117(3)
Interpretation of Plane Wave Expansion
117(1)
Current Distribution
117(2)
Concept of Unit Cells
119(1)
Length of Element Segments
119(1)
Concluding Remarks
120(1)
Problems
120(5)
Dipole Arrays in a Stratified Medium
125(65)
Introduction
125(1)
A Plane Wave Incident upon a Dielectric Interface
125(3)
Arrays and External Elements Located in Infinite Medium Zm
128(2)
Arrays and External Elements Located in a Semi-Infinite Medium
130(1)
Arrays and External Elements Located in a Slab
131(1)
Bounce Mode Organization
131(6)
Single-Bounce Mode in the Negative y-Direction
133(2)
Double-Bounce Mode in the Negative y-Direction
135(1)
Single-Bounce Mode in the Positive y-Direction
136(1)
Double-Bounce Mode in the Positive y-Direction
137(1)
Total Voltage V(1')Tot+ Induced by Waves in Positive and Negative y-Directions
137(3)
R(1') Located in Region III
138(2)
General Stratified Medium with NonPlanar Elements
140(2)
General Stratified Medium with Planar Elements
142(1)
Scan Independence: Single Array in a Single Slab
143(5)
Surface Waves on Periodic Structures of Electric Dipoles: Free and Forced
148(7)
Onset of Trapped and Free Space Grating Lobes
155(7)
Onset without Dielectric
155(2)
Onset with Dielectric Slab
157(5)
Examples of Surface Waves and Onset of Grating Lobes for Arrays of Electric Dipoles
162(13)
No Dielectric Case
162(1)
Dielectric Cases
163(12)
Grating Lobe Diagrams
175(9)
Rectangular Array Grid without Dielectric
175(4)
Skewed Grid without Dielectric
179(3)
Any Array Grid with Dielectric
182(2)
Common Misconceptions
184(2)
``Shadow'' of an Array
184(1)
Effect of Dielectric
184(1)
Surface Waves
185(1)
On the Distance between Arrays and Dielectric Interface
185(1)
Concluding Remarks
186(1)
Problems
186(4)
Slot Arrays in a Stratified Medium
190(37)
Background
190(1)
Dual Systems
190(2)
Complementary Surfaces
192(3)
Scan Independence of a Slot Array Adjacent to Dielectric Slabs
195(4)
Admittance of a Slot Array with a Dielectric Slab to One Side and a Ground Plane to the Other
199(3)
Mutual Admittance Between Two Slot Arrays
202(2)
Surface Waves on Periodic Structures of Slots: Free and Forced
204(3)
Comparison of Electric Dipole and Slot Cases
207(1)
Onset of Trapped and Free Space Grating Lobes
207(1)
Typical Examples of Surface Waves and Onset of Grating Lobes for Arrays of Slots
208(7)
Common Misconceptions: The Effect of Dielectric
215(9)
Concluding Remarks
224(1)
Problems
224(3)
Band-Pass Filter Designs: The Hybrid Radome
227(52)
Introduction
227(2)
Modeling of an N-Layered Hybrid Radome
229(1)
Determination of the Transmission Coefficient for an N-Layered Hybrid Radome
230(5)
Determination of the Current I(i) Induced in the First Array by the Incident Field
230(2)
Determination of the Slot Voltages V(n)
232(2)
Determination of the Transmitted Field
234(1)
Analysis of the Hybrid Radome
235(5)
Symmetric Hybrid Radome
236(3)
Nonsymmetric Hybrid Radome
239(1)
Specific Cases
240(15)
N = 1: Monoplanar Symmetric Hybrid Radome
240(2)
N = 2: Biplanar Symmetric Hybrid Radome
242(7)
N = 3: Triplanar Symmetric Hybrid Radome
249(5)
N ≥ 4: Multilayered Cases
254(1)
``Honeycomb'' and Thick Screen Radomes
255(3)
Honeycomb Panels
255(3)
Thick Screens
258(1)
Receive-Transmit Dipoles Connected via Cables
258(1)
Some Special Topics
258(9)
Reflection: Image Lobes
258(3)
Registration Sensitivity
261(6)
Luebbers' Anomaly
267(1)
Common Misconceptions about the Design of Hybrid Radomes
267(5)
Choice of Elements
267(1)
Dielectric Profile
268(1)
Inter-element Spacings
268(1)
Mutual Admittance Y1,2
269(1)
Practicality of the Designs
269(1)
On Optimization
269(1)
Biplanar versus Multilayered Designs
270(1)
Thick Screen Radomes
271(1)
Accuracy of the Analysis
272(1)
Concluding Remarks
272(2)
Problems
274(5)
Band-Stop and Dichroic Filter Designs
279(36)
Introduction
279(3)
Approach
282(1)
How to Calculate the Scattering from N Arrays of Dipoles in a Stratified Medium
282(2)
Choice of the Element Type
284(1)
Choice of Array Separation: Array Interference Nulls
284(3)
Choice of Dielectric Between Arrays
287(2)
Matching in the Band-Pass Region
289(8)
Optimizing the Band-Pass Transmission without Use of Separate Matching Sections
289(4)
Designing a Matching Section for the Band-Pass Frequencies
293(4)
Extending the Upper Frequency
297(3)
Effect of Staggered Tuning
300(6)
Behavior around fM
300(3)
Behavior at fM + and fM-
303(1)
Behavior at fL and fH
303(1)
Summary of Equal versus Staggered Tuning
303(3)
Conclusions on Equal and Staggered Tuning
306(1)
Conclusions for Band-Stop Filter Design with Broad Bandwidth
306(1)
Band-Stop Filter with Narrow Bandwidth
307(4)
Choice of Element
307(1)
Choice of Dielectric Profile
307(2)
Calculated Reflection and Transmission Curves
309(2)
Common Misconceptions
311(1)
Differences between Band-Pass and Band-Stop
311(1)
On the Number of Layers
311(1)
On the Bandwidth of ``Fat'' Elements
311(1)
Conclusions
312(1)
Problems
312(3)
Jaumann and Circuit Analog Absorbers
315(21)
Background
315(1)
Salisbury Screen
315(2)
Jaumann Absorber
317(2)
Circuit Analog Absorber
319(3)
Rigorous Calculations of Circuit Analog Absorbers
322(7)
Modifications Due to Element Width
322(2)
Modifications of the Currents Due to Loss in the Elements
324(1)
Equivalent Load Resistance Due to Lossy Elements
325(3)
Effect on Load Resistance Due to Orthogonal Strips
328(1)
Effect on Ya as Caused by Orthogonal Strips
329(1)
Obtaining a Circuit Analog Admittance from the Field Reflection Coefficient
330(1)
Manufacturing Circuit Analog Sheets
330(2)
Common Misconceptions
332(2)
Design Approach
332(1)
Phased Arrays versus Circuit Analog Absorbers
333(1)
Element Gaps
333(1)
Concluding Remarks
334(2)
Power Handling of Periodic Surfaces
336(24)
Introduction
336(1)
Breakdown Caused by Heat
337(1)
Breakdown Caused by the Electrical Field in General
337(2)
On Voltage Breakdown of Wire Elements
339(11)
Determination of V(l) along the Elements
341(1)
Determination of l(0)
342(1)
Characteristic Impedances Zc and Z'c
343(1)
Maximum Field and the Form Factor α
343(5)
Example 1: An FSS of Four-Legged Loaded Wire Elements
348(1)
How to Increase the Power Handling of Wire Elements
349(1)
On Voltage Breakdown of Slot Elements
350(3)
Determination of the Slot Voltage
350(1)
Determination of the Maximum Field Strength in the Slots
351(1)
Example 2: An FSS of Four-Legged Loaded Slot Elements
351(1)
How to Increase the Power Handling of Slot Elements
352(1)
Comparison of Wire and Slot FSS
353(1)
Power Handling in a Stratified Medium
354(2)
Wire Case
354(1)
Slot Case
355(1)
Comparing the Wire and Slot Cases
356(1)
Common Misconceptions
356(2)
On Dielectric Underwear
356(2)
Effect of Etching
358(1)
Concluding Remarks
358(2)
Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
360(5)
Future Trends
362(1)
Engineering Education
363(2)
Appendix A Bilinear Transformation 365(12)
Appendix B Evaluation of the Determinant DN 377(4)
Appendix C Fresnel Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 381(4)
Appendix D Effective Reflection and Transmission Coefficients for a Stratified Medium 385(8)
Appendix E Estimating the Resonant Frequency of a Single Periodic Surface: The Concept εeff 393(4)
Appendix F Extension to Arrays of Wide Flat Elements 397(4)
References 401(4)
Index 405
BEN A. MUNK, PhD, is Professor of Electrical Engineering at Ohio State University and a major contributor to the theory and design of periodic structures, particularly frequency selective surfaces, circuit analog absorbers, and phased arrays.