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From Neuron to Brain 5th Revised edition [Hardback]

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(SISSA, Trieste, Italy), (University of California, Berkeley), (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine), (SISSA, Trieste, Italy), (University College London), (University of Colorado School of Medicine)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 621 pages, height x width x depth: 284x222x32 mm, weight: 1892 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Nov-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0878936092
  • ISBN-13: 9780878936090
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Formāts: Hardback, 621 pages, height x width x depth: 284x222x32 mm, weight: 1892 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Nov-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0878936092
  • ISBN-13: 9780878936090
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Published by Sinauer Associates, an imprint of Oxford University Press.

From Neuron to Brain, Fifth Edition, provides a readable, up-to-date book for use in undergraduate, graduate, and medical school courses in neuroscience. As in previous editions, the emphasis is on experiments made by electrical recordings, molecular and cellular biological techniques, and behavioral studies on the nervous system, from simple reflexes to cognitive functions. Lines of research are followed from the inception of an idea to new findings being made in laboratories and clinics today.

A major change is that this edition begins with the anatomy and physiology of the visual system, from light receptors in the retina to the perception of images. This allows the reader to appreciate right away how nerve cells act as the building blocks for perception. Detailed mechanisms of signaling are then described in later chapters. All chapters have been rewritten, and new chapters added.

From Neuron to Brain will be of interest to anyone, with or without a specialized background in biological sciences, who is curious about the workings of the nervous system.
PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1(60)
Chapter 1 Principles of Signaling and Organization
3(20)
Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits
4(1)
Complex Neuronal Circuitry in Relation to Higher Functions
4(1)
Organization of the Retina
5(5)
Shapes and Connections of Neurons
5(2)
Cell Body, Axons, and Dendrites
7(1)
Techniques for Identifying Neurons and Tracing Their Connections
7(1)
Non-Neuronal Cells
8(1)
Grouping of Cells According to Function
9(1)
Complexity of Connections
9(1)
Signaling in Nerve Cells
10(10)
Universality of Electrical Signals
10(1)
Techniques for Recording Signals from Neurons with Electrodes
11(1)
Noninvasive Techniques for Recording and Stimulating Neuronal Activity
11(2)
Spread of Local Graded Potentials and Passive Electrical Properties of Neurons
13(1)
Spread of Potential Changes in Photoreceptors and Bipolar Cells
14(1)
Properties of Action Potentials
14(1)
Propagation of Action Potentials along Nerve Fibers
15(1)
Action Potentials as the Neural Code
15(1)
Synapses: The Sites for Cell-to-Cell Communication
15(1)
Chemically Mediated Synaptic Transmission
15(1)
Excitation and Inhibition
16(1)
Electrical Transmission
17(1)
Modulation of Synaptic Efficacy
17(1)
Integrative Mechanisms
18(1)
Complexity of the Information Conveyed by Action Potentials
19(1)
Reverse Traffic of Signals from Higher to Lower Centers
19(1)
Higher Functions of the Brain
20(1)
Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons
20(1)
Signals for Development of the Nervous System
20(1)
Regeneration of the Nervous System after Injury
21(2)
Chapter 2 Signaling in the Visual System
23(20)
Pathways in the Visual System
24(2)
Convergence and Divergence of Connections
25(1)
Receptive Fields of Ganglion and Geniculate Cells
26(17)
Concept of Receptive Fields
26(1)
The Output of the Retina
26(1)
Ganglion and Geniculate Cell Receptive Field Organization
27(1)
Sizes of Receptive Fields
28(1)
Classification of Ganglion and Geniculate Cells
29(1)
What Information Do Ganglion and Geniculate Cells Convey?
29(1)
Box 2.1 Strategies for Exploring the Cortex
30(1)
Cortical Receptive Fields
31(1)
Responses of Simple Cells
31(2)
Synthesis of the Simple Receptive Field
33(2)
Responses of Complex Cells
35(2)
Synthesis of the Complex Receptive Field
37(1)
Receptive Fields: Units for Form Perception
38(5)
Chapter 3 Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex
43(18)
Retinotopic Maps
44(1)
From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex
45(3)
Segregation of Retinal Inputs to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
45(1)
Cytoarchitecture of the Visual Cortex
45(2)
Inputs, Outputs, and Layering of Cortex
47(1)
Ocular Dominance Columns
48(2)
Demonstration of Ocular Dominance Columns by Imaging
50(1)
Orientation Columns
50(2)
Cell Groupings for Color
52(2)
Connections of Magnocellular and Parvocellular Pathways between V1 and Visual Area 2 (V2)
53(1)
Relations between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns
54(3)
Horizontal Intracortical Connections
55(1)
Construction of a Single, Unified Visual Field from Inputs Arising in Two Eyes
56(1)
Box 3.1 Corpus Callosum
57(1)
Association Areas of Visual Cortex
57(1)
Where Do We Go from Here?
58(3)
PART II ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS AND GLIA
61(122)
Chapter 4 Ion Channels and Signaling
63(14)
Properties of Ion Channels
64(3)
The Nerve Cell Membrane
64(1)
What Does an Ion Channel Look Like?
64(1)
Channel Selectivity
65(1)
Open and Closed States
65(1)
Modes of Activation
66(1)
Measurement of Single-Channel Currents
67(10)
Intracellular Recording with Microelectrodes
67(1)
Channel Noise
67(1)
Patch Clamp Recording
68(1)
Single-Channel Currents
69(1)
Channel Conductance
70(2)
Conductance and Permeability
72(1)
Equilibrium Potential
72(1)
The Nernst Equation
73(1)
Nonlinear Current-Voltage Relations
73(1)
Ion Permeation through Channels
74(1)
Box 4.1 Measuring Channel Conductance
74(3)
Chapter 5 Structure of Ion Channels
77(22)
Ligand-Activated Channels
78(3)
The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
78(1)
Amino Acid Sequence of AChR Subunits
79(1)
Higher Order Chemical Structure
79(1)
Other Nicotinic ACh Receptors
79(2)
Box 5.1 Classification of Amino Acids
81(1)
A Receptor Superfamily
81(5)
Receptor Structure and Function 82
4(78)
Structure of the Pore Lining
82(1)
High-Resolution Imaging of the AChR
83(1)
Receptor Activation
84(1)
Ion Selectivity and Conductance
84(2)
Voltage-Activated Channels
86(6)
The Voltage-Activated Sodium Channel
86(1)
Amino Acid Sequence and Tertiary Structure of the Sodium Channel
86(2)
Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels
88(1)
Voltage-Activated Potassium Channels
88(1)
Pore Formation in Voltage-Activated Channels
89(1)
High-Resolution Imaging of the Potassium Channel
90(1)
Selectivity and Conductance
90(1)
Gating of Voltage-Activated Channels
91(1)
Other Channels
92(3)
Glutamate Receptors
92(2)
ATP-Activated Channels
94(1)
Channels Activated by Cyclic Nucleotides
94(1)
Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
94(1)
Voltage-Sensitive Chloride Channels
94(1)
Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels
95(1)
2P Channels
95(1)
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels
95(1)
Diversity of Subunits
95(1)
Conclusion
96(3)
Chapter 6 Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential
99(14)
A Model Cell
100(2)
Ionic Equilibrium
100(1)
Electrical Neutrality
101(1)
The Effect of Extracellular Potassium and Chloride on Membrane Potential
102(1)
Membrane Potentials in Squid Axons
103(2)
The Effect of Sodium Permeability
104(1)
The Constant Field Equation
105(1)
The Resting Membrane Potential
106(1)
Chloride Distribution
107(1)
An Electrical Model of the Membrane
107(1)
Predicted Values of Membrane Potential
108(5)
Contribution of the Sodium-Potassium Pump to the Membrane Potential
109(1)
What Ion Channels Are Associated with the Resting Potential?
109(1)
Changes in Membrane Potential
110(3)
Chapter 7 Ionic Basis of the Action Potential
113(16)
Voltage Clamp Experiments
114(5)
Capacitative and Leak Currents
114(1)
Ionic Currents Carried by Sodium and Potassium
114(1)
Selective Poisons for Sodium and Potassium Channels
115(1)
Box 7.1 The Voltage Clamp
116(1)
Dependence of Ion Currents on Membrane Potential
116(1)
Inactivation of the Sodium Current
117(1)
Sodium and Potassium Conductances as Functions of Potential
118(1)
Quantitative Description of Sodium and Potassium Conductances
119(3)
Reconstruction of the Action Potential
120(1)
Threshold and Refractory Period
120(2)
Gating Currents
122(1)
Mechanisms of Activation and Inactivation
123(1)
Activation and Inactivation of Single Channels
124(1)
Afterpotentials
125(2)
The Role of Calcium in Excitation
127(2)
Calcium Action Potentials
127(1)
Calcium Ions and Excitability
128(1)
Chapter 8 Electrical Signaling in Neurons
129(14)
Specific Electrical Properties of Cell Membranes
131(1)
Flow of Current in a Nerve Fiber
131(3)
Box 8.1 Relation between Cable Constants and Specific Membrane Properties
133(1)
Action Potential Propagation
134(3)
Myelinated Nerves and Saltatory Conduction
134(1)
Box 8.2 Classification of Vertebrate Nerve Fibers
135(1)
Distribution of Channels in Myelinated Fibers
136(1)
Geometry and Conduction Block
137(1)
Conduction in Dendrites
137(2)
Pathways for Current Flow between Cells
139(4)
Chapter 9 Ion Transport across Cell Membranes
143(16)
The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
144(3)
Biochemical Properties of Sodium-Potassium ATPase
144(1)
Experimental Evidence that the Pump Is Electrogenic
144(2)
Mechanism of Ion Translocation
146(1)
Calcium Pumps
147(1)
Endoplasmic and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase
147(1)
Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase
147(1)
Sodium-Calcium Exchange
147(3)
The NCX Transport System
148(1)
Reversal of Sodium-Calcium Exchange
148(1)
Sodium-Calcium Exchange in Retinal Rods
149(1)
Chloride Transport
150(1)
Inward Chloride Transport
150(1)
Outward Potassium-Chloride Cotransport
150(1)
Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchange
150(1)
Transport of Neurotransmitters
151(2)
Transport into Presynaptic Vesicles
151(1)
Transmitter Uptake
152(1)
Molecular Structure of Transporters
153(3)
ATPases
154(1)
Sodium-Calcium Exchangers
155(1)
Chloride Transporters
155(1)
Transport Molecules for Neurotransmitters
155(1)
Significance of Transport Mechanisms
156(3)
Chapter 10 Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells
159(24)
Historical Perspective
160(1)
Appearance and Classification of Glial Cells
160(3)
Structural Relations between Neurons, Glia, and Capillaries
163(1)
Physiological Properties of Neuroglial Cell Membranes
164(1)
Ion Channels, Pumps, and Receptors in Glial Cell Membranes
165(1)
Electrical Coupling between Glial Cells
165(1)
Functions of Neuroglial Cells
165(7)
Myelin and the Role of Neuroglial Cells in Axonal Conduction
166(2)
Glial Cells and Development
168(1)
Role of Microglial Cells in CNS Repair and Regeneration
169(1)
Schwann Cells as Pathways for Outgrowth in Peripheral Nerves
170(1)
A Cautionary Note
171(1)
Effects of Neuronal Activity on Glial Cells
172(4)
Potassium Accumulation in Extracellular Space
172(1)
Potassium and Calcium Movement through Glial Cells
172(1)
Calcium Waves in Glial Cells
173(1)
Spatial Buffering of Extracellular Potassium Concentration by Glia
174(1)
Glial Cells and Neurotransmitters
174(1)
Release of Transmitters by Glial Cells
174(2)
Immediate Effects of Glial Cells on Synaptic Transmission
176(1)
Glial Cells and the Blood-Brain Barrier
176(3)
Astrocytes and Blood Flow through the Brain
177(1)
Box 10.1 The Blood-Brain Barrier
177(2)
Transfer of Metabolites from Glial Cells to Neurons
179(1)
Glial Cells and Immune Responses of the CNS
179(4)
PART III INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION
183(152)
Chapter 11 Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission
185(28)
Synaptic Transmission
186(1)
Chemical Synaptic Transmission
186(15)
Box 11.1 Electrical or Chemical Transmission?
187(1)
Synaptic Structure
188(1)
Synaptic Potentials at the Neuromuscular Junction
188(2)
Box 11.2 Drugs and Toxins Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction
190(1)
Box 11.3 Action of Tubocurarine at the Motor End Plate
191(1)
Mapping the Region of the Muscle Fiber Receptive to ACh
192(2)
Morphological Demonstration of the Distribution of ACh Receptors
194(1)
Measurement of Ionic Currents Produced by ACh
195(1)
Significance of the Reversal Potential
196(1)
Relative Contributions of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium to the End-Plate Potential
196(1)
Resting Membrane Conductance and Synaptic Potential Amplitude
196(1)
Kinetics of Currents through Single ACh Receptor Channels
197(1)
Box 11.4 Electrical Model of the Motor End Plate
198(1)
Excitatory Synaptic Potentials in the CNS
199(2)
Direct Synaptic Inhibition
201(4)
Reversal of Inhibitory Potentials
201(2)
Presynaptic Inhibition
203(2)
Transmitter Receptor Localization
205(2)
Electrical Synaptic Transmission
207(6)
Identification and Characterization of Electrical Synapses
207(1)
Comparison of Electrical and Chemical Transmission
208(5)
Chapter 12 Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission
213(30)
Direct Versus Indirect Transmission
214(1)
G Protein-Coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins
215(2)
Structure of G Protein-Coupled Receptors
215(1)
Box 12.1 Receptors, G Proteins, and Effectors: Convergence and Divergence in G Protein Signaling
216(1)
G Proteins
216(1)
Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions
217(5)
G Protein Activation of Potassium Channels
217(1)
Box 12.2 Identifying Responses Mediated by G Proteins
218(3)
G Protein Inhibition of Calcium Channels Involved in Transmitter Release
221(1)
G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second Messenger Systems
222(8)
β-Adrenergic Receptors Activate Calcium Channels via a G Protein---the Adenylyl Cyclase Pathway
223(2)
Box 12.3 Cyclic AMP as a Second Messenger
225(2)
Box 12.4 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and the phosphoinositide (PI) Cycle
227(1)
G Protein Activation of Phospholipase C
228(1)
Direct Actions of PIP2
229(1)
G Protein Activation of Phospholipase A2
230(1)
Convergence and Divergence of Signals Generated by Indirectly Coupled Receptors
230(1)
Retrograde Signaling via Endocannabinoids
231(3)
Box 12.5 Formation and Metabolism of Endocannabinoids
233(1)
Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
234(1)
Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger
235(4)
Actions of Calcium
237(1)
Box 12.6 Measuring Intracellular Calcium
238(1)
Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action
239(4)
Chapter 13 Release of Neurotransmitters
243(30)
Characteristics of Transmitter Release
244(6)
Axon Terminal Depolarization and Release
244(1)
Synaptic Delay
245(1)
Evidence that Calcium Is Required for Release
246(1)
Measurement of Calcium Entry into Presynaptic Nerve Terminals
246(2)
Localization of Calcium Entry Sites
248(1)
Transmitter Release by Intracellular Concentration Jumps
249(1)
Other Factors Regulating Transmitter Release
249(1)
Quantal Release
250(8)
Spontaneous Release of Multimolecular Quanta
251(1)
Fluctuations in the End-Plate Potential
252(1)
Statistical Analysis of the End-Plate Potential
252(1)
Box 13.1 Statistical Fluctuation in Quantal Release
253(2)
Quantum Content at Neuronal Synapses
255(1)
Number of Molecules in a Quantum
255(1)
Number of Channels Activated by a Quantum
256(1)
Changes in Mean Quantal Size at the Neuromuscular Junction
257(1)
Nonquantal Release
257(1)
Vesicles and Transmitter Release
258(15)
Ultrastructure of Nerve Terminals
258(1)
Morphological Evidence for Exocytosis
259(2)
Release of Vesicle Contents by Exocytosis
261(1)
Monitoring Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Living Cells
262(2)
Mechanism of Exocytosis
264(1)
High-Resolution Structure of Synaptic Vesicle Attachments
264(2)
Reuptake of Synaptic Vesicles
266(1)
Vesicle Recycling Pathways
267(2)
Ribbon Synapses
269(1)
Vesicle Pools
270(3)
Chapter 14 Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System
273(26)
Chemical Transmission in the CNS
274(1)
Mapping Neurotransmitter Pathways
274(4)
Box 14.1 The Discovery of Central Transmitters: I. The Amino Acids
275(2)
Box 14.2 The Discovery of Central Transmitters: II. Neuropeptides
277(1)
Visualizing Transmitter-Specific Neurons in Living Brain Tissue
278(1)
Key Transmitters
278(14)
Glutamate
279(1)
GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid) and glycine
279(2)
Acetylcholine
281(6)
Biogenic Amines
287(3)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
290(2)
Peptides
292(7)
Substance P
293(1)
Opioid Peptides
293(1)
Orexins (Hypocretins)
294(2)
Vasopressin and Oxytocin: The Social Brain
296(3)
Chapter 15 Transmitter Synthesis, Transport, Storage, and Inactivation
299(18)
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
300(7)
Synthesis of ACh
300(2)
Synthesis of Dopamine and Norepinephrine
302(2)
Synthesis of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
304(1)
Synthesis of GABA
305(1)
Synthesis of Glutamate
305(1)
Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Transmitter Synthesis
305(1)
Synthesis of Neuropeptides
306(1)
Storage of Transmitters in Synaptic Vesicles
307(3)
Co-Storage and Co-Release
308(2)
Axonal Transport
310(3)
Rate and Direction of Axonal Transport
311(1)
Microtubules and Fast Transport
311(1)
Mechanism of Slow Axonal Transport
311(2)
Removal of Transmitters from the Synaptic Cleft
313(4)
Removal of ACh by Acetylcholinesterase
313(1)
Removal of ATP by Hydrolysis
314(1)
Removal of Transmitters by Uptake
314(3)
Chapter 16 Synaptic Plasticity
317(18)
Short-Term Changes in Signaling
318(5)
Facilitation and Depression of Transmitter Release
318(1)
Post-Tetanic Potentiation and Augmentation
319(1)
Mechanisms Underlying Short-Term Synaptic Changes
320(3)
Long-Term Changes in Signaling
323(12)
Long-Term Potentiation
323(1)
Associative LTP in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells
323(3)
Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of LTP
326(1)
Silent Synapses
326(2)
Presynaptic LTP
328(1)
Long-Term Depression
329(2)
LTD in the Cerebellum
331(1)
Mechanisms Underlying LTD
331(1)
Presynaptic LTD
332(1)
Significance of Changes in Synaptic Efficacy
332(3)
PART IV INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS
335(48)
Chapter 17 Autonomic Nervous System
337(18)
Functions under Involuntary Control
338(5)
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
338(2)
Synaptic Transmission in Autonomic Ganglia
340(2)
M-Currents in Autonomic Ganglia
342(1)
Transmitter Release by Postganglionic Axons
343(12)
Purinergic Transmission
344(1)
Box 17.1 The Path to Understanding Sympathetic Mechanisms
344(1)
Sensory Inputs to the Autonomic Nervous System
345(1)
The Enteric Nervous System
346(1)
Regulation of Autonomic Functions by the Hypothalamus
347(1)
Hypothalamic Neurons That Release Hormones
347(2)
Distribution and Numbers of GnRH Cells
349(1)
Circadian Rhythms
349(6)
Chapter 18 Cellular Mechanisms of Behavior in Ants, Bees, and Leeches
355(28)
From Behavior to Neurons and Vice Versa
356(1)
Navigation by Ants and Bees
357(8)
The Desert Ant's Pathway Home
357(2)
Polarized Light Detection by the Ant's Eye
359(2)
Strategies for Finding the Nest
361(1)
Polarized Light and Twisted Photoreceptors
361(1)
Additional Mechanisms for Navigation by Ants and Bees
362(2)
Neural Mechanisms for Navigation
364(1)
Behavioral Analysis at the Level of Individual Neurons in the CNS of the Leech
365(8)
Leech Ganglia: Semiautonomous Units
365(2)
Sensory Cells in Leech Ganglia
367(3)
Motor Cells
370(1)
Connections of Sensory and Motor Cells
371(2)
Higher Order Behaviors in the Leech
373(8)
Habituation, Sensitization, and Conduction Block
374(3)
Circuits Responsible for the Production of Rhythmical Swimming
377(1)
To Swim or to Crawl? Neurons that Determine Behavioral Choices in the Leech
378(3)
Why Should One Work on Invertebrate Nervous Systems?
381(2)
PART V SENSATION AND MOVEMENT
383(146)
Chapter 19 Sensory Transduction
385(22)
Stimulus Coding by Mechanoreceptors
386(6)
Short and Long Receptors
386(1)
Encoding Stimulus Parameters by Stretch Receptors
387(1)
The Crayfish Stretch Receptor
388(1)
Muscle Spindles
389(1)
Responses to Static and Dynamic Muscle Stretch
390(1)
Mechanisms of Adaptation in Mechanoreceptors
391(1)
Adaptation in the Pacinian Corpuscle
391(1)
Direct Transduction by Mechanosensory Hair Cells
392(2)
Mechanosensory Hair Cells of the Vertebrate Ear
392(1)
Structure of Hair Cell Receptors
393(1)
Transduction by Hair Bundle Deflection
394(3)
Tip Links and Gating Springs
395(1)
Transduction Channels in Hair Cells
395(1)
Adaptation of Hair Cells
396(1)
Olfaction
397(4)
Olfactory Receptors
397(1)
The Olfactory Response
398(1)
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Receptors
399(1)
Coupling the Receptor to Ion Channels
399(1)
Odorant Specificity
400(1)
Mechanisms of Taste (Gustation)
401(2)
Taste Receptor Cells
401(1)
Taste Modalities
402(1)
Pain and Temperature Sensation in Skin
403(4)
Activation and Sensitization of Nociceptors
404(3)
Chapter 20 Transduction and Transmission in the Retina
407(26)
The Eye
408(1)
Anatomical Pathways in the Visual System
408(1)
Layering of Cells in the Retina
408(1)
Phototransduction in Retinal Rods and Cones
409(3)
Arrangement and Morphology of Photoreceptors
410(1)
Electrical Responses of Vertebrate Photoreceptors to Light
411(1)
Visual Pigments
412(3)
Absorption of Light by Visual Pigments
412(1)
Structure of Rhodopsin
413(1)
Cones and Color Vision
413(2)
Color Blindness
415(1)
Transduction
415(5)
Properties of the Photoreceptor Channels
415(1)
Molecular Structure of Cyclic GMP-Gated Channels
416(1)
The cGMP Cascade
416(1)
Amplification through the cGMP Cascade
417(1)
Responses to Single Quanta of Light
417(1)
Box 20.1 Adaptation of Photoreceptors
418(2)
Orcadian Photoreceptors in the Mammalian Retina
420(1)
Synaptic Organization of the Retina
420(6)
Bipolar, Horizontal, and Amacrine cells
420(1)
Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission in the Retina
421(1)
Receptive Fields of Retinal Neurons
422(1)
Responses of Bipolar Cells
423(1)
Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells
424(1)
Rod Bipolar Cells
424(1)
Horizontal Cells and Surround Inhibition
424(2)
Significance of Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells
426(1)
Receptive Fields of Ganglion Cells
426(7)
The Output of the Retina
426(1)
Ganglion Cell Receptive Field Organization
427(1)
Sizes of Receptive Fields
427(1)
Classification of Ganglion Cells
427(1)
Synaptic Inputs to Ganglion Cells Responsible for Receptive Field Organization
428(1)
Amacrine Cell Control of Ganglion Cell Responses
429(1)
What Information Do Ganglion Cells Convey?
429(4)
Chapter 21 Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation
433(20)
From Receptors to Cortex
434(6)
Receptors in the Skin
434(2)
Anatomy of Receptor Neurons
436(1)
Sensations Evoked by Afferent Signals
436(1)
Ascending Pathways
437(1)
Somatosensory Cortex
438(1)
Pain Perception and its Modulation
439(1)
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats and Mice
440(6)
The Whiskers of Mice and Rats
440(1)
Magnification Factor
440(1)
Topographic Map of the Whiskers and Columnar Organization
441(1)
Map Development and Plasticity
441(2)
Box 21.1 Variation across Species in Cortical Maps
443(1)
Texture Sensation through the Whiskers: Peripheral Mechanisms
444(1)
Texture Sensation through the Whiskers: Cortical Mechanisms
445(1)
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Primates
446(7)
Magnification Factor
446(1)
Topographic Map of the Skin and Columnar Organization
446(1)
Map Plasticity
447(1)
Texture Sensation through the Fingertip: Peripheral Mechanisms
447(3)
Texture Sensation through the Fingertip: Cortical Mechanisms
450(3)
Chapter 22 Auditory and Vestibular Sensation
453(22)
The Auditory System: Encoding the Frequency Composition of Sound
455(12)
The Cochlea
456(1)
Frequency Selectivity: Mechanical Tuning
456(1)
Electromotility of Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells
457(1)
Efferent Inhibition of the Cochlea
458(3)
Frequency Selectivity in Nonmammalian Vertebrates: Electrical Tuning of Hair Cells
461(1)
Hair Cell Potassium Channels and Electrical Tuning
461(2)
The Auditory Pathway: Transmission between Hair Cells and Eighth Nerve Fibers
463(1)
Stimulus Coding by Primary Afferent Neurons
464(1)
Brainstem and Thalamus
464(1)
Sound Localization
464(2)
Auditory Cortex
466(1)
The Vestibular System: Encoding Head Motion and Position
467(8)
Vestibular Hair Cells and Neurons
467(2)
The Adequate Stimulus for the Saccule and Utricle
469(1)
The Adequate Stimulus for the Semicircular Canals
470(1)
The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
471(1)
Higher Order Vestibular Function
471(4)
Chapter 23 Constructing Perception
475(22)
What Is the Function of Cortical Processing?
476(1)
Tactile Working Memory Task and its Representation in Primary Somatosensory Cortex
476(4)
Behavioral Task
476(2)
Neuronal Representation of Vibration Sensations in SI
478(1)
Replacement of Vibrations by Artificial Stimuli
479(1)
Transformation from Sensation to Action
480(4)
Activity in SI across Successive Stages of the Task
480(1)
Activity in Regions beyond SI
481(2)
Neurons Associated with Decision Making
483(1)
Visual Object Perception in Primates
484(1)
Object Perception and the Ventral Visual Pathway
484(1)
Deficits in Object Perception
485(1)
Images that Activate Neurons in the Ventral Stream
485(4)
Discovery of Responses to Complex Stimuli in Monkeys
485(1)
The Special Case of Faces
485(2)
Box 23.1 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
487(1)
Perceptual Invariance and Neuronal Response Invariance
487(2)
Dorsal Intracortical Visual Pathways and Motion Detection
489(3)
Transformation from Elements to Percepts
492(5)
Merging of Features
492(1)
Speed of Processing
493(1)
Forms of Coding
493(1)
Top-Down Inputs
494(1)
Further Processing
495(2)
Chapter 24 Circuits Controlling Reflexes, Respiration, and Coordinated Movements
497(32)
The Motor Unit
498(3)
Synaptic Inputs to Motoneurons
499(1)
Unitary Synaptic Potentials in Motoneurons
500(1)
The Size Principle and Graded Contractions
500(1)
Spinal Reflexes
501(5)
Reciprocal Innervation
501(2)
Central Nervous System Control of Muscle Spindles
503(3)
Flexor Reflexes
506(1)
Generation of Coordinated Movements
506(6)
Neural Control of Respiration
506(3)
Locomotion
509(2)
Sensory Feedback and Central Pattern Generator Programs
511(1)
Organization of Descending Motor Control
512(2)
Terminology
512(1)
Supraspinal Control of Motoneurons
512(1)
Lateral Motor Pathways
512(1)
Medial Motor Pathways
513(1)
Motor Cortex and the Execution of Voluntary Movement
514(5)
What Do Motor Maps Mean?
515(1)
Cellular Activity and Movement
516(1)
Cortical Cell Activity Related to Direction of Arm Movements
516(1)
Higher Control of Movement
517(2)
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
519(10)
The Cerebellum
519(1)
Connections of the Cerebellum
519(2)
Synaptic Organization of the Cerebellar Cortex
521(2)
What Does the Cerebellum Do and How Does It Do It?
523(1)
The Basal Ganglia
524(1)
Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia
525(1)
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
525(4)
PART VI DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
529(84)
Chapter 25 Development of the Nervous System
531(34)
Development: General Considerations
532(3)
Genomic Equivalence and Cell Type Diversity
532(1)
Cell Fate Maps Provide a Description of Normal Development
533(1)
Box 25.1 Conserved Signaling Pathways for Early Development and Neurogenesis
534(1)
Early Morphogenesis of the Nervous System
535(2)
Patterning along Anteroposterior and Dorsoventral Axes
537(4)
Anteroposterior Patterning and Segmentation in Hindbrain
538(1)
Dorsoventral Patterning in the Spinal Cord
539(2)
Cell Proliferation
541(4)
Cell Proliferation in the Ventricular Zone
541(1)
Cell Proliferation via Radial Glia
541(2)
When Do Neurons Stop Dividing? Adult Neurogenesis
543(2)
Migration
545(2)
Migration of Cortical Neurons
545(2)
Genetic Abnormalities of Cortical Layers in Reeler Mice
547(1)
Determination of Cell Phenotype
547(3)
Lineage of Neurons and Glial Cells
547(1)
Control of Transmitter Choice in the Peripheral Nervous System
547(2)
Changes in Receptors during Development
549(1)
Axon Outgrowth and Growth Cone Navigation
550(5)
Growth Cones, Axon Elongation, and the Role of Actin
550(1)
Cell and Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Molecules and Axon Outgrowth
550(2)
Growth Cone Guidance: Target-Dependent and Target-Independent Navigation
552(1)
Target-Dependent Navigation via Guidepost Cells
552(1)
Growth Cone Navigation along Gradients
553(2)
Growth Factors and Survival of Neurons
555(3)
Cell Death in the Developing Nervous System
555(1)
Nerve Growth Factor
555(1)
NGF in the Central Nervous System
556(1)
The Neurotrophins and other Families of Growth Factors
556(2)
Formation of Connections
558(3)
Establishment of the Retinotectal Map
558(1)
Synapse Formation
559(1)
Pruning and the Removal of Polyneuronal Innervation
560(1)
Neuronal Activity and Synapse Elimination
561(1)
General Considerations of Neural Specificity and Development
561(4)
Chapter 26 Critical Periods in Sensory Systems
565(24)
The Visual System in Newborn Monkeys and Kittens
566(3)
Receptive Fields and Response Properties of Cortical Cells in Newborn Animals
566(1)
Ocular Dominance Columns in Newborn Monkeys and Kittens
567(1)
Postnatal Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
568(1)
Effects of Abnormal Visual Experience in Early Life
569(4)
Blindness after Lid Closure
569(1)
Responses of Cortical Cells after Monocular Deprivation
569(1)
Relative Importance of Diffuse Light and Form for Maintaining Normal Responses
569(1)
Morphological Changes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus after Visual Deprivation
569(1)
Morphological Changes in the Cortex after Visual Deprivation
570(1)
Critical Period for Susceptibility to Lid Closure
570(1)
Recovery during the Critical Period
571(2)
Requirements for Maintenance of Functioning Connections in the Visual System
573(5)
Binocular Lid Closure and the Role of Competition
573(1)
Effects of Strabismus (Squint)
573(1)
Changes in Orientation Preference
574(1)
Segregation of Visual Inputs without Competition
574(1)
Effects of Impulse Activity on the Developing Visual System
575(1)
Synchronized Spontaneous Activity in the Absence of Inputs during Development
576(1)
Role of y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Trophic Molecules in Development of Columnar Architecture
577(1)
Critical Periods in Somatosensory and Olfactory Systems
578(1)
Sensory Deprivation and Critical Periods in the Auditory System
578(3)
Regulation of Synapse Formation by Activity in the Cochlear Nucleus
580(1)
Box 26.1 The Cochlear Implant
581(1)
Critical Periods in the Auditory System of Barn Owls
581(8)
Effects of Enriched Sensory Experience in Early Life
583(2)
Critical Periods in Humans and Clinical Consequences
585(4)
Chapter 27 Regeneration of Synaptic Connections after Injury
589(24)
Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System
590(2)
Wallerian Degeneration and Removal of Debris
590(1)
Retrograde Transsynaptic Effects of Axotomy
591(1)
Effects of Denervation on Postsynaptic Cells
592(7)
The Denervated Muscle Membrane
592(1)
Appearance of New ACh Receptors (AChRs) after Denervation or Prolonged Inactivity of Muscle
592(1)
Synthesis and Degradation of Receptors in Denervated Muscle
592(1)
Role of Muscle Inactivity in Denervation Supersensitivity
593(2)
Role of Calcium in Development of Supersensitivity in Denervated Muscle
595(1)
Supersensitivity of Peripheral Nerve Cells after Removal of Synaptic Inputs
596(1)
Susceptibility of Normal and Denervated Muscles to New Innervation
597(1)
Role of Schwann Cells and Microglia in Axon Outgrowth after Injury
597(1)
Denervation-Induced Axonal Sprouting
598(1)
Appropriate and Inappropriate Reinnervation
598(1)
Basal Lamina, Agrin, and the Formation of Synaptic Specializations
599(6)
Identification of Agrin
601(1)
The Role of Agrin in Synapse Formation
602(1)
Mechanism of Action of Agrin
603(2)
Regeneration in the Mammalian CNS
605(8)
Glial Cells and CNS Regeneration
605(1)
Schwann Cell Bridges and Regeneration
606(1)
Formation of Synapses by Axons Regenerating in the Mammalian CNS
607(1)
Regeneration in Immature Mammalian CNS
607(2)
Neuronal Transplants
609(1)
Prospects for Developing Treatment of Spinal Cord Inj ury in Patients
610(3)
PART VII CONCLUSION
613(2)
Chapter 28 Open Questions
615(2)
Cellular and Molecular Studies of Neuronal Functions
616(1)
Functional Importance of Intercellular Transfer of Materials
616(1)
Development and Regeneration
617(1)
Genetic Approaches to Understanding the Nervous System
617(1)
Sensory and Motor Integration
618(1)
Rhythmicity
618(1)
Input from Clinical Neurology to Studies of the Brain
619(1)
Input from Basic Neuroscience to Neurology
620(1)
The Rate of Progress
621(1)
Conclusions
621
Appendix A Current Flow in Electrical Circuits 1(1)
Appendix B Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis and Inactivation of Low-Molecular-Weight Transmitters 1(1)
Appendix C Structures and Pathways of the Brain 1(1)
Glossary 1(1)
Bibliography 1(1)
Index 1
John G. Nicholls is Professor of Neuroscience at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste (known as SISSA). He was born in London in 1929 and received a medical degree from Charing Cross Hospital and a Ph.D. in physiology from the Department of Biophysics at University College London, where he did research under the direction of Sir Bernard Katz. He has worked at University College London, at Oxford, Harvard, Yale, and Stanford Universities, and at the Biocenter in Basel. With Stephen Kuffler, he made experiments on neuroglial cells and wrote the first edition of this book. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a member of the Mexican Academy of Medicine, and the recipient of the Venezuelan Order of Andres Bello. He has given laboratory and lecture courses in neurobiology at Woods Hole and Cold Spring Harbor, and in universities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

A. Robert Martin is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physiology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. He was born in Saskatchewan in 1928 and majored in mathematics and physics at the University of Manitoba. He received a Ph.D. in Biophysics in 1955 from University College London, where he worked on synaptic transmission in mammalian muscle under the direction of Sir Bernard Katz. From 1955 to 1957 he did postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Herbert Jasper at the Montreal Neurological Institute, studying the behavior of single cells in the motor cortex. He has taught at McGill University, the University of Utah, Yale University, and the University of Colorado Medical School, and has been a visiting professor at Monash University, Edinburgh University, and the Australian National University.

Paul A. Fuchs is Director of Research and the John E. Bordley Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Neuroscience and co-Director of the Center for Sensory Biology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1951, Fuchs graduated in biology from Reed College in 1974. He received a Ph.D. in Neuro- and Biobehavioral Sciences in 1979 from Stanford University where he investigated presynaptic inhibition at the crayfish neuromuscular junction under the direction of Donald Kennedy and Peter Getting. From 1979 to 1981 he did postdoctoral research with John Nicholls at Stanford University, examining synapse formation by leech neurons. From 1981 to 1983 he studied the efferent inhibition of auditory hair cells with Robert Fettiplace at Cambridge University. He has taught at the University of Colorado and the Johns Hopkins University medical schools.

David A. Brown is Professor of Pharmacology in the Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology at University College London. He was born in London in 1936 and gained a B.Sc. in Physiology from University College London and a Ph.D. from St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College ("Barts") studying transmission in sympathetic ganglia. He then did a post-doc at the University of Chicago, where he helped design an integrated neurobiology course for graduate medical students. He has since chaired departments of Pharmacology at the School of Pharmacy and at University College in London, and has also worked in several labs in the United States, including the Department of Physiology and Biophysics at the University of Texas in Galveston, and as Fogarty Scholar-in-Residence at NIH in the labs of Mike Brownstein, Julie Axelrod, and Marshall Nirenberg.

Mathew E. Diamond, like John Nicholls, is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste (SISSA). He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering from the University of Virginia in 1984 and a Ph.D. in Neurobiology from the University of North Carolina in 1989. Diamond was a postdoctoral fellow with Ford Ebner at Brown University and then an assistant professor at Vanderbilt University before moving to SISSA to found the Tactile Perception and Learning Laboratory in 1996. His main interest is to specify the relationship between neuronal activity and perception. The research is carried out mostly in the tactile whisker system in rodents, but some experiments attempt to generalize the principles found in the whisker system to the processing of information in the human tactile sensory system.

David A. Weisblat is Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1949, studied biochemistry as an undergraduate with Bernard Babior at Harvard College, where he was introduced to neurobiology in a course led by John Nicholls, and received his Ph.D. from Caltech for studies on the electrophysiology of Ascaris in 1976 with Richard Russell. He began studying leech development with Gunther Stent in the Department of Molecular Biology at Berkeley and was appointed to the Zoology Department there in 1983. As a postdoc, he developed techniques for cell lineage tracing by intracellular microinjection of tracer molecules. Current research interests include the evolution of segmentation mechanisms, D quadrant specification, and axial patterning.