Galapagos Islands: A Showcase of Evolution [Hardback]

Contents includes:

Introduction In comparison with most oceanic archipelagos, the Galapagos are
very young with the largest and youngest islands, Isabela and Fernandina,
with less than one million years of existence, and the oldest islands,
Espańola and San Cristóbal, somewhere between three to five million years.
The islands are surrounded by the Galapagos Marine Reserve which was created
in 1986 (70,000 km2) and extended to its current area (133,000 km2) in 1998,
making it one of the largest marine reserves in the world.

Sea Floor The archipelagos geology begins at the sea floor. Three major
tectonic plates Nazca, Cocos and Pacific meet at the basis of the ocean.
The Galapagos Marine Reserve is an underwater wildlife spectacle with
abundant life ranging from corals to sharks to penguins to marine mammals
almost 3000 in total. The direct dependence on the sea for much of the
islands wildlife (e.g. seabirds, marine iguanas, sea lions) is abundantly
evident and provides an inseparable link between the terrestrial and marine
worlds.

Geology: the Volcanic Surface The geologically recent volcanic eruptions
attest to the fact that the Galapagos Islands are a place born of fire. In
the last 200 years, a remarkable 50 plus eruptions have occurred, some
threatening the unique flora and fauna, some creating new land (such as the
new pahoehoe lava flow on Santiago Island) that was unseen in Darwin's time.
See also: Los Tunnels (Isabela) the islands volcanic tunnels; collapsed
lava tunnels (Santa Cruz). Volcanic peaks include: Cerro Azul and Wolf
Volcano.

Flora The origin of the flora and fauna of the Galapagos has been of great
interest to people ever since the publication of the Voyage of the Beagle
by Charles Darwin in
1839. The islands constitute an almost unique example of
how ecological, evolutionary and biogeographic processes influence the flora
and fauna on both specific islands as well as the entire archipelago. The
local ecology includes: cactus, the Bursera graveolens (the incensé tree),
carob tree, Manchineel (the poison apple tree), chala and yellow cordia, the
cat's claw, espuela de gallo. In the humid sector are the Cogojo, Galapagos
guava, Cat's claw, Galapagos coffee, passionflower and some types of moss,
ferns and fungus.

Fauna Darwins finches, mockingbirds, land snails, giant tortoises and a
number of plant and insect groups represent some of the best examples of
adaptive radiation which still continues today. Other unique species include:
flightless cormorants, giant tortoises, Galapagos penguins, which live on the
colder coasts, Darwin's finches, frigatebirds, albatrosses, gulls, boobies,
pelicans and Galįpagos hawks. There are approximately over 1,300 total
invasive species within the Galapagos Islands consisting of over 500 insects,
over 750 plants and over 30 vertebrates. Feral goats introduced by humans to
the islands for agricultural reasons had a huge impact on the ecosystem.

Human Settlements Airports on two islands (Baltra and San Cristobal) receive
traffic from continental Ecuador with another airport on Isabela mostly
limited to inter-island traffic. Settlements include: Puerto Villamil; Puerto
Ayora, Santa Cruz. The Wall of Tears (Spanish: El Muro de las Lįgrimas) is a
historical site 5 km west of Puerto Villamil on Isabela Island in the
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. It was constructed between 1945 and 1959 by
prisoners in the penal colony on the island. The Post Barrel on Floreana
Island, formerly used by sailors to pass messages to any passing ships.
Fishing In 1986 a law was passed to control fishing and over-exploitation
of Galapagos marine resources. See; fish market, Puerto Ayora.

Tom Jackson is a leading natural history writer based in the United Kingdom. As an author and contributor he has worked on more than 60 books. A zoology graduate from the University of Bristol, he has also worked as a zookeeper and in safari parks in Zimbabwe.