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Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods and Astrophysics - Two Volume Set [Multiple-component retail product]

(University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA), (National Autonomous University of Mexico, Morelia), (Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA)
  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, 700 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1723 g, 4 Illustrations, color; 300 Illustrations, black and white, Contains 2 hardbacks
  • Sērija : Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-May-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498725813
  • ISBN-13: 9781498725811
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Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods and Astrophysics - Two Volume SetPalielināt
  • Formāts: Multiple-component retail product, 700 pages, height x width: 254x178 mm, weight: 1723 g, 4 Illustrations, color; 300 Illustrations, black and white, Contains 2 hardbacks
  • Sērija : Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • Izdošanas datums: 17-May-2019
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498725813
  • ISBN-13: 9781498725811
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781498725811.html
Keywords:

As demonstrated by five Nobel Prizes in physics, radio astronomy has contributed greatly to our understanding of the Universe. Yet for too long, there has been no comprehensive textbook on radio astronomy for undergraduate students.

This two-volume set of introductory textbooks is exclusively devoted to radio astronomy, with extensive discussions of telescopes, observation methods, and astrophysical processes that are relevant for this exciting field.

The first volume, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods, discusses radio astronomy instrumentation and the techniques to conduct successful observations. The second volume, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Astrophysics, discusses the physical processes that give rise to radio emission, presents examples of astronomical objects that emit by these mechanisms, and illustrates how the relevant physical parameters of astronomical sources can be obtained from the radio observations.

Requiring no prior knowledge of astronomy, the two volumes are ideal textbooks for radio astronomy courses at the undergraduate or graduate level, particularly those that emphasize radio wavelength instrumentation and observational techniques or the astrophysics of radio sources. The set enables instructors to pick and choose topics from the two volumes that best fit their courses.

Features:

  • Explores radio astronomy instruments and techniques that are important to enable observations
  • Describes astrophysical processes that produce the radio emissions observed in different types of astronomical objects
  • Includes numerous worked examples to demonstrate how the methods are used to solve problems, in addition to advanced material for students with more extensive physics and mathematics backgrounds

Recenzijas

"Since the detection of HI at 21 cm wavelength and the discovery of CO in dark clouds, radio astronomy has been a central tool in studies of the interstellar medium and star forming clouds. This has been even more true with the advent of cm and mm interferometers, and the more recent availability of the EVLA and ALMA has transformed the study of circumstellar disks and of outflows. This two-volume set of introductory textbooks provide the essential foundation for students who plan to use radio observations in the study of molecular clouds, HII regions, and star formation. While one volume focuses on the instrumentation, telescopes, and observing methods of radio astronomy, the other deals with the astrophysical processes that give rise to radio emission. All three authors have taught radio astronomy courses, and the books are organized with questions and problems after each chapter. The books are also equipped with extensive appendices with supporting material that focus on background and technical information."

The Star Formation Newsletter No 323, November 2019

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 Introductory Material
1(30)
1.1 Brief History of Radio Astronomy
2(2)
1.2 Some Fundamentals of Radio Waves
4(6)
1.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
4(3)
1.2.2 Spectroscopy
7(3)
1.3 Finding Our Way in the Sky
10(11)
1.3.1 Sky Coordinate System: Right Ascension and Declination
10(3)
1.3.2 Observer-Centered Definitions
13(4)
1.3.3 Apparent Sizes
17(4)
1.4 Basic Structure of a Traditional Radio Telescope
21(4)
1.4.1 Parabolic Reflector
21(1)
1.4.2 Mount
22(2)
1.4.3 Feeds, Receivers, and Computer
24(1)
1.5 Radio Maps
25(3)
Questions and Problems
28(3)
Chapter 2 Introduction to Radiation Physics
31(44)
2.1 Measures of the Amount of Radiation
31(9)
2.1.1 Total Energy Emitted
31(1)
2.1.2 Luminosity
32(1)
2.1.3 Flux
32(1)
2.1.4 Flux Density
33(2)
2.1.5 Intensity
35(5)
2.1.6 Relation between Intensity and the Electric Field and Magnetic Field Waves
40(1)
2.2 Blackbody Radiation
40(12)
2.3 Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation
52(2)
2.4 Brightness Temperature
54(2)
2.5 Coherent Radiation
56(4)
2.6 Interference of Light
60(2)
2.7 POLARIZATION OF RADIATION
62(9)
2.7.1 Stokes Parameters
67(4)
Questions and Problems
71(4)
Chapter 3 Radio Telescopes
75(52)
3.1 Radio Telescope Reflectors, Antennas, and Feeds
76(18)
3.1.1 Primary Reflectors
76(4)
3.1.2 Beam Pattern
80(5)
3.1.3 Feeds and Primary Reflector Illumination
85(4)
3.1.4 Surface Errors
89(3)
3.1.5 Beam Pattern Revisited
92(2)
3.2 Heterodyne Receivers
94(8)
3.2.1 Transmission Lines
95(1)
3.2.2 Front-End Receiver Components
96(4)
3.2.3 Back-End Receiver Components
100(2)
3.2.4 High-Frequency Heterodyne Receivers
102(1)
3.3 Noise, Noise Temperature, and Antenna Temperature
102(7)
3.4 Bolometer Detectors
109(1)
3.5 Spectrometers
110(6)
3.5.1 Filter Bank Spectrometer
110(2)
3.5.2 Digital Spectrometers
112(4)
3.6 Very Low-Frequency Radio Astronomy
116(8)
3.6.1 Low-Frequency Window
116(1)
3.6.2 Antennas
116(5)
3.6.3 Receivers
121(2)
3.6.4 Radio Frequency Interference
123(1)
Questions and Problems
124(3)
Chapter 4 Single-Dish Radio Telescope Observations
127(54)
4.1 Basic Measurements with a Single-Dish Telescope
128(8)
4.1.1 Switched Observations
128(2)
4.1.2 Determination of System Temperature
130(1)
4.1.3 Measurement of Antenna Temperature
131(1)
4.1.4 Uncertainty in the Measured Antenna Temperature
131(5)
4.2 Antenna Beam
136(9)
4.2.1 Beam Power Pattern and Antenna Solid Angle
137(1)
4.2.2 Main Beam and Angular Resolution
138(3)
4.2.3 Main Beam Efficiency
141(3)
4.2.4 Detected Power from Extended Sources
144(1)
4.3 Observing Resolved Versus Unresolved Sources
145(7)
4.3.1 Unresolved Sources
145(1)
4.3.2 Resolved Sources
146(3)
4.3.3 Uniform Source That Fills the Sky
149(1)
4.3.4 Brightness Temperature versus Antenna Temperature, Beam Dilution, and Beam Filling Factor
150(2)
4.4 Spectral-Line Observations
152(3)
4.4.1 Spectral Parameters
152(2)
4.4.2 Frequency Switching
154(1)
4.5 Obtaining Radio Images
155(10)
4.5.1 Convolution with Beam Pattern
157(6)
4.5.2 Deconvolution
163(2)
4.6 Calibration of a Radio Telescope
165(5)
4.6.1 Pointing Corrections
165(1)
4.6.2 Calibration of the Gain, Effective Area, and Gain Curve
166(2)
4.6.3 Measuring the Beam Pattern and Main Beam Efficiency
168(1)
4.6.4 Calculating Antenna Solid Angle and Main Beam Efficiency
169(1)
4.7 Telescope Sensitivity Considerations in Planning an Observation
170(3)
4.8 Polarization Calibration
173(3)
Questions and Problems
176(5)
Chapter 5 Aperture Synthesis Basics: Two-Element Interferometers
181(40)
5.1 Why Aperture Synthesis?
183(1)
5.2 Two-Element Interferometer
184(2)
5.3 Observations of a Single-Point Source
186(5)
5.3.1 Response of the Additive Interferometer
188(2)
5.3.2 Response of the Multiplicative Interferometer
190(1)
5.3.3 Effect of Noise
190(1)
5.4 Fringe Function
191(4)
5.5 Visibility Function
195(5)
5.5.1 Analysis of Visibilities for a Single-Point Source
198(2)
5.6 Observations of a Pair of Unresolved Sources
200(6)
5.7 Observations of a Single Extended Source
206(3)
5.8 Coherence and the Effects of Finite Bandwidth and Integration Time
209(5)
5.8.1 Bandwidth Smearing
209(3)
5.8.2 Time Smearing
212(2)
5.9 Basic Principles of Interferometry
214(2)
Questions and Problems
216(5)
Chapter 6 Aperture Synthesis: Advanced Discussion
221(1)
6.1 Cross-Correlation of Received Signals
222(2)
6.2 Complex-Valued Cross-Correlation
224(3)
6.3 Complex Correlation of a Point Source at a Single Frequency
227(1)
6.4 Extended Sources and the Fourier Transform
228(1)
6.5 Fourier Transforms for Some Common Source Shapes
229(2)
6.5.1 Visibility Function of a Point Source
230(1)
6.5.2 Visibility Function of Two Point Sources
230(1)
6.5.3 Visibility Function of a Gaussian Profile
231(1)
6.6 Three Dimensions, The Earth's Rotation, and the Complex Fringe Function
231(6)
6.7 Nonzero Bandwidth and Finite Integration Time
237(4)
6.8 Source Structure and the Visibility Function
241(8)
6.8.1 Sky Coordinates and the Visibility Function
241(3)
6.8.2 uv-Plane
244(2)
6.8.3 Visibility Functions of Simple Structures
246(3)
6.9 The Earth's Rotation And UV Tracks
249(3)
6.10 Interferometers as Spatial Filters
252(6)
6.11 Sensitivity and Detection Limits
258(5)
6.11.1 Noise in a Visibility
259(1)
6.11.2 Image Sensitivity
260(2)
6.11.3 Brightness Sensitivity
262(1)
6.12 Calibration
263(2)
6.13 Image Formation
265(11)
6.13.1 Image Dimensions and Gridding Parameters
266(1)
6.13.2 Dirty Map and Dirty Beam
267(3)
6.13.3 Uv Weighting Schemes
270(1)
6.13.4 Cleaning the Map: Deconvolving the Dirty Beam
271(2)
6.13.5 Self-Calibration and Closure Phase and Amplitude
273(3)
6.14 Very Long Baseline Interferometry
276(2)
6.14.1 VLBI Resolution and Sensitivity
277(1)
6.14.2 Hardware Considerations for VLBI
277(1)
6.14.3 Fringe Searching or Fringe Fitting
278(1)
Questions And Problems
278(3)
Appendix I Constants and Conversions 281(2)
Appendix II Derivation of Beam Pattern 283(8)
Appendix III Cross-Correlations 291(4)
Appendix IV Complex-Exponential Form of Wave Functions 295(6)
Appendix V Primer on Fourier Transforms, with Focus on Use in Aperture Synthesis 301(12)
Appendix VI Convolution Theorem 313(2)
Appendix VII Interferometer Simulation Activities 315(8)
Index 323
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introductory Material
1(28)
1.1 Units and Nomenclature
2(3)
1.1.1 Issues with Units of Electricity and Magnetism
2(2)
1.1.2 Astronomy Units
4(1)
1.1.3 Nomenclature for Atomic Ionization States
5(1)
1.2 Radiation Measures
5(8)
1.2.1 Luminosity
5(1)
1.2.2 Flux
5(1)
1.2.3 Flux Density
6(2)
1.2.4 Intensity
8(2)
1.2.5 Polarization
10(3)
1.3 Sky Coordinates
13(2)
1.3.1 Equatorial Coordinate System
13(2)
1.3.2 Galactic Coordinate System
15(1)
1.4 Doppler Effect
15(5)
1.4.1 Classical Doppler Effect
17(1)
1.4.2 Relativistic Doppler Effect
18(2)
1.5 Cosmological Redshift and the Expanding Universe
20(3)
1.6 Distance and Age Calculations
23(4)
Questions and Problems
27(2)
Chapter 2 Propagation of Radiation
29(18)
2.1 Radiative Transfer
29(8)
2.1.1 Absorption of Radiation
29(3)
2.1.2 Emission of Radiation
32(3)
2.1.3 General Radiative Transfer Equation
35(2)
2.2 Propagation in An Ionized Medium
37(8)
2.2.1 Plasma Frequency
37(2)
2.2.2 Dispersion Measure
39(2)
2.2.3 Faraday Rotation
41(4)
Questions and Problems
45(2)
Chapter 3 Continuum Emission Processes
47(36)
3.1 Radiation from Accelerated Charges
47(3)
3.2 Thermal Radiation
50(17)
3.2.1 Blackbody Radiation
51(9)
3.2.2 Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation
60(2)
3.2.3 Brightness Temperature
62(1)
3.2.4 Thermal Bremsstrahlung Radiation (or Free-Free Emission)
63(4)
3.3 Non-Thermal Radiation
67(12)
3.3.1 Cyclotron Radiation
67(3)
3.3.2 Synchrotron Radiation by a Single Relativistic Electron
70(3)
3.3.3 Radiation by an Ensemble of Relativistic Electrons
73(2)
3.3.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation
75(1)
3.3.5 Optical Depth Effects: Synchrotron Self-Absorption
76(3)
Questions And Problems
79(4)
Chapter 4 Spectral Lines
83(38)
4.1 Emission and Absorption Lines
85(16)
4.1.1 Einstein Coefficients
85(1)
4.1.1.1 Spontaneous Emission
86(2)
4.1.1.2 Absorption
88(1)
4.1.1.3 Stimulated Emission
89(1)
4.1.1.4 Absorption Coefficient
90(1)
4.1.1.5 Relations between the Einstein A and B Coefficients
91(1)
4.1.2 Line Broadening
91(2)
4.1.3 Spectral Line Radiative Transfer
93(2)
4.1.4 Kirchhoff's Rules for Spectroscopy
95(1)
4.1.5 Collisional Transition Rates and Excitation Temperature
96(5)
4.2 RADIO SPECTRAL LINES
101(17)
4.2.1 21-cm Spectral Line of Atomic Hydrogen
101(6)
4.2.2 Radio Recombination Spectral Lines
107(1)
4.2.3 Molecular Rotational Spectral Lines
108(10)
Questions and Problems
118(3)
Chapter 5 The Cold Interstellar Medium of the Milky Way
121(42)
5.1 21-CM Spectral Line of Atomic Hydrogen
124(13)
5.1.1 Observations of the 21-cm Line
124(5)
5.1.2 Rotation Curve of the Galaxy
129(2)
5.1.3 Distribution of HI in the Milky Way
131(2)
5.1.4 Absorption Lines - Warm and Cold Gas
133(4)
5.1.5 Magnetic Field
137(1)
5.2 Observations of the Rotational Lines of Molecules
137(16)
5.2.1 Molecular Clouds
138(8)
5.2.2 Distribution of Molecular Clouds in the Galaxy
146(1)
5.2.3 Molecular Cloud Cores
147(5)
5.2.4 Astrochemistry
152(1)
5.3 Observations of the Thermal Emission From Dust
153(7)
5.3.1 Dust Extinction
154(1)
5.3.2 Dust Emission
155(4)
5.3.3 Global Distribution of Dust
159(1)
Questions and Problems
160(3)
Chapter 6 HII Regions and Planetary Nebulae at Radio Wavelengths
163(28)
6.1 HII Regions
163(9)
6.1.1 Ionization Structure of HII Regions
164(5)
6.1.2 The Temperature of HII Regions
169(2)
6.1.3 Time Scales of HII Regions
171(1)
6.2 Radio Emission From HII Regions
172(12)
6.2.1 Bremsstrahlung Emission from HII Regions
172(4)
6.2.2 Radio Recombination Line Emission from HII Regions
176(6)
6.2.3 Gas Density and Temperature from RRLs: Non-Equilibrium Effects
182(2)
6.3 The Classification and Evolution of HII Regions
184(4)
6.3.1 Classification of HII Regions
184(1)
6.3.2 Evolution of HII Regions
185(3)
6.4 Planetary Nebulae
188(1)
Questions and Problems
189(2)
Chapter 7 Radio Emission from Stellar Objects
191(34)
7.1 Solar Radio Emission
191(5)
7.1.1 The Quiet Sun
191(3)
7.1.2 Slowly Varying Component of the Sun
194(2)
7.1.3 Radio Bursts
196(1)
7.2 Radio Emission From Stars
196(5)
7.2.1 Thermal Radio Emission
196(1)
7.2.1.1 Main Sequence Stars
197(1)
7.2.1.2 Giant and Supergiant Stars
198(1)
7.2.2 Winds from Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
199(1)
7.2.3 Flare Stars
200(1)
7.3 Young Stars
201(5)
7.3.1 Proto-stellar Disks
201(2)
7.3.2 Thermal Radio Jets
203(1)
7.3.3 Molecular Outflows
204(2)
7.4 Radio Pulsars
206(16)
7.4.1 Pulsar Mechanics
208(5)
7.4.2 Pulsar Emission Mechanisms
213(3)
7.4.3 Pulsar Searches
216(2)
7.4.4 Binary Pulsars
218(1)
7.4.5 Radio Pulsars as Probes of the Interstellar Medium
218(2)
7.4.6 Supernova Remnants
220(2)
Questions and Problems
222(3)
Chapter 8 Galaxies at Radio Wavelengths
225(32)
8.1 21-CM HI Observations
227(9)
8.1.1 HI Mass of Galaxies
228(4)
8.1.2 Imaging HI in Galaxies
232(4)
8.2 Molecular Gas IN Galaxies
236(7)
8.2.1 Molecular Gas Mass
237(3)
8.2.2 Imaging CO in Galaxies
240(1)
8.2.3 Other Molecules in Galaxies
241(2)
8.3 Radio Continuum Emission From Galaxies
243(6)
8.3.1 Dust Emission
244(3)
8.3.2 Long Wavelength Radio Continuum Emission
247(2)
8.4 Distant Galaxies
249(5)
Questions and Problems
254(3)
Chapter 9 Radio Galaxies and Quasars
257(38)
9.1 Brief Overview of Active Galactic Nuclei
257(6)
9.2 Agn Model
263(5)
9.3 Morphologies, Sizes, and Spectra of Radio Galaxies And Quasars
268(9)
9.3.1 Synchrotron Spectrum from an Inhomogeneous Source
272(2)
9.3.2 Free-free Absorption of Synchrotron Radiation
274(2)
9.3.3 Inverse Compton Scattering and the Compton Limit
276(1)
9.4 Inferring Physical Conditions in Agn
277(13)
9.4.1 Spectral Index Maps
278(2)
9.4.2 Kinematic Studies
280(6)
9.4.3 Magnetic Field Estimates
286(2)
9.4.4 Electron Cooling Timescales and the Nature of Hot Spots in Jets
288(2)
9.5 The Center of the Milky Way
290(1)
Questions and Problems
291(4)
Chapter 10 Cosmic Microwave Background
295(16)
10.1 Cosmological Models
295(2)
10.2 Blackbody Nature of the CMB
297(3)
10.3 Anisotropies in the CMB
300(4)
10.4 Cosmological Parameters
304(2)
10.5 CMB Polarization
306(1)
Questions and Problems
307(12)
Appendix A Constants and Conversions 311(2)
Appendix B Mathematica Code for Calculating Age of Universe and Distances for Given Redshift 313(2)
Appendix C Complex-Valued Wave Functions 315(4)
Appendix D Derivations of the Effects of Propagation of Radiation in Ionized Media 319(12)
D.1 Basic Equations of Electromagnetic Waves
319(2)
D.2 Applications to Real Media
321(4)
D.2.1 Dissipative Media
322(2)
D.2.2 The Plasma Frequency Equation
324(1)
D.2.3 Derivation of the Wave Velocity as a Function of Frequency and the Arrival Time of a Pulse
324(1)
D.3 Derivation of the Rotation Angle of Polarization in Magnetized Media
325(6)
Appendix E Fourier Transform 331(4)
E.1 Mathematical Definition
331(1)
E.2 Example: Fourier Transform of a Gaussian Function
332(1)
E.3 Application to an Accelerated Charge
332(3)
Index 335
Jonathan M. Marr is a senior lecturer of physics and astronomy at Union College. His research involves high-resolution, radio-wavelength observations of radio galaxies and the Galactic center. He earned a PhD in astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley.

Ronald L. Snell is a professor of astronomy at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His research interests include the physical and chemical properties of molecular clouds, star formation, and molecular outflows; he also has extensive experience observing at radio wavelengths. He earned a PhD in astronomy from the University of Texas at Austin.

Stanley E. Kurtz is a professor of radio astronomy and astrophysics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. His research interests include massive star formation, the interstellar medium, and radio astronomy instrumentation and techniques. He earned a PhD in physics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison.