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Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, Third Edition 3rd New edition [Hardback]

3.92/5 (14 ratings by Goodreads)
(University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, Columbia, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 1264 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 2336 g, 63 Tables, black and white; 332 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Dec-2008
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1420052675
  • ISBN-13: 9781420052671
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
  • Formāts: Hardback, 1264 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 2336 g, 63 Tables, black and white; 332 Illustrations, black and white
  • Izdošanas datums: 18-Dec-2008
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1420052675
  • ISBN-13: 9781420052671
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Written by an expert, using the same approach that made the previous two editions so successful, Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, Third Edition expands the scope of book to include the strongly emerging areas broadly described as sustainability science and technology, including green chemistry and industrial ecology. The new edition includes:





















Increased emphasis on the applied aspects of environmental chemistry Hot topics such as global warming and biomass energy Integration of green chemistry and sustainability concepts throughout the text More and updated questions and answers, including some that require Internet research Lecturers Pack on CD-ROM with solutions manual, PowerPoint presentations, and chapter figures available upon qualifying course adoptions















The book provides a basic course in chemical science, including the fundamentals of organic chemistry and biochemistry. The author uses real-life examples from environmetnal chemistry, green chemistry, and related areas while maintaining brevity and simplicity in his explanation of concepts. Building on this foundation, the book covers environmental chemistry, broadly defined to include sustainability aspects, green chemistry, industrial ecology, and related areas. These chapters are organized around the five environmental spheres, the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and the anthrosphere. The last two chapters discuss analytical chemistry and its relevance to environmental chemistry.









Manahans clear, concise, and readable style makes the information accessible, regardless of the readers level of chemistry knowledge. He demystifies the material for those who need the basics of chemical science for their trade, profession, or study curriculum, as well as for readers who want to have an understanding of the fundamentals of sustainable chemistry in its crucial role in maintaining a livable planet.
Preface xxvii
Author xxix
Introduction To Chemistry And Green Chemistry
1(44)
We Do Not Change Direction
1(1)
The Essential Role Of Chemistry
2(1)
Green Chemistry
3(2)
A Mini-Course In Chemistry
5(1)
The Building Blocks Of Matter
5(3)
Subatomic Particles and Atoms
5(1)
Atoms and Elements
6(1)
The Periodic Table
7(1)
Chemical Bonds And Compounds
8(4)
Chemical Compounds
9(1)
Ionic Bonds
10(1)
Summary of Chemical Compounds and the Chemical Bond
11(1)
Molecular Mass
11(1)
Chemical Reactions And Equations
12(1)
Numbers In Chemistry: Exponential Notation
12(3)
Addition and Subtraction of Exponential Numbers
13(1)
Multiplication and Division of Exponential Numbers
14(1)
Significant Figures And Uncertainties In Numbers
15(3)
Significant Figures in Calculations
15(2)
Rounding Numbers
17(1)
Use of Three Significant Digits
17(1)
Measurements And Systems Of Measurement
18(2)
SI Units of Measurement
18(1)
Multiples of Units
18(1)
Metric and English Systems of Measurement
18(2)
Units Of Mass
20(1)
Units Of Length
21(1)
Units Of Volume
22(1)
Temperature, Heat, And Energy
23(4)
Temperature Scales
23(3)
Melting Point and Boiling Point
26(1)
Heat and Energy
27(1)
Pressure
27(1)
Units And Their Use In Calculations
28(3)
Unit Conversion Factors
28(3)
Chapter Summary
31(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
33(3)
Literature Cited
36(1)
Questions And Problems
37(8)
Matter And Materials
45(42)
What Is Matter And Why Does It Matter For Sustainability And Green Chemistry?
45(1)
Classification Of Matter
46(3)
Some General Types of Matter
47(1)
Mixtures and Pure Substances
48(1)
Summary of the Classification of Matter
49(1)
Quantity Of Matter: The Mole
49(1)
The Mole and Avogadro's Number
50(1)
Physical Properties Of Matter
50(5)
Density
51(1)
Specific Gravity
52(1)
Color
53(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation and Green Chemistry
54(1)
States Of Matter
55(1)
Gases
56(6)
The Gas Laws
57(2)
Gas Law Calculations
59(3)
Liquids And Solutions
62(3)
Evaporation and Condensation of Liquids
62(1)
Vapor Pressure
63(1)
Solutions
63(2)
Solids
65(1)
Thermal Properties
66(4)
Melting Point
66(1)
Boiling Point
66(1)
Specific Heat
66(2)
Heat of Vaporization
68(1)
Heat of Fusion
69(1)
Phase Change Materials in Green Technology
69(1)
Separation And Characterization Of Matter
70(4)
Distillation
70(1)
Separation in Waste Treatment
71(3)
The Green Chemistry Of Matter
74(1)
Chapter Summary
75(6)
Questions And Problems
81(6)
Atoms And Elements
87(52)
Atoms And Elements
87(1)
The Atomic Theory
87(3)
Laws That Are Explained by Dalton's Atomic Theory
87(2)
Small Size of Atoms
89(1)
Atomic Mass
90(1)
Subatomic Particles
90(1)
The Basic Structure Of The Atom
91(2)
Atomic Number, Isotopes, and Mass Number of Isotopes
91(1)
Electrons in Atoms
92(1)
Development Of The Periodic Table
93(1)
Hydrogen, The Simplest Atom
93(2)
Designation of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
94(1)
Showing Electrons in Hydrogen Atoms and Molecules
94(1)
Properties of Elemental Hydrogen
94(1)
Production and Uses of Elemental Hydrogen
95(1)
Helium, The First Atom With A Filled Electron Shell
95(2)
Occurrence and Uses of Helium
96(1)
Lithium, The First Atom With Both Inner And Outer Electrons
97(2)
Uses of Lithium
97(2)
Lithium, a Key Material in Green Technology
99(1)
The Second Period, Elements 4-10
99(5)
Beryllium, Atomic Number 4
99(1)
Boron, Atomic Number 5
100(1)
Carbon, Atomic Number 6
101(1)
Nitrogen, Atomic Number 7
101(1)
Oxygen, Atomic Number 8
102(1)
Fluorine, Atomic Number 9
103(1)
Neon, Atomic Number 10
103(1)
Elements 11-20, And Beyond
104(3)
The Elements Beyond Calcium
106(1)
A More Detailed Look At Atomic Structure
107(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation
107(1)
Quantum And Wave Mechanical Models Of Electrons In Atoms
108(5)
The Wave Mechanical Model of Atomic Structure
109(2)
Multielectron Atoms and Quantum Numbers
111(2)
Energy Levels Of Atomic Orbitals
113(3)
Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
115(1)
Shapes Of Atomic Orbitals
116(1)
Electron Configuration
117(1)
Electrons In The First 20 Elements
118(4)
Electron Configuration of Hydrogen
118(1)
Electron Configuration of Helium
119(1)
Electron Configurations of Elements 2-20
119(1)
Lithium
119(1)
Valence Electrons
119(1)
Beryllium
120(1)
Filling the 2p Orbitals
120(1)
Filling the 3s, 3p, and 4s Orbitals
121(1)
Electron Configurations And The Periodic Table
122(4)
Chapter Summary
126(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
128(3)
Questions And Problems
131(8)
Chemical Bonds, Molecules, And Compounds
139(42)
Chemical Bonds And Compound Formation
139(2)
Chemical Bonds and Valence Electrons
140(1)
Chemical Bonding And The Octet Rule
141(1)
The Octet Rule for Some Diatomic Gases
141(1)
The Octet Rule for Chemical Compounds
141(1)
Ionic Bonding
142(8)
Electron Configurations of Ions from a Single Atom
142(1)
Sodium Chloride as an Ionic Compound
143(2)
Energetics in Ionic Bonding
145(1)
Energy of Ion Attraction
146(1)
Lattice Energy
147(1)
Ion Size
147(2)
Formation of Some Example Ionic Compounds
149(1)
Fundamentals Of Covalent Bonding
150(2)
Chemical Bonds and Energy
150(1)
Covalent Bonding
150(2)
Covalent Bonds In Compounds
152(2)
Some Other Aspects Of Covalent Bonding
154(7)
Multiple Bonds and Bond Order
154(1)
Lengths and Strengths of Multiple Bonds
155(1)
Electronegativity and Covalent Bonding
156(1)
Sharing Electrons---Unequally
157(1)
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
158(1)
Compounds That Do Not Conform to the Octet Rule
159(1)
Resonance Structures
160(1)
Chemical Formulas Of Compounds
161(6)
What a Chemical Formula States
161(1)
Percentage Composition from Chemical Formulas
162(1)
Calculation of Chemical Formulas
163(1)
Empirical Formula from Percentage Composition
164(3)
The Names Of Chemical Compounds
167(3)
Binary Molecular Compounds
167(1)
Names of Ionic Compounds
168(2)
Acids, Bases, And Salts
170(2)
Acids
170(1)
Bases
171(1)
Salts
171(1)
Chapter Summary
172(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
173(2)
Questions And Problems
175(6)
Chemical Reactions, Equations, And Stoichiometry
181(28)
The Sentences Of Chemistry
181(1)
Chemical Reactions and Equations: The Sentences of the Chemical Language
181(1)
Quantitative Calculations from Chemical Equations
182(1)
The Information In A Chemical Equation
182(2)
Chemical Reactions
182(1)
Expressing a Chemical Reaction as a Chemical Equation
182(1)
Symbols Used in Chemical Equations
183(1)
Balancing Chemical Equations
184(4)
Balancing the Equation for the Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Sulfur Dioxide
184(1)
Some Other Examples of Balancing Equations
185(2)
Summary of Steps in Balancing an Equation
187(1)
Will A Reaction Occur?
188(2)
How Fast Does A Reaction Go?
190(1)
Classification Of Chemical Reactions
190(3)
Quantitative Information From Chemical Reactions
193(2)
Review of Quantitative Chemical Terms
193(1)
Calcination of Limestone
194(1)
What Is Stoichiometry And Why Is It Important?
195(5)
The Mole Ratio Method of Stoichiometric Calculations
196(4)
Chapter Summary
200(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
202(1)
Questions And Problems
203(6)
Acids, Bases, And Salts
209(34)
The Importance Of Acids, Bases, And Salts
209(1)
The Nature Of Acids, Bases, And Salts
210(4)
Hydrogen Ion and Hydroxide Ion
210(1)
Acids
210(1)
Bases
211(1)
Salts
211(1)
Amphoteric Substances
212(1)
Metal Ions as Acids
212(1)
Salts That Act as Bases
213(1)
Salts That Act as Acids
213(1)
Conductance Of Electricity By Acids, Bases, And Salts In Solution
214(2)
Electrolytes
215(1)
Dissociation Of Acids And Bases In Water
216(2)
The Hydrogen Ion Concentration And Buffers
218(1)
Buffers
219(1)
pH And The Relationship Between Hydrogen Ion And Hydroxide Ion Concentrations
219(3)
Acid-Base Equilibria
221(1)
Preparation Of Acids
222(1)
Preparation Of Bases
223(2)
Preparation Of Salts
225(2)
Acid Salts And Basic Salts
227(1)
Acid Salts
227(1)
Basic Salts
227(1)
Water Of Hydration
227(1)
Names Of Acids, Bases, And Salts
228(4)
Acids
228(1)
Bases
228(1)
Salts
229(3)
Chapter Summary
232(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
233(3)
Questions And Problems
236(7)
Solutions And Solvents
243(32)
What Are Solutions? Why Are They Important?
243(3)
Reactions in Solution
244(1)
Solutions in Living Systems
245(1)
Solutions in the Environment
245(1)
Industrial Uses of Solutions
246(1)
Solvents
246(1)
Water---A Unique Solvent
247(2)
The Solution Process And Solubility
249(2)
Solution Concentrations
251(6)
Molar Concentration
252(2)
Diluting Solutions
254(1)
Molar Concentration of H+ Ion and pH
255(1)
Solubility
256(1)
Standard Solutions And Titrations
257(2)
Physical Properties Of Solutions
259(2)
Freezing Point Depression
259(1)
Boiling Point Elevation
259(1)
Osmosis
259(2)
Solution Equilibria
261(4)
Solution Equilibria
261(2)
Solubilities of Gases
263(2)
Colloidal Suspensions
265(3)
Kinds of Colloidal Particles
265(1)
Colloid Stability
266(2)
Coagulation and Flocculation of Colloidal Particles
268(1)
Chapter Summary
268(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
270(2)
Questions And Problems
272(3)
Chemistry And Electricity
275(32)
Chemistry And Electricity
275(1)
Oxidation And Reduction
276(3)
Oxidation-Reduction In Solution
279(2)
The Dry Cell
281(2)
Storage Batteries
283(3)
Using Electricity To Make Chemical Reactions Occur
286(3)
Electrolysis of Water: A Green Technology
286(2)
Electrolytic Manufacture of Chemicals
288(1)
Electroplating
289(1)
Fuel Cells
290(1)
Solar Cells
291(1)
Reaction Tendency
292(4)
Measurement of E0
293(1)
E0 Values and Reaction Tendency
294(2)
Effect Of Concentration: Nernst Equation
296(1)
Potentiometry
297(2)
Corrosion
299(1)
Chapter Summary
300(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
302(2)
Questions And Problems
304(3)
Organic Chemistry
307(32)
Organic Chemistry
307(1)
Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry
307(1)
Hydrocarbons
308(10)
Alkanes
308(6)
Alkenes and Alkynes
314(1)
Alkenes and Cis-Trans Isomerism
315(1)
Condensed Structural Formulas
315(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
316(2)
Organic Functional Groups And Classes Of Organic Compounds
318(12)
Organo-Oxygen Compounds
319(2)
Organonitrogen Compounds
321(1)
Organohalide Compounds
322(4)
Organosulfur Compounds
326(2)
Organophosphorus Compounds
328(2)
Synthetic Polymers
330(2)
Chapter Summary
332(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
334(1)
Supplementary References
335(1)
Questions And Problems
336(3)
Biological Chemistry
339(28)
Biochemistry
339(1)
Biomolecules
340(1)
Biochemistry And The Cell
340(2)
Major Cell Features
340(2)
Proteins
342(5)
Protein Structure
344(2)
Denaturation of Proteins
346(1)
Carbohydrates
347(2)
Lipids
349(2)
Enzymes
351(4)
Nucleic Acids
355(4)
Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis
358(1)
Modified DNA
359(1)
Recombinant DNA And Genetic Engineering
359(1)
Metabolic Processes
360(1)
Energy-Yielding Processes
360(1)
Chapter Summary
361(2)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
362(1)
Literature Cited
363(1)
Supplementary References
364(1)
Questions And Problems
364(3)
Water And The Hydrosphere
367(50)
Introduction
367(1)
The Fantastic Water Molecule And The Unique Properties Of Water
367(2)
The Hydrosphere
369(7)
Compartments Of The Hydrosphere Where Water Occurs
376(5)
Standing Bodies of Water
376(2)
Flowing Water
378(1)
Free-Flowing Rivers
379(1)
Groundwater
379(2)
Aquatic Chemistry
381(1)
Alkalinity And Acidity
381(3)
Alkalinity
381(2)
Acidity
383(1)
Metal Ions And Calcium In Water
384(3)
Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids
385(1)
Calcium and Hardness
385(2)
Oxidation-Reduction
387(2)
pE-pH Diagram
388(1)
Complexation And Chelation
389(4)
Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water
391(1)
Complexation by Humic Substances
391(2)
Metals Bound as Organometallic Compounds
393(1)
Water Interactions With Other Phases
393(2)
Sediments
394(1)
Colloids
394(1)
Aquatic Life
395(1)
Microorganisms in Water
395(1)
Algae
396(1)
Fungi
396(1)
Bacteria
396(4)
The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
397(1)
Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
398(2)
Microbially Mediated Elemental Transitions And Cycles
400(6)
Microbial Transformations of Carbon
400(2)
Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
402(2)
Microbial Transformations of Sulfur
404(1)
Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus
405(1)
Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
405(1)
Microbial Transformations of Iron
406(1)
Chapter Summary
406(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
408(3)
Supplementary References
411(1)
Questions And Problems
412(5)
Environmental Chemistry And Pollution Of The Hydrosphere
417(48)
Nature And Types Of Water Pollutants
417(2)
Elemental Pollutants
419(1)
Heavy Metals
420(3)
Cadmium
420(1)
Lead
421(1)
Mercury
421(2)
Metalloids
423(1)
Organically Bound Metals And Metalloids
423(3)
Organotin Compounds
425(1)
Inorganic Species
426(2)
Cyanide
427(1)
Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants
427(1)
Asbestos in Water
428(1)
Algal Nutrients And Eutrophication
428(2)
Acidity, Alkalinity, And Salinity
430(2)
Oxygen, Oxidants, And Reductants
432(1)
Organic Pollutants
433(6)
Sewage
433(2)
Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders
435(2)
Biorefractory Organic Pollutants
437(1)
Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds
438(1)
Pesticides In Water
439(9)
Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids
440(1)
DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides
440(2)
Organophosphate Insecticides
442(1)
Carbamates
443(1)
Herbicides
443(4)
Byproducts of Pesticide Manufacture
447(1)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
448(2)
Biodegradation of PCBs
449(1)
Radionuclides In The Aquatic Environment
450(5)
Chapter Summary
455(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
457(2)
Literature Cited
459(1)
Supplementary References
460(1)
Questions And Problems
460(5)
Sustaining The Hydrosphere: Keeping Water Green
465(54)
Water Treatment And Water Use
465(2)
Emerging Considerations in Water Treatment
466(1)
Municipal Water Treatment
467(1)
Contamination in Water Distribution Systems
468(1)
Treatment Of Water For Industrial Use
468(2)
Sewage Treatment
470(5)
Primary Waste Treatment
470(1)
Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes
471(3)
Tertiary Waste Treatment
474(1)
Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
475(1)
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
475(2)
Removal Of Solids
477(3)
Dissolved Air Flotation
479(1)
Removal Of Calcium And Other Metals
480(6)
Removal of Iron and Manganese
484(1)
Removal of Heavy Metals
485(1)
Arsenic Removal
486(1)
Removal Of Dissolved Organics
486(4)
Removal of Herbicides
488(1)
Removal of Taste, Odor, and Color
489(1)
Photolysis
489(1)
Sonolysis
490(1)
Removal Of Dissolved Inorganics
490(3)
Ion Exchange
491(1)
Phosphorus Removal
491(1)
Nitrogen Removal
492(1)
Membrane Processes And Reverse Osmosis For Water Purification
493(2)
Reverse Osmosis
494(1)
Electrodialysis
494(1)
Sludge
495(2)
Water Disinfection
497(5)
Disease-Causing Agents Treated by Disinfection
497(1)
Common Disinfection Agents
498(1)
Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramines
498(2)
Chlorine Dioxide
500(1)
Ozone
500(2)
Disinfection by Filtration
502(1)
Miscellaneous Disinfection Agents
502(1)
Natural Water Purification Processes
502(2)
Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil
503(1)
Water---The Greenest Material: Reuse And Recycling
504(3)
Water Conservation
507(1)
Chapter Summary
508(6)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
511(3)
Supplementary References
514(1)
Questions And Problems
515(4)
The Atmosphere: A Protective Blanket Around Us
519(36)
The Atmosphere
519(3)
Origins of the Atmosphere
521(1)
Importance Of The Atmosphere
522(2)
The Atmosphere as a Reservoir of Natural Capital
523(1)
Physical Characteristics Of The Atmosphere
524(6)
Atmospheric Composition
524(2)
Variation of Pressure and Density with Altitude
526(1)
Stratification of the Atmosphere
527(1)
The Ionosphere
528(2)
Energy Transfer In The Atmosphere
530(2)
Earth's Radiation Budget
532(1)
Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, And Weather
532(7)
Atmospheric Water in Energy and Mass Transfer
534(1)
Air Masses
535(1)
Topographical Effects
536(1)
Movement of Air Masses
536(1)
Global Weather
536(2)
Weather Fronts and Storms
538(1)
Inversions And Air Pollution
539(1)
Global Climate And Microclimate
540(3)
Human Modifications of Climate
541(1)
Microclimate
541(1)
Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate
542(1)
Atmospheric Oxygen
543(3)
Atmospheric Nitrogen
546(1)
Atmospheric Water
547(1)
Chapter Summary
548(3)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
549(2)
Supplementary References
551(1)
Questions And Problems
552(3)
Atmospheric Chemistry
555(44)
Chemical And Photochemical Reactions In The Atmosphere
555(4)
Photochemical Processes
556(3)
Free Radicals
559(2)
Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere
560(1)
Acid-Base Reactions In The Atmosphere
561(2)
Ammonia in the Atmosphere
562(1)
Inorganic Species In The Atmosphere
563(1)
Particles In The Atmosphere
563(3)
Chemical Processes for Inorganic Particle Formation
564(1)
Reactions Involving Particles
565(1)
The Composition Of Inorganic Particles
566(3)
Fly Ash
567(1)
Asbestos
568(1)
Toxic Metals
568(1)
Radioactive Particles
569(1)
Carbon Oxides
569(4)
Carbon Monoxide
569(1)
Fate of Atmospheric Co
570(1)
Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
570(3)
Sulfur Dioxide Sources And The Sulfur Cycle
573(2)
Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
574(1)
Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
575(1)
Nitrogen Oxides In The Atmosphere
575(1)
Atmospheric Reactions of NOx
576(1)
Fluorine, Chlorine, And Their Gaseous Compounds
576(2)
Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
577(1)
Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, And Carbon Disulfide
578(1)
Organics In The Atmosphere
579(1)
Organic Compounds From Natural Sources
580(2)
Pollutant Hydrocarbons
582(3)
Nonhydrocarbon Organic Compounds In The Atmosphere
585(6)
Aldehydes and Ketones
585(1)
Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
586(2)
Organohalides
588(2)
Organosulfur Compounds
590(1)
Organonitrogen Compounds
590(1)
Chapter Summary
591(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
593(2)
Supplementary References
595(1)
Questions And Problems
596(3)
Blue Skies For A Green Earth
599(54)
Preserving The Atmosphere
599(1)
Effects Of Particles
600(1)
Control Of Particle Emissions
601(4)
Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia
601(1)
Particle Filtration
601(1)
Scrubbers
602(1)
Electrostatic Removal
602(2)
Where Does It All Go?
604(1)
Control Of Carbon Monoxide Emissions
605(1)
Carbon Dioxide And Global Warming
605(3)
Green Science And Technology To Alleviate Global Warming
608(5)
Minimization
608(3)
Counteracting Measures
611(1)
Adaptation
611(2)
Reducing Sulfur Dioxide Pollution
613(2)
Sulfur Dioxide Removal
613(2)
Reducing Nitrogen Oxide Pollution
615(1)
Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides
615(1)
Control of Nitrogen Oxides
616(1)
Acid Rain
616(5)
Organic Air Pollution
621(1)
Chlorofluorocarbons And Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
621(5)
The Antarctic Ozone Hole
624(1)
The Nobel Prize in Environmental Chemistry
625(1)
Green Solutions To Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
626(1)
Photochemical Smog
627(5)
Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions
627(1)
Control of Exhaust Hydrocarbons
628(4)
The Smog-Forming Process
632(8)
Chemical Reactions in Photochemical Smog Formation
632(5)
Regeneration of NO2
637(2)
Nitrate Radical
639(1)
Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
639(1)
Harmful Effects Of Smog
640(1)
Blue Sky As A Green Resource
641(2)
Chapter Summary
643(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
645(2)
Supplementary References
647(1)
Questions And Problems
648(5)
The Geosphere And Geochemistry
653(34)
The Geosphere
653(1)
Branches Of Geology
654(3)
Environmental Geology
654(1)
Engineering Geology
655(1)
Economic Geology and Geospheric Resources
656(1)
Physical Form Of The Geosphere
657(3)
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
657(1)
Structural Geology
658(2)
Internal and Surface Processes
660(1)
The Nature Of Solids In The Geosphere
660(5)
Structure and Properties of Minerals
660(1)
Kinds of Minerals
661(1)
Evaporites
661(1)
Volcanic Sublimates
662(1)
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks
663(2)
Geochemistry
665(2)
Physical Aspects of Weathering
665(1)
Chemical Weathering
665(2)
Geosphere-Hydrosphere Interactions And The Formation Of Sediments
667(6)
Sediments
670(1)
Phenomena at the Land-Ocean Interface
671(1)
Effects of Ice
672(1)
Clays
673(2)
The Geosphere-Atmosphere Interface
675(1)
The Geosphere-Biosphere Interface
676(1)
The Geosphere And The Anthrosphere
677(1)
Chapter Summary
677(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
679(2)
Supplementary References
681(2)
Questions And Problems
683(4)
Soil, Agriculture, And Food Production
687(48)
Soil And Agriculture
687(3)
Agriculture
687(3)
Pesticides and Agriculture
690(1)
Soil: Essential For Life, Key To Sustainability
690(2)
What Is Soil?
691(1)
Nature And Composition Of Soil
692(9)
Soil Horizons
693(2)
Water and Air in Soil
695(2)
The Inorganic Components of Soil
697(1)
Organic Matter in Soil
698(1)
Soil Humus
699(1)
The Soil Solution
700(1)
Acid-Base And Ion-Exchange Reactions In Soils
701(2)
Production of Mineral Acid in Soil
701(1)
Adjustment of Soil Acidity
702(1)
Ion-Exchange Equilibria in Soil
703(1)
Macronutrients In Soil
703(1)
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Potassium In Soil
704(4)
Nitrogen
704(4)
Phosphorus
708(1)
Potassium
708(1)
Micronutrients In Soil
708(2)
Fertilizers
710(2)
Soil Loss And Deterioration
712(4)
Shifting Cultivation: Slash-and-Burn
712(1)
Soil Degradation
713(1)
Factors in Soil Sustainability
713(1)
Soil Erosion
714(1)
Soil Sustainability and Water Resources
715(1)
Wastes And Pollutants In Soil
716(2)
Degradation of Pesticides on Soil
717(1)
Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere
717(1)
Saving The Land
718(2)
Soil Restoration
719(1)
Process Intensification In Agriculture
720(1)
Sustainable Agricultural Management
721(2)
Agroforestry
723(1)
Chapter Summary
724(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
726(3)
Supplementary References
729(2)
Questions And Problems
731(4)
Sustaining The Geosphere
735(60)
Managing The Geosphere
735(1)
The Angry Earth
735(1)
Earthquakes
736(2)
Secondary Effects of Earthquakes
738(1)
Mitigating Earthquake Effects
738(1)
Volcanoes
738(2)
Mitigating Effects of Volcanoes
740(1)
Volcanoes, Air Pollution, And The Geosphere
740(2)
Destructive Land Surface Movement
742(3)
Mass Movements and Landslides
742(2)
Subsidence
744(1)
Expansive Soil
745(1)
Permafrost
745(1)
The Vulnerable Coasts
745(5)
Tropical Cyclones
746(1)
Tsunamis
747(1)
Coastal Erosion
747(2)
Preserving the Coastline
749(1)
The Threat of Rising Sea Levels
749(1)
Building On The Geosphere
750(3)
Site Evaluation
751(1)
Kinds of Structures on the Geosphere
751(2)
Digging In The Dirt
753(4)
Excavations below the Surface
754(1)
Green Underground Storage
754(2)
Salt Dome Storage
756(1)
Modifying The Geosphere To Manage Water
757(3)
China's Three Gorges Dam Project
760(1)
Water Pollution And The Geosphere
760(1)
Effects Of Human Activities On The Geosphere
761(2)
Extraction of Geospheric Resources: Surface Mining
761(1)
Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
762(1)
Waste Disposal And The Geosphere
763(2)
Municipal Refuse
763(2)
Derelict Lands And Brownfields
765(2)
Earth As A Source Of Essential Materials
767(2)
Deposits from Igneous Rocks and Magmatic Activity
767(1)
Deposits from Hydrothermal Activity
768(1)
Deposits Formed by Sedimentary or Metamorphic Processes
768(1)
Evaluation Of Mineral Resources
769(1)
Extraction And Mining
770(1)
Metals
771(1)
Nonmetal Mineral Resources
772(6)
How Long Will Essential Minerals Last?
778(1)
Green Sources Of Minerals
779(4)
Exploitation of Lower-Grade Ores
780(1)
Remote Sources of Minerals
781(1)
Waste Mining
781(1)
Recycling
782(1)
Chapter Summary
783(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
785(3)
Supplementary References
788(2)
Questions And Problems
790(5)
The Biosphere And Biospheric Resources
795(44)
Life And The Biosphere
795(1)
Organisms And Green Science And Technology
796(1)
Life Systems
797(3)
The Crucial Importance of Climate
799(1)
Maintaining Species And Populations
800(4)
Saving Species and Sustainability
801(2)
Productivity, Diversity, and Resilience
803(1)
Human Effects On The Biosphere
804(3)
Beneficial Effects of Humans on the Biosphere
805(2)
From Biomaterials To Petroleum And Back Again
807(1)
Types Of Biomaterials
808(2)
Photosynthesis Productivity
810(1)
Biomaterials And Their Processing
811(5)
Biobased Feedstocks
816(1)
Glucose Feedstock
817(2)
Cellulose Feedstock
819(3)
Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes
821(1)
Lignin Feedstock
822(1)
Chemical Production By Biosynthesis
823(5)
Bioconversions of Synthetic Chemicals
825(1)
p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Synthesis
825(2)
Production of δ-Cyanovaleramide
827(1)
Direct Biosynthesis Of Polymers
828(1)
Genetically Engineered Crops
829(1)
Chapter Summary
830(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
832(2)
Supplementary References
834(1)
Questions And Problems
835(4)
Toxicological Chemistry
839(44)
Introduction To Toxicology And Toxicological Chemistry
839(2)
Toxicology
839(2)
Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism
841(1)
Dose-Response Relationships
841(1)
Relative Toxicities
842(2)
Nonlethal Effects
842(2)
Reversibility And Sensitivity
844(1)
Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity
844(1)
Xenobiotic And Endogenous Substances
845(1)
Toxicological Chemistry
845(2)
Toxicants in the Body
845(2)
Kinetic Phase And Dynamic Phase
847(4)
Kinetic Phase
847(1)
Dynamic Phase
848(3)
Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, And Effects On The Immune And Reproductive Systems
851(6)
Teratogenesis
851(1)
Mutagenesis
851(2)
Carcinogenesis
853(3)
Testing for Carcinogens
856(1)
Immune System Response
857(1)
Estrogenic Substances
857(1)
Atsdr Toxicological Profiles
857(1)
Toxic Elements And Elemental Forms
858(1)
Heavy Metals
858(1)
Toxic Inorganic Compounds
859(2)
Toxic Organometallic Compounds
861(1)
Toxicological Chemistry Of Organic Compounds
862(11)
Alkane Hydrocarbons
862(1)
Alkene and Alkyne Hydrocarbons
863(1)
Benzene and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
863(2)
Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
865(3)
Organonitrogen Compounds
868(2)
Organohalide Compounds
870(1)
Organosulfur Compounds
871(1)
Organophosphorus Compounds
872(1)
Chapter Summary
873(6)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
875(4)
Supplementary References
879(1)
Questions And Problems
880(3)
The Anthrosphere And Technology
883(50)
Earth As Made By Humans
883(1)
Constructs In The Anthrosphere
884(2)
Anthrospheric Flows
886(1)
Anthrospheric Conduits
886(1)
Infrastructure
887(2)
Transportation
889(3)
The Telecommuter Society
891(1)
The Communications Revolution
892(3)
Technology And Engineering
895(5)
Engineering
897(3)
Acquisition Of Raw Materials
900(3)
Raw Materials
901(1)
Materials From Earth's Crust: Mining
901(1)
Manufactured Materials
902(1)
Agriculture---The Most Basic Industry
903(3)
Industries
906(3)
Classification of Industries
907(1)
Manufacturing
908(1)
Automation, Robotics, and Computers in Manufacturing
909(1)
Materials Science
909(2)
Polymers
909(1)
Ceramics
909(1)
Composites
910(1)
Automation
911(2)
Robotics
913(2)
Computers And Technology
915(2)
Thinking Small: Micromachines And Nanotechnology
917(2)
Micromachines
917(1)
Nanotechnology
918(1)
High Tech
919(2)
Chapter Summary
921(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
923(2)
Supplementary References
925(4)
Questions And Problems
929(4)
Green Chemistry And Industrial Ecology
933(54)
Changing The Bad Old Ways
933(1)
Green Chemistry
934(4)
Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
935(3)
Reduction Of Risk: Hazard And Exposure
938(3)
The Risks of Not Taking Risks
940(1)
Waste Prevention And Green Chemistry
941(1)
Green Chemistry And Synthetic Chemistry
942(1)
Yield and Atom Economy
943(1)
Feedstocks
943(3)
Biological Feedstocks
945(1)
Reagents
946(3)
Stoichiometric And Catalytic Reagents
949(1)
Media And Solvents
950(3)
Water, the Greenest Solvent
951(1)
Dense-Phase Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent
952(1)
Enhancing Reactions
953(3)
Industrial Ecology
956(3)
The Five Major Components Of An Industrial Ecosystem
959(2)
Industrial Metabolism
961(1)
Materials Flow And Recycling In An Industrial Ecosystem
962(1)
The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
963(1)
Consideration Of Environmental Impacts In Industrial Ecology
964(2)
Life Cycles: Expanding And Closing The Materials Loop
966(3)
Product Stewardship
967(1)
Embedded Utility
968(1)
Life-Cycle Assessment
969(1)
Scoping in Life-Cycle Assessment
970(1)
Consumable, Recyclable, And Service (Durable) Products
970(2)
Desirable Characteristics of Consumables
970(1)
Desirable Characteristics of Recyclables
971(1)
Desirable Characteristics of Service Products
972(1)
Design For Environment
972(3)
Products, Processes, and Facilities
973(1)
Key Factors in Design for Environment
974(1)
Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment
974(1)
Inherent Safety
975(2)
Increased Safety with Smaller Size
976(1)
Chapter Summary
977(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
979(2)
Supplementary References
981(2)
Questions And Problems
983(4)
The Anthrosphere And Wastes
987(42)
Preserving And Enhancing The Anthrosphere
987(1)
Rebuilding The Infrastructure
988(1)
Wastes From The Anthrosphere
988(3)
History of Hazardous Substances
989(1)
Legislation
990(1)
Classification Of Hazardous Substances And Wastes
991(2)
Characteristics and Listed Wastes
992(1)
Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control
993(1)
Sources Of Wastes
993(3)
Types of Hazardous Wastes
994(1)
Hazardous-Waste Generators
995(1)
Flammable And Combustible Substances
996(3)
Combustion of Finely Divided Particles
997(1)
Oxidizers
997(1)
Spontaneous Ignition
997(1)
Toxic Products of Combustion
998(1)
Reactive Substances
999(2)
Chemical Structure and Reactivity
1000(1)
Corrosive Substances
1001(2)
Sulfuric Acid
1002(1)
Toxic Substances
1003(1)
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
1003(1)
Physical Forms And Segregation Of Wastes
1003(1)
Environmental Chemistry Of Hazardous Wastes
1004(2)
Transport, Effects, And Fates Of Hazardous Wastes
1006(2)
Physical Properties of Wastes
1006(1)
Chemical Factors
1007(1)
Environmental Effects of Hazardous Wastes
1007(1)
Fates of Hazardous Wastes
1008(1)
Hazardous Wastes And The Anthrosphere
1008(1)
Hazardous Wastes In The Geosphere
1009(2)
Hazardous Wastes In The Hydrosphere
1011(3)
Hazardous Wastes In The Atmosphere
1014(2)
Hazardous Wastes In The Biosphere
1016(2)
Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation
1017(1)
Chapter Summary
1018(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
1021(2)
Supplementary References
1023(1)
Questions And Problems
1024(5)
Green Chemistry And Industrial Ecology In Waste Management
1029(48)
Introduction
1029(1)
Waste Reduction And Minimization
1030(2)
Recycling
1032(4)
Examples of Recycling
1033(1)
Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery
1033(1)
Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycling
1034(1)
Recovery of Water from Wastewater
1035(1)
Physical Methods Of Waste Treatment
1036(5)
Methods of Physical Treatment
1038(3)
Chemical Treatment: An Overview
1041(7)
Acid-Base Neutralization
1042(1)
Chemical Precipitation
1042(2)
Oxidation-Reduction
1044(1)
Electrolysis
1045(1)
Hydrolysis
1046(1)
Chemical Extraction and Leaching
1047(1)
Ion Exchange
1047(1)
Photolytic Reactions
1048(1)
Thermal Treatment Methods
1048(5)
Incineration
1049(1)
Hazardous-Waste Fuel
1049(1)
Incineration Systems
1050(1)
Types of Incinerators
1051(1)
Combustion Conditions
1051(1)
Effectiveness of Incineration
1052(1)
Wet Air Oxidation
1052(1)
UV-Enhanced Wet Oxidation
1052(1)
Biodegradation Of Wastes
1053(2)
Biodegradability
1053(1)
Aerobic Treatment
1054(1)
Anaerobic Treatment
1054(1)
Reductive Dehalogenation
1054(1)
Land Treatment And Composting
1055(1)
Land Treatment
1055(1)
Composting
1056(1)
Preparation Of Wastes For Disposal
1056(4)
Immobilization
1056(1)
Stabilization
1057(1)
Solidification
1057(3)
Chemical Fixation
1060(1)
Ultimate Disposal Of Wastes
1060(2)
Disposal above Ground
1060(1)
Landfill
1060(1)
Surface Impoundment of Liquids
1061(1)
Deep-Well Disposal of Liquids
1062(1)
Leachate And Gas Emissions
1062(2)
Leachate
1062(1)
Hazardous-Waste Leachate Treatment
1063(1)
Gas Emissions
1063(1)
In Situ Treatment
1064(3)
In situ Immobilization
1064(1)
Vapor Extraction
1065(1)
Solidification in situ
1065(1)
Detoxification in situ
1065(1)
Permeable-Bed Treatment
1066(1)
In situ Thermal Processes
1066(1)
Soil Washing and Flushing
1066(1)
Chapter Summary
1067(6)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
1070(3)
Supplementary References
1073(1)
Questions And Problems
1074(3)
Sustainable Energy: The Key To Everything
1077(48)
The Energy Problem
1077(1)
Nature Of Energy
1078(1)
Sources Of Energy Used In The Anthrosphere
1079(3)
Energy Devices And Conversions
1082(5)
Fuel Cells
1086(1)
Green Technology And Energy Conversion Efficiency
1087(1)
Energy Conservation And Renewable Energy Sources
1088(4)
Petroleum And Natural Gas
1092(1)
Coal
1093(1)
Coal Conversion
1093(1)
Carbon Sequestration For Fossil Fuel Utilization
1094(3)
Nuclear Energy
1097(3)
Nuclear Fusion
1099(1)
Geothermal Energy
1100(1)
The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source
1101(3)
Energy From Moving Air And Moving Water
1104(3)
The Surprising Success of Wind Power
1104(2)
Energy from Moving Water
1106(1)
Biomass Energy
1107(7)
Ethanol Fuel
1108(1)
Biodiesel Fuel
1109(1)
The Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels
1110(3)
Biogas
1113(1)
Hydrogen As A Means To Store And Utilize Energy
1114(1)
Combined Power Cycles
1115(1)
Chapter Summary
1116(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
1118(2)
Supplementary References
1120(1)
Questions And Problems
1121(4)
Fundamentals Of Analytical Chemistry
1125(32)
Nature And Importance Of Chemical Analysis
1125(1)
The Chemical Analysis Process
1126(1)
Major Categories Of Chemical Analysis
1127(1)
Error And Treatment Of Data
1128(2)
Gravimetric Analysis
1130(2)
Volumetric Analysis: Titration
1132(5)
Spectrophotometric Methods
1137(4)
Absorption Spectrophotometry
1137(1)
Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses
1138(2)
Atomic Emission Techniques
1140(1)
Electrochemical Methods Of Analysis
1141(1)
Chromatography
1142(3)
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
1144(1)
Mass Spectrometry
1145(1)
Automated Analyses
1145(1)
Immunoassay Screening
1146(1)
Chapter Summary
1147(5)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
1149(3)
Supplementary References
1152(1)
Questions And Problems
1152(5)
Environmental And Xenobiotics Analysis
1157(48)
Introduction To Environmental Chemical Analysis
1157(1)
Analysis Of Water Samples
1158(2)
Physical Properties Measured in Water
1158(1)
Water Sampling
1158(1)
Water Sample Preservation
1159(1)
Classical Methods Of Water Analysis
1160(1)
Instrumental Methods Of Water Analysis
1161(5)
Absorption Spectrophotometry
1161(1)
Atomic Spectrophotometric Analysis of Water
1162(1)
Chrornatographic Analysis of Water
1163(1)
Ion Chromatography
1163(2)
Total Organic Carbon in Water
1165(1)
Measurement of Radioactivity in Water
1166(1)
Biological Toxins
1166(1)
Summary of Water Analysis Procedures
1166(1)
Analysis Of Wastes And Solids
1166(7)
Sample Digestion
1170(1)
Analyte Isolation for Organics Analysis
1171(1)
Solvent Extraction
1171(1)
Sample Preparation for Volatile Organic Compounds
1172(1)
Sample Cleanup
1172(1)
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
1173(3)
Atmospheric Monitoring
1176(9)
Methods of Air-Pollutant Analysis
1177(1)
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide
1177(2)
Nitrogen Oxides
1179(1)
Analysis of Oxidants
1180(1)
Analysis of Cairbon Monoxide
1181(1)
Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics
1182(1)
Analysis of Particulate Matter
1182(2)
Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants
1184(1)
Analysis Of Biological Materials And Xenobiotics
1185(8)
Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics
1186(1)
Analysis of Metals in Biological Samples
1187(1)
Determination of Nonmetals and Inorganic Compounds
1188(1)
Determination of Parent Organic Compounds
1188(1)
Measurement of Phase I and Phase II Reaction Products
1189(2)
Mercapturates
1191(1)
Determination of Adducts
1192(1)
Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis
1193(1)
Chapter Summary
1193(4)
Answers to
Chapter Summary
1195(2)
Literature Cited
1197(1)
Supplementary References
1198(1)
Questions And Problems
1199(6)
Index 1205
University of Missouri, Columbia, USA