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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Historical Developments |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 Challenge of Flying to Space |
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2 | (2) |
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*1.3.1 Vehicle-Integrated Rocket Propulsion |
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3 | (1) |
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*1.3.2 Vehicle-Integrated Airbreathing Propulsion |
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3 | (1) |
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*1.3.3 Choice of Propulsion System: A Multi-disciplinary Challenge |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Operational Requirements |
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4 | (2) |
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1.5 Operational Space Distances, Speed, and Times |
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6 | (3) |
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1.6 Implied Propulsion Performance |
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9 | (4) |
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1.7 Propulsion Concepts Available for Solar System Exploration |
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13 | (6) |
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17 | (2) |
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2 Our Progress Appears to Be Impeded |
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19 | (24) |
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2.1 Meeting the Challenge |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Early Progress in Space |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (2) |
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2.4 Evolution of Space Launchers from Ballistic Missiles |
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24 | (5) |
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2.5 Conflicts Between Expendable Rockets and Reusable Airbreathers |
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29 | (5) |
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2.6 Commercialization and Exploration Road Map |
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34 | (9) |
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*2.6.1 Commercial Near-Earth Launchers Enable the First Step |
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34 | (4) |
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*2.6.2 On-Orbit Operations in Near-Earth Orbit Enable the Second Step |
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38 | (1) |
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*2.6.3 Earth-Moon System Enables the Third Step |
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38 | (1) |
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*2.6.4 Nuclear or High-Energy Space Propulsion Enables the Fourth Step |
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39 | (1) |
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*2.6.5 Very High-Energy Space Propulsion Enables the Fifth Step |
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39 | (1) |
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*2.6.6 Light Speed-Plus Propulsion Enables the Sixth Step |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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3 Commercial Near-Earth Space Launcher: Understanding System Integration |
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43 | (80) |
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3.1 Missions and Geographical Considerations |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Energy, Propellants, and Propulsion Requirements |
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46 | (2) |
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3.3 Energy Requirements to Change Orbital Altitude |
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48 | (2) |
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3.4 Operational Concepts Anticipated for Future Missions |
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50 | (1) |
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3.5 Configuration Concepts |
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51 | (9) |
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3.6 Takeoff and Landing Mode |
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60 | (2) |
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3.7 Transatmospheric Launcher Sizing |
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62 | (43) |
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*3.7.1 Vehicle Design Rationale |
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62 | (1) |
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*3.7.2 Vehicle Sizing Approach |
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63 | (9) |
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*3.7.3 Propulsion Systems |
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72 | (9) |
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*3.7.4 Sizing Methodology and Software Implementation |
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81 | (24) |
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3.8 Available Solution Spaces: Examples |
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105 | (5) |
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*3.8.1 Single-Stage-to-Orbit (SSTO) Solution Space |
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105 | (4) |
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*3.8.2 Transatmospheric Space Launcher: Lessons Learned |
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109 | (1) |
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3.9 Hypersonic Configurations: Geometric Characteristics |
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110 | (13) |
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*3.9.1 Configuration Continuum |
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110 | (4) |
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*3.9.2 Configuration Geometry Properties |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (5) |
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4 Commercial Near-Earth Launcher: Propulsion Choices |
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123 | (70) |
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4.1 Propulsion System Alternatives |
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124 | (1) |
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4.2 Propulsion System Characteristics |
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125 | (1) |
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4.3 Airflow Energy Entering the Engine |
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125 | (3) |
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4.4 Internal Flow Energy Losses |
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128 | (4) |
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4.5 Spectrum of Airbreathing Operation |
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132 | (2) |
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4.6 Design Space Available---Interaction of Propulsion and Materials/Structures |
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134 | (3) |
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4.7 Major Sequence of Propulsion Cycles |
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137 | (4) |
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4.8 Rocket-Derived Propulsion |
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141 | (2) |
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4.9 Airbreathing Rocket Propulsion |
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143 | (2) |
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4.10 Thermally Integrated Combined-Cycle Propulsion |
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145 | (2) |
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4.11 Engine Thermal Integration |
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147 | (1) |
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4.12 Total System Thermal Integration |
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148 | (4) |
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4.13 Thermally Integrated Enriched Air Combined-Cycle Propulsion |
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152 | (1) |
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4.14 Comparison of Continuous Operation Cycles |
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153 | (5) |
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4.15 Conclusions with Respect to Continous Operation Cycles |
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158 | (1) |
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4.16 Pulse Detonation Engines |
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159 | (3) |
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*4.16.1 Engine Description |
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159 | (1) |
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*4.16.2 Engine Performance |
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160 | (2) |
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4.17 Conclusions with Respect to Pulse Detonation Cycles |
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162 | (1) |
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4.18 Comparison of Continuous Operation and Pulsed Cycles |
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163 | (3) |
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4.19 Integrated Launcher Sizing with Different Propulsion Systems |
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166 | (2) |
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4.20 Structural Concept and Structural Index |
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168 | (1) |
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4.21 Sizing Results for Continuous and Pulse Detonation Engines |
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169 | (3) |
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4.22 Operational Configuration Concepts: SSTO and TSTO |
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172 | (4) |
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4.23 Emerging Propulsion System Concepts in Development |
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176 | (17) |
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*4.23.1 MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) Energy Bypass System |
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177 | (4) |
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*4.23.2 Electromagnetic Radiation Propulsion |
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181 | (1) |
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*4.23.3 Variable Cycle Turboramjet |
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182 | (1) |
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*4.23.4 Aero-Spike Nozzle |
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183 | (1) |
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*4.23.5 ORBLTEC Vortex Rocket Engine |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (7) |
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5 Earth Orbit on-Orbit Operations in Near-Earth |
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193 | (32) |
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195 | (2) |
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*5.1.1 Getting to Low Earth Orbit: Energy and Propellant Requirements |
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195 | (2) |
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5.2 Launcher Propulsion System Characteristics |
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197 | (4) |
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*5.2.1 Propellant Ratio to Deliver Propellant to LEO |
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198 | (3) |
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*5.2.2 Geostationary Orbit Satellite Size and Mass |
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201 | (1) |
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5.3 Maneuver Between LEO and GEO, Change in Altitude at Same Orbital Inclination |
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201 | (6) |
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*5.3.1 Energy Requirements for Altitude Change |
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203 | (1) |
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*5.3.2 Mass Ratio Required for Altitude Change |
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203 | (3) |
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*5.3.3 Propellant Delivery Ratio for Altitude Change |
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206 | (1) |
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5.4 Changes in Orbital Inclination |
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207 | (7) |
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*5.4.1 Energy Requirements for Orbital Inclination Change |
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208 | (2) |
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*5.4.2 Mass Ratio Required for Orbital Inclination Change |
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210 | (2) |
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*5.4.3 Propellant Delivery Ratio for Orbital Inclination Change |
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212 | (2) |
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5.5 Representative Space Transfer Vehicles |
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214 | (1) |
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5.6 Operational Considerations |
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215 | (7) |
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*5.6.1 Missions Per Propellant Delivery |
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216 | (1) |
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*5.6.2 Orbital Structures |
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216 | (1) |
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*5.6.3 Orbital Constellations |
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217 | (2) |
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*5.6.4 Docking with Space Facilities and the ISS |
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219 | (2) |
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*5.6.5 Emergency Rescue Vehicle |
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221 | (1) |
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5.7 Observations and Recommendations |
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222 | (3) |
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222 | (3) |
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6 Earth-Moon System: Establishing a Solar System Presence |
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225 | (18) |
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6.1 Earth-Moon Characteristics |
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225 | (3) |
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6.2 Requirements to Travel to the Moon |
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228 | (5) |
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*6.2.1 Sustained Operation Lunar Trajectories |
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230 | (1) |
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*6.2.2 Launching from the Moon Surface |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (2) |
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*6.3.1 USSR Exploration History |
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234 | (1) |
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*6.3.2 USA Exploration History |
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234 | (1) |
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*6.3.3 India Exploration History |
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234 | (1) |
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*6.3.4 Japan Exploration History |
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234 | (1) |
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*6.3.5 China Exploration History |
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235 | (1) |
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6.4 Natural Versus Artificial Orbital Station Environments |
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235 | (3) |
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*6.4.1 Prior Orbital Stations |
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235 | (1) |
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*6.4.2 Artificial Orbital Stations |
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236 | (1) |
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*6.4.3 Natural Orbital Stations |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (5) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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*6.5.3 Manufacturing and Production Site |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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7 Exploration of Our Solar System |
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243 | (68) |
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7.1 Review of Our Solar System Distances, Speeds, and Propulsion Requirements |
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243 | (3) |
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7.2 Alternative Energy Sources: Nuclear Energy |
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246 | (3) |
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7.3 Limits of Chemical Propulsion and Alternatives |
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249 | (4) |
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*7.3.1 Energy Sources and Specific Impulse |
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250 | (2) |
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*7.3.2 The Need for Nuclear Space Propulsion |
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252 | (1) |
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7.4 Nuclear Propulsion Strategies |
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253 | (3) |
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7.5 Nuclear Propulsion: A Historical Perspective |
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256 | (5) |
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7.6 Nuclear Propulsion: Current Scenarios |
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261 | (7) |
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7.7 Fundamentals of Nuclear Fission |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (3) |
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7.9 Particle Bed Reactor Technology |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (3) |
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7.14 Considerations About NTR Propulsion |
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280 | (1) |
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7.15 Hybrid Nuclear Rockets |
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280 | (2) |
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7.16 Nuclear-Electric Propulsion (NEP) |
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282 | (1) |
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7.17 Nuclear Arcjet Rockets |
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283 | (1) |
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7.18 Nuclear-Electric Rockets |
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284 | (1) |
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7.19 Electrostatic Ion Thrusters |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (4) |
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7.21 Hybrid NTR/NER Engines |
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291 | (1) |
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7.22 Inductively Heated NTR |
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292 | (2) |
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*7.22.1 Nuclear-Thermal-Electric Rocket (NTER) |
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293 | (1) |
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7.23 VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magneto-Plasma-Dynamic Rocket) |
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294 | (4) |
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7.24 Propulsion Strategies Compared |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (12) |
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302 | (9) |
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8 Stellar and Interstellar Precursor Missions |
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311 | (52) |
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311 | (6) |
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*8.1.1 Quasi-Interstellar Destinations |
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313 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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8.2 Propulsion for Quasi-Interstellar and Stellar Missions |
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317 | (5) |
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*8.2.1 Fusion Requirements and Impact on Propulsion |
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320 | (2) |
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8.3 Traveling at Relativistic Speeds |
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322 | (3) |
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8.4 Power for Quasi-Interstellar and Stellar Propulsion |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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*8.5.1 Mission Length Enabled by Fusion and Annihilation Propulsion |
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327 | (1) |
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8.6 Fusion Fuels and Their Kinetics |
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328 | (2) |
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8.7 Fusion Propulsion Strategies |
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330 | (2) |
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*8.7.1 Thermal Versus Electric Fusion Propulsion |
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331 | (1) |
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8.8 Fusion Propulsion Reactor Concepts |
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332 | (1) |
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*8.8.1 Confinement Strategies |
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332 | (1) |
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8.9 Magnetic Confinement Reactors (MCR) |
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333 | (2) |
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8.10 Mirror Magnetic Confinement Rockets (Mirror MCR) |
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335 | (5) |
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*8.10.1 Tokamak MCF Rockets |
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336 | (3) |
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*8.10.2 Comparing Thermal and Electric MCF Rockets |
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339 | (1) |
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8.11 Inertial Confinement Fusion |
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340 | (4) |
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344 | (1) |
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8.12 Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) Fusion |
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344 | (1) |
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8.13 MCF and ICF Fusion: A Comparison |
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345 | (5) |
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8.14 Magnetic-Inertial Confinement (MIC) Fusion |
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350 | (2) |
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8.15 Fusion Propulsion Summary |
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352 | (1) |
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8.16 Antimatter Propulsion |
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353 | (1) |
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8.17 Impulsive Propulsion |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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8.19 Conclusions: Can We Reach the Stars? |
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356 | (7) |
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357 | (6) |
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9 View to the Future and Exploration of Our Galaxy |
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363 | (18) |
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363 | (1) |
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9.2 Issues in Developing Near- and Far-Galactic Space Exploration |
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364 | (5) |
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9.3 Black Holes and Galactic Travel |
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369 | (3) |
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9.4 Breakthrough Physics and Propulsion |
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372 | (2) |
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9.5 Superluminal Speed: Is It Required? |
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374 | (3) |
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377 | (4) |
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377 | (4) |
| Appendix A Radiation---Risks, Dose Assessment, and Shielding |
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381 | (22) |
| Appendix B Assessment of Open Magnetic Fusion for Space Propulsion |
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403 | (34) |
| Author Index |
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437 | (14) |
| Subject Index |
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451 | |
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