| Preface |
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xxi | |
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xxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 What Is Environmental Chemistry? |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Environmental Relationships in Environmental Chemistry |
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1 | (2) |
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1.3 Environmental Spheres and Biogeochemical Cycles |
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3 | (3) |
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1.4 Earth's Natural Capital |
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6 | (1) |
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1.5 Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry |
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7 | (1) |
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1.6 As We Enter into the Anthropocene |
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8 | (5) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Biochemistry and Toxicological Chemistry |
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13 | (30) |
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2.1 Life Chemical Processes |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 Biochemistry and the Cell |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.5 Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Hormones |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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2.7.1 Effects of Toxic Substances on Enzymes |
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22 | (1) |
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2.8 Biochemical Processes in Metabolism |
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22 | (2) |
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2.8.1 Energy-Yielding and Processing Processes |
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22 | (2) |
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2.9 Toxic Substances, Toxicology, and Toxicological Chemistry |
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24 | (3) |
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2.9.1 Exposure to Toxic Substances |
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24 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Distribution of Toxic Substances |
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25 | (1) |
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2.9.3 Dose-Response Relationship |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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2.10 Toxicological Chemistry |
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27 | (1) |
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2.10.1 Reactions of Toxicants and Protoxicants in Living Systems |
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27 | (1) |
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2.11 Kinetic Phase of Xenobiotic Metabolism |
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28 | (1) |
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2.12 Dynamic Phase of Toxicant Action |
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28 | (3) |
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2.13 Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis |
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31 | (3) |
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2.13.1 Mutations from Chemical Exposure |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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2.14 Developmental Effects and Teratogenesis |
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34 | (1) |
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2.15 Toxic Effects on the Immune System |
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34 | (1) |
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2.16 Damage to the Endocrine System |
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35 | (1) |
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2.17 Health Hazards of Toxic Substances |
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35 | (1) |
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2.17.1 Health Risk Assessment |
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36 | (1) |
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2.18 Structure-Activity Relationships in Toxicological Chemistry |
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36 | (1) |
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2.19 Toxicological Chemistry and Ecotoxicology |
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37 | (1) |
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2.19.1 Effects of Toxicants on Ecosystems |
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38 | (1) |
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2.19.2 Biomarkers of Exposure to Toxic Substances |
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38 | (1) |
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2.20 Toxic Agents That May Be Used in Terrorist Attacks |
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38 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Hydrosphere |
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43 | (32) |
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3.1 H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Standing Bodies of Water |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Sedimentation by Flowing Water |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.4 Water Supply and Availability |
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49 | (2) |
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3.5 Life and Its Influence on Environmental Chemistry in the Hydrosphere |
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51 | (3) |
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3.5.1 Aquatic Organisms and Chemical Transitions in the Hydrosphere |
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52 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Microbial Action on Organic Matter in the Hydrosphere |
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54 | (1) |
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3.6 Environmental Chemistry of the Hydrosphere |
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54 | (2) |
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3.7 Acid-Base Phenomena in the Hydrosphere |
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56 | (2) |
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3.7.1 Carbon Dioxide in Water |
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57 | (1) |
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3.8 Solubility and Phase Interactions |
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58 | (5) |
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59 | (1) |
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3.8.2 Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate Species in Water |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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3.9.1 pE and Toxicological Chemistry |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.10.1 Calcium and Hardness in Water |
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66 | (1) |
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3.11 Complexation and Speciation of Metals |
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66 | (2) |
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3.12 Toxicological Chemistry in the Hydrosphere |
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68 | (1) |
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3.13 Chemical Interactions with Organisms in the Hydrosphere |
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69 | (1) |
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3.14 Biodegradation in the Hydrosphere |
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70 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Pollution of the Hydrosphere |
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75 | (42) |
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4.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants |
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75 | (1) |
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4.1.1 Markers of Water Pollution |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.5 Organically Bound Metals |
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80 | (1) |
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4.5.1 Organotin Compounds |
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81 | (1) |
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4.6 Inorganic Species as Water Pollutants |
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81 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Ammonia and Other Inorganic Water Pollutants |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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4.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication |
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83 | (1) |
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4.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity |
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84 | (1) |
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4.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (4) |
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87 | (1) |
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4.10.2 Soaps and Detergents |
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88 | (2) |
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4.10.3 Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (9) |
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4.11.1 Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids |
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93 | (1) |
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4.11.2 DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides |
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94 | (1) |
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4.11.3 Organophosphate Insecticides |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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4.11.7 By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture |
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99 | (1) |
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4.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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100 | (1) |
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4.13 Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes |
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101 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.13.2 Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents |
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104 | (1) |
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4.13.3 Biorefractory Organic Pollutants |
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104 | (3) |
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4.14 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment |
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107 | (3) |
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4.15 Toxicological Chemistry and Water Pollution |
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110 | (7) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Sustaining the Hydrosphere |
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117 | (38) |
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5.1 More Important than Oil |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2 Greening of Water: Purification before and after Use |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2.1 Emerging Considerations in Water Treatment |
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118 | (1) |
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5.3 Municipal Water Treatment |
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118 | (1) |
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5.3.1 Contamination in Water Distribution Systems |
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119 | (1) |
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5.4 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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5.5.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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5.6.1 Dissolved Air Flotation |
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122 | (1) |
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5.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals |
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123 | (5) |
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5.7.1 Removal of Iron and Manganese |
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126 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Removal of Heavy Metals |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics |
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128 | (2) |
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5.8.1 Removal of Herbicides |
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129 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Removal of Taste, Odor, and Color |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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5.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics |
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130 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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5.10 Membrane Processes and Reverse Osmosis for Water Purification |
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132 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
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5.11.1 Pathogens Treated by Disinfection |
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134 | (1) |
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5.11.2 Disinfection Agents |
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135 | (1) |
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5.11.3 Disinfection with Chlorine and Chloramines |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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5.11.5 Toxicities of Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide |
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137 | (1) |
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5.11.6 Green Ozone for Water Disinfection |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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5.11.8 Miscellaneous Disinfection Agents |
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138 | (1) |
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5.12 Restoration of Wastewater Quality |
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139 | (3) |
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5.12.1 Primary Wastewater Treatment |
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139 | (1) |
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5.12.2 Secondary Waste Treatment by Biological Processes |
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139 | (2) |
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5.12.3 Tertiary Waste Treatment |
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141 | (1) |
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5.12.4 Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Wastewater |
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142 | (1) |
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5.13 Natural Water Purification Processes |
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142 | (2) |
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5.13.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil |
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144 | (1) |
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5.14 Sludges and Residues from Water Treatment |
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144 | (2) |
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5.15 Water, the Greenest Substance on Earth: Reuse and Recycling |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (7) |
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5.16.1 Rainwater Harvesting |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Atmosphere |
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155 | (26) |
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6.1 Atmosphere: Air to Breathe and Much More |
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155 | (1) |
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6.2 Regions of the Atmosphere |
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156 | (3) |
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6.3 Atmospheric Composition |
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159 | (1) |
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6.4 Natural Capital of the Atmosphere |
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159 | (2) |
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6.5 Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere |
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161 | (1) |
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6.6 Meteorology, Weather, and Climate |
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162 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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6.7 Atmospheric Inversions and Atmospheric Chemical Phenomena |
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164 | (1) |
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6.8 Climate, Microclimate, and Microatmosphere |
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165 | (3) |
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6.8.1 Human Modifications of the Atmosphere |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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6.8.3 Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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6.9 Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemical Reactions |
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168 | (3) |
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6.9.1 Atmospheric Ions and the Ionosphere |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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6.10.1 Toxicological Chemistry of Oxygen |
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173 | (1) |
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6.11 Atmospheric Nitrogen |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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6.13 Atmospheric Particles |
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176 | (5) |
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6.13.1 Physical Behavior of Atmospheric Particles |
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176 | (1) |
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6.13.2 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Pollution of the Atmosphere |
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181 | (32) |
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7.1 Pollution of the Atmosphere and Air Quality |
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181 | (1) |
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7.2 Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere |
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182 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Physical and Chemical Processes for Particle Formation: Dispersion and Condensation Aerosols |
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182 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Chemical Processes for Inorganic Particle Formation |
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182 | (2) |
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7.2.3 Composition of Inorganic Particles |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Radioactivity in Atmospheric Particles |
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185 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Organic Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere |
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185 | (1) |
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7.2.7 Effects of Atmospheric Pollutant Particles |
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186 | (1) |
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7.2.8 Health Effects and Toxicology of Particles |
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187 | (1) |
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7.2.9 Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects |
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188 | (1) |
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7.3 Inorganic Gas Pollutants |
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189 | (2) |
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7.4 Nitrogen Oxide Air Pollutants |
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191 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Toxic Effects of Nitrogen Oxides |
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193 | (1) |
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7.5 Sulfur Dioxide Air Pollution |
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193 | (2) |
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7.5.1 Toxic Effects of Sulfur Dioxide |
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194 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Toxic Effects of Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid |
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194 | (1) |
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7.6 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere and Acid Rain |
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195 | (1) |
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7.7 Organic Air Pollutants |
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196 | (6) |
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7.7.1 Organics in the Atmosphere from Natural Sources |
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196 | (1) |
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7.7.2 Pollutant Hydrocarbons from the Anthrosphere |
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197 | (1) |
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7.7.3 Nonhydrocarbon Organics in the Atmosphere |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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7.7.5 Toxicological Chemistry of Organohalides |
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200 | (1) |
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7.7.6 Organosulfur Compounds |
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200 | (1) |
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7.7.7 Organonitrogen Compounds |
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200 | (1) |
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7.7.8 Toxicological Chemistry of Organonitrogen Compounds |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (4) |
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7.8.1 Harmful Effects of Smog |
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205 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Toxic Effects of Smog and Its Constituents to Humans |
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206 | (1) |
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7.9 Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |
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206 | (3) |
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7.9.1 Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |
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207 | (1) |
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7.9.2 Antarctic Ozone Hole |
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208 | (1) |
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7.9.3 Nobel Prize in Environmental Chemistry |
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209 | (1) |
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7.10 Indoor Air Pollution and the Microatmosphere |
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209 | (4) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Sustaining the Atmosphere: Blue Skies for a Green Earth |
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213 | (30) |
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8.1 Preserving the Atmosphere |
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213 | (1) |
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8.1.1 Preservation of the Atmosphere's Natural Capital |
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214 | (1) |
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8.2 Greatest Threat: Global Climate Warming |
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214 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Increasing Temperature |
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216 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Passing the Tipping Points |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Glaciers and Water Supply |
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217 | (1) |
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8.2.5 Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought |
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218 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change |
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218 | (1) |
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8.3 Dealing with Global Climate Change |
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219 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Mitigation and Minimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
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219 | (1) |
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8.3.1.1 Less Carbon Dioxide from Internal Combustion Engines |
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219 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Transportation Alternatives to the Internal Combustion Engine |
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220 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Heating and Cooling |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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8.3.5 Avoiding Fossil Fuels |
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222 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Avoiding Greenhouse Gases Other than Carbon Dioxide |
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222 | (1) |
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8.3.7 Economic and Political Measures |
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223 | (1) |
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8.3.8 Counteracting Measures |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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8.4 Control of Particle Emissions |
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226 | (3) |
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8.4.1 Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia |
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226 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Particle Filtration |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Electrostatic Precipitation |
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227 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Where Does It All Go? |
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228 | (1) |
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8.5 Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions |
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229 | (1) |
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8.6 Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions |
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229 | (1) |
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8.7 Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions |
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230 | (1) |
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8.8 Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog |
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231 | (4) |
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8.8.1 Compression-Fired Engines |
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233 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Catalytic Converters for Exhaust Gas Control |
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233 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Photochemical Smog and Vegetation |
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234 | (1) |
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8.8.4 Preventing Smog with Green Chemistry |
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234 | (1) |
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8.9 Biological Control of Air Pollution |
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235 | (2) |
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8.9.1 Bioreactors for Air Pollutant Removal |
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235 | (2) |
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8.9.2 Removing Air Pollution with Vegetation |
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237 | (1) |
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8.10 Controlling Acid Rain |
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237 | (1) |
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8.10.1 Dealing with Toxic and Other Adverse Effects of Acid Rain |
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238 | (1) |
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8.11 Limiting Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |
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238 | (5) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Geosphere |
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243 | (20) |
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243 | (3) |
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9.1.1 Geosphere Related to the Other Environmental Spheres |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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9.2 Chemical Composition of the Geosphere and Geochemistry |
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246 | (3) |
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9.2.1 Biological Aspects of Weathering |
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248 | (1) |
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9.3 Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital |
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249 | (1) |
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9.4 Environmental Hazards of the Geosphere |
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250 | (5) |
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250 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Volcanoes |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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9.4.4 Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Earthquakes |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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9.4.6 Radon, a Toxic Gas from the Geosphere |
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255 | (1) |
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9.5 Water in and on the Geosphere |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
9.5.1 Geospheric Water and Health Effects |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
9.6 Anthrospheric Influences on the Geosphere |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
9.7 Geosphere as a Waste Repository |
|
|
258 | (5) |
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|
|
260 | (1) |
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|
|
261 | (1) |
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|
261 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 Soil: A Critical Part of the Geosphere |
|
|
263 | (14) |
|
10.1 Have You Thanked a Clod Today? |
|
|
263 | (4) |
|
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
10.1.2 Inorganic Solids in Soil |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
10.1.3 Soil Organic Matter |
|
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265 | (1) |
|
10.1.4 Water in Soil and the Soil Solution |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
10.1.5 Chemical Exchange Processes in Soil |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
10.2 Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
10.3 Soil and Plants Related to Wastes and Pollutants |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
10.4 Soil Loss: Desertification and Deforestation |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
10.5 Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Soil |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
10.5.1 Toxicological Aspects of Soil Herbicides |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
10.6 Toxicological Considerations in Livestock Production |
|
|
273 | (4) |
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|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
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|
275 | (2) |
|
Chapter 11 Sustaining the Geosphere |
|
|
277 | (32) |
|
11.1 Managing the Geosphere for Sustainability |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
11.2 Sustaining the Geosphere in the Face of Natural Hazards |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
11.2.2 Threat of Rising Sea Levels |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
11.3 Sustainable Development on the Geosphere's Surface |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
11.3.2 Kinds of Structures on the Geosphere |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (3) |
|
11.4.1 Subsurface Excavations |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
11.4.2 Green Underground Storage |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
11.5 Extraction of Materials from Earth |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
11.5.1 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
11.6 Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources |
|
|
287 | (8) |
|
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
11.6.2 Nonmetal Mineral Resources |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
11.6.3 How Long Will Essential Minerals Last? |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
11.6.4 Green Sources of Minerals |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
11.6.5 Exploitation of Lower Grade Ores |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
11.6.6 Mining the Ocean Floors |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
11.7 Toxicological Implications of Mineral Mining and Processing |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
11.7.1 Pneumoconiosis from Exposure to Mineral Dust |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
11.7.2 Heavy Metal Poisoning |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
11.8 Sustaining the Geosphere to Manage Water |
|
|
297 | (3) |
|
11.8.1 China's Three Gorges Dam Project |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
11.8.2 Water Pollution and the Geosphere |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
11.9 Waste Disposal and the Geosphere |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
11.9.2 Hazardous Waste Disposal |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
11.10 Derelict Lands and Brownfields |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
11.10.1 Land Restoration from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (7) |
|
11.11.1 Biochar for Soil Conservation and Enrichment |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
11.11.2 Reversing Desertification |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
11.11.4 Water and Soil Conservation |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Biosphere |
|
|
309 | (16) |
|
12.1 Life and the Biosphere |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
12.1.1 Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: Gaia Hypothesis |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
12.2 Organisms and Sustainable Science and Technology |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
12.3.1 Biosphere/Atmosphere Interface and the Crucial Importance of Climate |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
12.4 Metabolism and Control in Organisms |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
12.4.1 Enzymes in Metabolism |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
12.4.3 Control in Organisms |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
12.5 Reproduction and Inherited Traits |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
12.6 Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
12.6.1 Biomes in Unexpected Places |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
12.6.2 Response of Life Systems to Stress |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
12.6.3 Relationships among Organisms |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
12.7 DNA and the Human Genome |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
12.8 Biological Interaction with Environmental Chemicals |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
12.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Biosphere |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
12.9.1 Beneficial Effects of Humans on the Biosphere |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Chapter 13 Sustaining the Biosphere and Its Natural Capital |
|
|
325 | (20) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
13.2 Natural Capital of the Biosphere |
|
|
325 | (6) |
|
13.2.1 Types of Biomaterials from the Biosphere |
|
|
326 | (3) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
13.2.3 Using the Biosphere through Agriculture |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
13.2.4 Genome Sequencing and Green Chemistry |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (5) |
|
13.3.1 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
13.3.2 Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
13.3.3 Crops versus Pests |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
13.4 Role of Human Activities in Preserving and Enhancing the Biosphere |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
13.4.1 Artificial Habitats and Habitat Restoration |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
13.5 Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Atmosphere |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
13.6 Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Hydrosphere |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
13.7 Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Geosphere |
|
|
339 | (6) |
|
13.7.1 Constructing the Geosphere to Support the Biosphere: What the Ancient Incas Knew |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (3) |
|
Chapter 14 Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Anthrosphere |
|
|
345 | (36) |
|
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
14.1.1 Crucial Anthrospheric Infrastructure |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
14.2 Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
14.2.1 Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
14.3 Metabolic Processes in Industrial Ecosystems |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
14.3.1 Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
14.4 Life Cycles in Industrial Ecosystems |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
14.4.1 Product Stewardship |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
14.6 Environmental Impacts of the Anthrosphere |
|
|
355 | (4) |
|
14.6.1 Impact of Agricultural Production |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
14.6.2 Design of Industrial Ecosystems to Minimize Environmental Impact |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
14.7 Green Chemistry and the Anthrosphere |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
14.7.1 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
14.8 Predicting and Reducing Hazards with Green Chemistry |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
14.9 Atom Economy and the E Factor in Green Chemistry |
|
|
361 | (2) |
|
14.9.1 Yield and Atom Economy |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
14.10 Catalysts and Catalysis in Green Chemistry |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
14.11 Biocatalysis with Enzymes |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
14.11.1 Immobilized Enzyme Catalysts |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
14.11.2 Reduction in Synthesis Steps with Enzyme Catalysts |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
14.11.3 Enzyme Catalysts and Chirality |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
14.12 Energizing Chemical Reactions and Process Intensification |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
14.12.1 Process Intensification and Increased Safety with Smaller Size |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
14.13 Solvents and Alternate Reaction Media |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
14.13.2 Carbon Dioxide Solvent |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
14.13.3 Ionic Liquid Solvents |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
14.14 Feedstocks and Reagents |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
14.14.3 Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
14.14.4 Electrons as Reagents for Oxidation and Reduction |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
14.15 Anthrosphere and Occupational Health |
|
|
374 | (7) |
|
14.15.1 Role of Green Chemistry in Occupational Health |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Chapter 15 Anthrosphere, Pollution, and Wastes |
|
|
381 | (28) |
|
15.1 Wastes from the Anthrosphere |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
15.1.1 History of Hazardous Substances |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
15.1.2 Pesticide Burial Grounds |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
15.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
15.2.1 Characteristics and Listed Wastes |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
15.2.2 Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
15.3.1 Types of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
15.3.2 Hazardous Waste Generators |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
15.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances |
|
|
387 | (3) |
|
15.4.1 Combustion of Finely Divided Particles |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
15.4.3 Spontaneous Ignition |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
15.4.4 Toxic Products of Combustion |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
15.5.1 Chemical Structure and Reactivity |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
15.6 Corrosive Substances |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
15.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
15.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
15.10 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
15.10.1 Physical Properties of Wastes |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
15.10.3 Environmental Effects of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
15.10.4 Fates of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
15.11 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
15.12 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
15.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere |
|
|
399 | (3) |
|
15.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
15.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
15.15.1 Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
15.16 Hazardous Substances and Environmental Health and Safety |
|
|
405 | (4) |
|
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Chapter 16 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry for Sustainable Management of the Anthrosphere |
|
|
409 | (44) |
|
16.1 Managing the Anthrosphere for Sustainability |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
16.2 Feeding the Anthrosphere |
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
16.2.1 Utilization of Feedstocks |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
16.3 Key Feedstock: Abundant Elemental Hydrogen from Sustainable Sources |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
16.4 Feedstocks from the Geosphere |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
16.4.1 Occupational and Public Health Aspects of Mining |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 Toxic Hazards of Cyanide in Gold Recovery |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
16.5 Biological Feedstocks |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
16.6 Monosaccharide Feedstocks: Glucose and Fructose |
|
|
416 | (4) |
|
16.7 Hydrocarbons and Similar Materials from Sugars |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
16.8.1 Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
16.10 Biosynthesis of Chemicals |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
16.10.1 Fermentation and Industrial Microbiology |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
16.10.2 Metabolic Engineering and Chemical Biosynthesis |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
16.10.3 Production of Materials by Plants |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
16.11 Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
16.12 Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
16.13 Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology in Waste Management |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
16.14.1 Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
16.14.2 Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycling |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
16.14.3 Recovery of Water from Wastewater |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
16.15 Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
16.16 Methods of Physical Treatment |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
16.17.3 Chemical Extraction and Leaching |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
16.18 Photolytic Reactions |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
16.19 Thermal Treatment Methods |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
16.19.2 Effectiveness of Incineration |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
16.19.3 Hazardous Waste Fuel |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
16.20 Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
16.20.1 Oxic and Anoxic Waste Biodegradation |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
16.20.2 Land Treatment and Composting |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
16.21 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
16.22 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
16.23 Leachate and Gas Emissions |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
16.24 In Situ Treatment of Disposed Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
445 | (8) |
|
16.24.1 Treatment In Situ |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (3) |
|
Chapter 17 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything |
|
|
453 | (54) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
17.3 Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
17.3.1 The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
17.4 Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
17.5 Energy Devices and Conversions |
|
|
458 | (4) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
17.6 Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
17.7 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
17.8 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
17.8.3 Natural Gas Liquids |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
17.11 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
17.12 Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (4) |
|
17.13.1 Thorium-Fueled Reactors |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
17.15 Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source |
|
|
479 | (4) |
|
17.15.1 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
17.15.2 Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
17.16 Energy from Earth's Two Great Fluids in Motion |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
17.16.1 Surprising Success of Wind Power |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
17.16.2 Energy from Moving Water |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
17.16.3 Energy from Moving Water without Dams |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
17.17 Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources |
|
|
485 | (13) |
|
17.17.1 Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
17.17.2 Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
17.17.3 Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
17.17.7 Unrealized Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
17.17.8 Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
17.17.10 Biorefineries and Systems of Industrial Ecology for Utilizing Biomass |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
17.17.11 System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
17.18 Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
17.19 Combined Power Cycles |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
17.20 Environmental Health Aspects of Energy Production and Utilization |
|
|
500 | (7) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
17.20.2 Petroleum and Natural Gas |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
Chapter 18 Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Hygiene |
|
|
507 | (32) |
|
18.1 Analytical Chemistry |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
18.2 Industrial Hygiene and Analytical Chemistry |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
18.2.1 What Is Industrial Hygiene? |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
18.2.2 Laws and Regulations Pertaining to Occupational Safety and Health |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
18.3 Categories of Workplace Hazards |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
18.5 Workplace Sampling and Personal Monitoring |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
18.6 Chemical Analysis Process |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
18.7 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
18.8 Error and Treatment of Data |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
18.9 Gravimetric Analysis |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
18.10 Volumetric Analysis: Titration |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
18.11 Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
18.11.1 Absorption Spectrophotometry |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
18.11.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
18.11.3 Atomic Emission Techniques |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
18.12 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
18.13.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
18.13.2 Ion Chromatography |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
18.13.3 Chromatography-Based Methods of Analysis for Water Pollutants |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
18.16 Immunoassay Screening |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
18.17 Total Organic Carbon in Water |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
18.18 Measurement of Radioactivity in Water |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
18.19 Analysis of Wastes and Solids |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
18.19.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
18.20 Atmospheric Monitoring |
|
|
527 | (5) |
|
18.20.1 Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
18.20.2 Determination of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide by the West-Gaeke Method |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
18.20.3 Atmospheric Particulate Matter |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
18.20.4 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
18.20.5 Determination of Atmospheric Oxidants |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
18.20.6 Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
18.20.7 Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
18.20.8 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
18.21 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics |
|
|
532 | (7) |
|
18.21.1 Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
18.21.2 Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
Chapter 19 Fundamentals of Chemistry |
|
|
539 | (22) |
|
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
19.1.2 Gases and the Gas Laws |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
541 | (5) |
|
19.2.1 Subatomic Particles and Atoms |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
19.2.2 Atom Nucleus and Electron Cloud |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
19.2.4 Important Elements |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
19.2.6 Electrons in Atoms |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
19.2.7 Lewis Structures and Symbols of Atoms |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
19.2.8 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (4) |
|
19.3.1 Chemical Compounds |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
19.3.2 Molecular Structure |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
19.3.3 Summary of Chemical Compounds and the Ionic Bond |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
19.3.5 Mole and Molar Mass |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
19.4 Chemical Reactions and Equations |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (10) |
|
19.5.1 Solution Concentration |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
19.5.2 Water as a Solvent |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
19.5.3 Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
19.5.4 Concentration of H+ Ion and pH |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
19.5.5 Metal Ions Dissolved in Water |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
19.5.6 Complex Ions Dissolved in Water |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
19.5.7 Colloidal Suspensions |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
19.5.8 Solution Equilibria |
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
19.5.9 Distribution between Phases |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (3) |
|
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Chapter 20 Organic Chemistry |
|
|
561 | (16) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
20.1.1 Molecular Geometry in Organic Chemistry |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
20.1.2 Chirality and the Shapes of Organic Molecules |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (5) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
20.2.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
20.3 Using Lines to Show Structural Formulas |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (4) |
|
20.4.1 Organooxygen Compounds |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
20.4.2 Organonitrogen Compounds |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
20.4.3 Organohalide Compounds |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
20.4.4 Organosulfur and Organophosphorus Compounds |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
20.5 Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules |
|
|
572 | (5) |
|
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
| Index |
|
577 | |
