Preface |
|
xi | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xv | |
|
1 Basic Concepts and Principles |
|
|
1 | (32) |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
The Cornerstone for Understanding Why |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Maintaining Contingencies Involving Positive Reinforcement |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Maintaining Contingencies Involving Negative Reinforcement |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
Contrasting the Two Types of Maintaining Contingencies |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
Direct Versus Socially Mediated Contingencies |
|
|
9 | (3) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Socially Mediated Escape Behaviors |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
What Makes a Reinforcer a Reinforcer? |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
Types of Motivating Operations |
|
|
14 | (7) |
|
Motivating Operations Are Idiosyncratic |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Establishing Operations for Access Diagnosis |
|
|
15 | (3) |
|
Establishing Operations for Escape Diagnosis |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
How Do Other Antecedent Stimuli Interact With the MO? |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Changing Behavior by Altering the Motivating Operation |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
Decreasing Targeted Behaviors by Altering Motivating Operations |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Increasing Behavior by Altering Motivating Operations |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Contrived Contingencies Produce a Function |
|
|
24 | (2) |
|
|
26 | (7) |
|
2 Functional Behavioral Assessment of Problem Behavior |
|
|
33 | (48) |
|
Determining the Need for Intervention |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
Baseline Measurement of Observable Problem Behaviors |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
Measuring Observable Behavior |
|
|
38 | (6) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Conducting a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) |
|
|
44 | (28) |
|
|
45 | (5) |
|
A-B-C Descriptive Analysis |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
Problems With Descriptive Data |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Trigger Analysis With Behavioral Description |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
Head Start and the Tricycles |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Trigger Analysis During Language Tasks |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
|
59 | (3) |
|
|
62 | (4) |
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
In-Situ Hypothesis Testing |
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Conduct a Performance Discrepancy Analysis |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Review Previous Treatments Implemented |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
Review of Health and Medical Records |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
3 A Function-Based, Diagnostic Classification System for Problem Behaviors |
|
|
81 | (52) |
|
Characteristics of Function-Based Classification Systems |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
Diagnose Behavior, Not Client |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Prescriptive Differential Treatment |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Assessment Phase Concludes With a Differential Diagnosis Phase |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
What Is the Utility of a Function-Based Diagnostic Classification System? |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
The Function-Based Diagnostic Classification System |
|
|
84 | (43) |
|
Category 1.0 Direct Access (DA) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
(1.1) DA Immediate Sensory Stimuli |
|
|
85 | (6) |
|
(1.2) DA Tangible Reinforcers |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
Category 2.0 Socially Mediated Access (SMA) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
(2.1) SMA Adult/Staff Attention |
|
|
94 | (5) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
(2.3) SMA Tangible Reinforcer Hypothesis |
|
|
101 | (5) |
|
Category 3.0 Direct Escape (DE) |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
(3.1) DE Unpleasant Social Situations |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
(3.2) DE Relatively Lengthy Task, Chore, Instruction |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
(3.3) DE Relatively Difficult Task, Chore, Instruction |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
(3.4) DE Aversive Physical Stimuli |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
Category 4.0 Socially Mediated Escape (SME) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
(4.1) SME Escape of Unpleasant Social Situations |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
(4.2) SME Relatively Lengthy Task, Chore, Instruction |
|
|
118 | (5) |
|
(4.3) SME Relatively Difficult Task, Chore, Instruction |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
(4.4) SME Aversive Physical Stimuli/Events |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (5) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
4 Replacement Behavior Options |
|
|
133 | (38) |
|
What Is a Replacement Behavior? |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
Disable One Function, Enable Another |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Replacement Behavior Options for DA Problem Behaviors |
|
|
136 | (9) |
|
Chain Interruption Strategy |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Alternate Direct Access Form Option |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
Access Mand (Request) Option |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
Omission Training (DRO) Option |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Premack Contingency Option |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Replacement Behavior Options for SMA Problem Behaviors |
|
|
145 | (10) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Direct Access to Tangible Reinforcer |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Access Mand (Request) Option |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
DRL Group Contingencies for Peer Attention |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
Premack Contingency Option |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Replacement Behavior Options for DE Problem Behaviors |
|
|
155 | (5) |
|
Alternate Direct Escape Form |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
Tolerance Training (DNRO) Option |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Premack Principle (Escape) |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Replacement Behavior Options for SME Problem Behaviors |
|
|
160 | (9) |
|
Extinction Burst for SME Problem Behaviors |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
Alternate Direct Escape Form |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Escape Mand (Protest or Negotiation Behavior) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Tolerance Training Option |
|
|
165 | (3) |
|
Premack Principle (Escape) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
5 Functional Behavioral Treatment Protocols |
|
|
171 | (114) |
|
Protocols for 2.0 SMA Problem Behaviors |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
2.0 SMA Functions Alternate Direct Access Form |
|
|
173 | (9) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Trigger Analysis (see Form 5.2) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Ensure Access to Reinforcement! |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (4) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
2.0 SMA Functions DRL Group Contingencies for Peer Attention |
|
|
182 | (8) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (3) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Forms: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors With Extinction |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
2.0 SMA Functions Omission Training (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior, or DRO) |
|
|
190 | (10) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Calculating the Interbehavior Interval |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
DRO With Extinction Procedures |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Thinning the Schedule of Delivery of Maintaining Reinforcer |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (4) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Forms: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors With Extinction |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
2.0 SMA Functions Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) With Extinction |
|
|
200 | (14) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Steps to Collect Baseline Data Using Partial Interval Recording |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Recording Method: Partial Interval |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
NCR With Extinction Procedures |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Thinning the Schedule of Delivery of Maintaining Reinforcer |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (4) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Forms: Noncontingent Reinforcement With Extinction |
|
|
209 | (4) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
2.0 SMA Functions Premack Contingency Option |
|
|
214 | (9) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Procedures for Premack Contingency |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Procedures for Premack Contingency When Used as a Supplement for an SMA Requesting (Mand) Program |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Thinning the Schedule of Delivery of Maintaining Reinforcer |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Forms: Premack Contingency |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
2.0 SMA Functions Access Mand (Request) Option |
|
|
223 | (12) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (4) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Forms: Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors With Extinction |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Protocols for 4.0 SME Problem Behaviors |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
4.0 SME Functions Premack Contingency Option |
|
|
235 | (7) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Procedures for Premack Contingency |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Procedures for Premack Contingency When Used as a Supplement for Requesting Program |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Thinning the Schedule of Delivery of Maintaining Reinforcer |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Forms: Premack Contingency |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
4.0 SME Functions Tolerance Training Option (or Differential Negative Reinforcement of All Other Behaviors) |
|
|
242 | (10) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Calculating the Interbehavior Interval |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
DNRO With Extinction Procedures |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Thinning the Schedule of Removal of the Negative Reinforcer |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Forms: Differential Negative Reinforcement of Other Behaviors |
|
|
248 | (3) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
4.0 SME Functions Escape Mand (Protest or Negotiating Behavior) Option |
|
|
252 | (10) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Modification for Use with Direct Escape Behaviors |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (4) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Forms: Differential Negative Reinforcement of Other Behaviors |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
4.0 SME Functions Alternate Direct Escape Form |
|
|
262 | (10) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
Trigger Analysis (see Form 5.29) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Ensure Escape or Avoidance of the Negative Reinforcer! |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
4.0 SME Functions Noncontingent Escape (NCE) Option |
|
|
272 | (13) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Steps to Collect Baseline Data Using Partial Interval Recording |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Thinning the Schedule of Delivery of Maintaining Reinforcer |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (5) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Forms: Noncontingent Escape |
|
|
280 | (4) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
Appendix A Diagnostic Classification System for the Replacement Behavior (DCS-RB) |
|
285 | (11) |
Appendix B Why Artie Can't Learn |
|
296 | (5) |
Appendix C Errorless Learning |
|
301 | (14) |
References |
|
315 | (4) |
Index |
|
319 | |