| Preface |
|
xv | |
| The Student Experience |
|
xvi | |
| What's New in the Ninth Edition |
|
xxii | |
| Teaching Tools |
|
xxvi | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxviii | |
| About the Authors |
|
xxxi | |
| Unit I Defining and Working with GENES |
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1 | (80) |
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1 Genes, Genomes, and Genetic Analysis |
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2 | (38) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1 DNA as the Genetic Material |
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4 | (4) |
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Experimental Proof of the Genetic Function of DNA |
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4 | (2) |
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Genetic Role of DNA in Bacteriophages |
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6 | (2) |
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1.2 DNA Structure and Replication |
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8 | (3) |
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An Overview of DNA Replication |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism as a Cause of Hereditary Disease |
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12 | (3) |
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Roots Of Discovery: The Black Urine Disease |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (8) |
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Mutant Genes and Defective Proteins |
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16 | (3) |
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Roots Of Discovery: One Gene, One Enzyme |
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16 | (3) |
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Complementation Test for Mutations in the Same Gene |
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19 | (1) |
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Analysis of Complementation Data |
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20 | (2) |
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Other Applications of Genetic Analysis |
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22 | (1) |
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1.5 Gene Expression: The Central Dogma |
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23 | (5) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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1.6 Mutation and Variation |
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28 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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1.7 Genes and Environment |
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30 | (1) |
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1.8 The Molecular Unity of Life |
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31 | (9) |
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Prokarya, Archaea, and Eukarya |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (8) |
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2 DNA Structure and Genetic Variation |
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40 | (41) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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41 | (1) |
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2.1 Genetic Differences Among Individuals |
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41 | (2) |
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DNA Markers as Landmarks in Chromosomes |
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41 | (2) |
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2.2 The Terminology of Genetic Analysis |
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43 | (1) |
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2.3 The Molecular Structure of DNA |
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44 | (7) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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Base Pairing and Base Stacking |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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DNA Structure as Related to Function |
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50 | (1) |
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Roots Of Discovery: The Double Helix |
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51 | (1) |
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2.4 The Separation and Identification of Genomic DNA Fragments |
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51 | (7) |
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Restriction Enzymes and Site-Specific DNA Cleavage |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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56 | (2) |
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2.5 Amplification of Specific DNA for Detection and Purification |
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58 | (6) |
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Constraints on DNA Replication: Primers and 5'-to-3' Strand Elongation |
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59 | (1) |
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The Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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60 | (4) |
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2.6 Types of DNA Markers Present in Genomic DNA |
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64 | (6) |
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms |
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64 | (1) |
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Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms |
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64 | (3) |
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Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms |
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67 | (3) |
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The Cutting Edge: High-Throughput SNP Genotyping |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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2.7 Applications of DNA Markers |
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70 | (12) |
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Genetic Markers, Genetic Mapping, and "Disease Genes" |
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70 | (1) |
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Other Uses for DNA Markers |
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71 | (10) |
| Unit II Transmission Genetics |
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81 | (239) |
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3 Mendelian Genetics: The Principles of Segregation and Assortment |
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82 | (38) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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83 | (1) |
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3.1 Morphological and Molecular Phenotypes |
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83 | (2) |
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3.2 Segregation of a Single Gene |
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85 | (8) |
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Phenotypic Ratios in the F, Generation |
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87 | (1) |
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The Principle of Segregation |
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88 | (3) |
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Roots Of Discovery: What Did Gregor Mendel Think He Discovered? |
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90 | (1) |
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Verification of Segregation |
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91 | (1) |
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The Testcross and the Backcross |
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92 | (1) |
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3.3 Segregation of Two or More Genes |
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93 | (4) |
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The Principle of Independent Assortment |
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93 | (2) |
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The Testcross with Independently Assorting Genes |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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3.4 Human Pedigree Analysis |
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97 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Dominant and Recessive Inheritance |
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97 | (2) |
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Most Human Genetic Variation Is Not "Bad" |
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99 | (1) |
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Molecular Markers in Human Pedigrees |
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100 | (1) |
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3.5 Incomplete Dominance and Epistasis |
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100 | (7) |
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Roots Of Discovery: This Land Is Your Land |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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3.6 Probability in Genetic Analysis |
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107 | (3) |
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Elementary Outcomes and Events |
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108 | (1) |
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Probability of the Union of Events |
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109 | (1) |
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Probability of the Intersection of Events |
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109 | (1) |
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3.7 Conditional Probability and Pedigrees |
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110 | (10) |
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111 | (9) |
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4 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance |
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120 | (39) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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121 | (1) |
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4.1 The Stability of Chromosome Complements |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (3) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (10) |
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The First Meiotic Division: Reduction |
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129 | (6) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Grasshopper, Grasshopper |
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134 | (1) |
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The Second Meiotic Division: Equation |
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135 | (1) |
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4.4 Sex-Chromosome Inheritance |
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136 | (8) |
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Chromosomal Determination of Sex |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (4) |
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Roots Of Discovery: The White-Eyed Male |
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138 | (2) |
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Pedigree Characteristics of Human X-Linked Inheritance |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Nondisjunction as Proof of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity |
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141 | (1) |
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Sex Determination in Drosophila |
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142 | (2) |
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4.5 Probability in the Prediction of Progeny Distributions |
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144 | (3) |
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Using the Binomial Distribution in Genetics |
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145 | (1) |
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Meaning of the Binomial Coefficient |
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146 | (1) |
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4.6 Testing Goodness of Fit to a Genetic Hypothesis |
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147 | (12) |
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Random Variables and Distributions |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (2) |
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Are Mendel's Data Too Good to Be True? |
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150 | (9) |
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5 Genetic Linkage and Chromosome Mapping |
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159 | (41) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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160 | (1) |
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5.1 Linkage and Recombination of Genes in a Chromosome |
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161 | (4) |
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Coupling Versus Repulsion of Syntenic Alleles |
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162 | (1) |
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The Chi-Square Test for Linkage |
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163 | (1) |
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Each Pair of Linked Genes Has a Characteristic Frequency of Recombination |
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164 | (1) |
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Recombination in Females Versus Males |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (11) |
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Map Distance and Frequency of Recombination |
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165 | (5) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Genes ALL in a Row |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (1) |
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Recombination Between Genes Results from a Physical Exchange Between Chromosomes |
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170 | (1) |
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Crossing Over Takes Place at the Four-Strand Stage of Meiosis |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (2) |
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5.3 Genetic Mapping in a Three-Point Testcross |
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176 | (4) |
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Chromosome Interference in Double Crossovers |
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177 | (1) |
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Genetic Mapping Functions |
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178 | (1) |
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Genetic Map Distance and Physical Distance |
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179 | (1) |
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5.4 Mapping by Tetrad Analysis |
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180 | (4) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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5.5 Genetic Mapping in Humans |
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184 | (6) |
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Inferring Linkage in Pedigrees |
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184 | (3) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Mapping Markers in the Human Genome |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (3) |
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5.6 Special Features of Recombination |
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190 | (10) |
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Recombination Within Genes |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (10) |
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6 Human Karyotypes and Chromosome Behavior |
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200 | (45) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (12) |
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201 | (3) |
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The Centromere and Chromosome Stability |
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204 | (1) |
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Dosage Compensation of X-Linked Genes |
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205 | (3) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Lyonization of an X Chromosome |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Pseudoautosomal Inheritance |
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208 | (1) |
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Active Genes in the "Inactive" X Chromosome |
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209 | (1) |
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Gene Content and Evolution of the Y Chromosome |
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209 | (4) |
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Roots Of Discovery: The First Human Chromosomal Disorder Identified |
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212 | (1) |
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6.2 Chromosome Abnormalities in Human Pregnancies |
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213 | (4) |
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Down Syndrome and Other Viable Trisomies |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Sex-Chromosome Abnormalities |
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215 | (1) |
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Environmental Effects on Nondisjunction |
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216 | (1) |
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6.3 Chromosomal Deletions and Duplications |
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217 | (8) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Unequal Crossing Over in Human Red-Green Color Blindness |
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220 | (1) |
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Copy-Number Variation with Reciprocal Risks of Autism and Schizophrenia |
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221 | (3) |
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Gene Duplication and the Evolution of New Proteins |
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224 | (1) |
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6.4 Genetics of Chromosomal Inversions |
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225 | (2) |
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Paracentric Inversion (Not Including the Centromere) |
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226 | (1) |
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Pericentric Inversion (Including the Centromere) |
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227 | (1) |
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6.5 Chromosomal Translocations |
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227 | (5) |
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Reciprocal Translocations |
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227 | (1) |
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Pseudolinkage in Heterozygotes |
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228 | (2) |
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Robertsonian Translocations and Trisomy 21 |
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230 | (1) |
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Translocation Complexes in Oenothera |
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230 | (2) |
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6.6 Genomic Position Effects on Gene Expression |
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232 | (1) |
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6.7 Polyploidy in Plant Evolution |
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233 | (12) |
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Sexual Versus Asexual Polyploidization |
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235 | (1) |
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Autopolyploids and Allopolyploids |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (7) |
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7 The Genetic Basis of Complex Traits |
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245 | (34) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (4) |
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Continuous, Categorical, and Threshold Traits |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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Reconciling Mendelian Inheritance with Continuous Traits |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (6) |
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Roots Of Discovery: A Maize'n Grass |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Genetics and Environment Combined |
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254 | (1) |
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Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Association |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (3) |
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The Number of Genes Affecting Complex Traits |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Narrow-Sense Heritability |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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7.4 Correlation Between Relatives |
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259 | (3) |
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Covariance and Correlation |
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259 | (1) |
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The Graphical Meaning of a Correlation |
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260 | (2) |
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7.5 Heritability and Selection |
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262 | (4) |
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Phenotypic Change with Individual Selection: A Prediction Equation |
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262 | (2) |
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Long-Term Artificial Selection |
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264 | (1) |
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Heritabilities of Threshold Traits |
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264 | (2) |
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7.6 Misconceptions About Heritability |
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266 | (1) |
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7.7 Identification of Genes Affecting Complex Traits |
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267 | (12) |
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Linkage Analysis in the Genetic Mapping of Quantitative-Trait Loci |
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267 | (1) |
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Genome-Wide Association Studies |
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268 | (1) |
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Candidate Genes for Complex Traits |
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269 | (11) |
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The Cutting Edge: Crowd-Sourced Genomics |
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270 | (9) |
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8 Genetics of Bacteria and Their Viruses |
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279 | (41) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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280 | (1) |
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8.1 Plasmids and Genetic Exchange |
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280 | (2) |
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The F Plasmid: A Conjugative Plasmid |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange |
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284 | (1) |
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8.3 DNA-Mediated Transformation |
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285 | (1) |
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8.4 Genetic Exchange and Conjugation |
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286 | (8) |
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Cointegrate Formation and Hfr Cells |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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Roots Of Discovery: The Sex Life of Bacteria |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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8.6 Bacteriophage Genetics |
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297 | (6) |
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Plaque Formation and Phage Mutants |
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297 | (1) |
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Genetic Recombination in the Lytic Cycle |
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298 | (1) |
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Fine Structure of the r// Gene in Bacteriophage T4 |
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299 | (4) |
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8.7 Lysogeny and Specialized Transduction |
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303 | (17) |
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Site-Specific Recombination and Lysogeny |
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303 | (6) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Artoo |
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304 | (5) |
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309 | (14) |
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The Cutting Edge: Surviving in a Hostile World |
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311 | (9) |
| Unit III Organization and Replication of Chromosomes and DNA |
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9 Molecular Organization of Chromosomes and Genomes |
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320 | (33) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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321 | (1) |
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9.1 Genome Size and Evolutionary Complexity: The C-Value Paradox |
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321 | (2) |
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9.2 The Supercoiling of DNA |
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323 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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9.3 The Structure of Bacterial Genomes |
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325 | (3) |
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Mobile DNA in Prokaryotes |
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325 | (1) |
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Mobilization of Nonconjugative Plasmids |
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326 | (2) |
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9.4 The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes |
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328 | (6) |
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The Nucleosome: The Structural Unit of Chromatin |
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328 | (1) |
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The Nucleosome Core Particle |
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328 | (3) |
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Chromosome Territories in the Nucleus |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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9.5 Analysis of Sequence Complexity in Eukaryotic Genomes |
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334 | (2) |
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Kinetics of DNA Renaturation |
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334 | (1) |
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Analysis of Genome Size and Repetitive Sequences by Renaturation Kinetics |
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335 | (1) |
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9.6 Unique and Repetitive Sequences in Eukaryotic Genomes |
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336 | (5) |
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337 | (1) |
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Highly Repetitive Sequences |
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337 | (1) |
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Middle-Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements |
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338 | (1) |
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Molecular Mechanisms of Transposition |
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338 | (2) |
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Transposable Elements in the Human Genome |
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340 | (1) |
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9.7 Molecular Structure of the Centromere |
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341 | (2) |
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9.8 Molecular Structure of the Telomere |
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343 | (10) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Telomeres: The Beginning of the End |
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346 | (1) |
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Telomere Length Limits the Number of Cell Doublings |
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346 | (7) |
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10 DNA Replication and Sequencing |
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353 | (29) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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354 | (1) |
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10.1 Problems of Initiation, Elongation, and Incorporation Error |
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354 | (1) |
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10.2 Semiconservative Replication of Double-Stranded DNA |
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355 | (6) |
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The Meselson-Stahl Experiment |
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355 | (2) |
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Theta Replication of Circular DNA Molecules |
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357 | (3) |
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Roots Of Discovery: Replication by Halves |
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358 | (2) |
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Rolling-Circle Replication |
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360 | (1) |
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10.3 Initiation of DNA Replication |
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361 | (2) |
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Unwinding, Stabilization, and Stress Release |
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361 | (1) |
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Formation of the Primosome Complex |
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362 | (1) |
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10.4 The Elongation Process and Proofreading |
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363 | (4) |
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Discontinuous Replication of the Lagging Strand |
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365 | (1) |
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The Joining of Precursor Fragments |
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366 | (1) |
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10.5 Terminating Replication |
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367 | (1) |
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10.6 Replication in Eukaryotes |
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367 | (5) |
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Semiconservative Replication of DNA in Chromosomes |
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368 | (1) |
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Multiple Origins and Bidirectional Replication in Eukaryotes |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (2) |
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Termination and the Problem of Telomeres |
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372 | (1) |
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10.7 Exploiting the System: DNA Sequencing |
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372 | (10) |
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373 | (1) |
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Next-Generation Sequencing |
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374 | (8) |
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11 Mutation, Repair, and Recombination |
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382 | (41) |
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Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (2) |
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Germ-Line and Somatic Mutations |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Classification by Function |
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384 | (1) |
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11.2 The Molecular Basis of Mutation |
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385 | (7) |
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385 | (1) |
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Missense Mutations: The Example of Sickle-Cell Anemia |
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386 | (2) |
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Insertions, Deletions, and Frameshift Mutations |
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388 | (1) |
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Dynamic Mutation of Trinucleotide Repeats |
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389 | (2) |
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Cytosine Methylation and Gene Inactivation |
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391 | (1) |
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11.3 Transposable Elements as Agents of Mutation |
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392 | (1) |
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11.4 Spontaneous Mutation |
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393 | (4) |
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The Nonadaptive Nature of Mutation |
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394 | (1) |
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Estimation of Mutation Rates |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (8) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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Chemical Agents That Modify DNA |
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399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
Genetic Effects of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: X-Ray Daze |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
11.6 Mechanisms of DNA Repair |
|
|
405 | (6) |
|
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Nucleotide-Excision Repair |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
11.7 Reverse Mutations and Suppressor Mutations |
|
|
411 | (3) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
The Ames Test for Mutagen/Carcinogen Detection |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
11.8 The Relationship Between Repair and Recombination |
|
|
414 | (10) |
|
Double-Strand Break and Repair Model |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Hotspots of Recombination |
|
|
416 | (7) |
| Unit IV Gene Expression |
|
423 | (226) |
|
12 Molecular Biology of Gene Expression |
|
|
424 | (42) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
12.1 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
12.2 Colinearity Between Coding Sequences and Polypeptides |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
12.3 Overview of Transcription |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
12.4 Transcription in Prokaryotes |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
Genetic Evidence for Promoters |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Messenger "Light" |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
12.5 Transcription in Eukaryotes |
|
|
433 | (3) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Promoters and Promoter Recognition |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
12.6 Messenger RNA and RNA Processing |
|
|
436 | (7) |
|
5' Capping and 3' Polyadenylation |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Splicing of Intervening Sequences |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Human Transcripts |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Coupling of Transcription and RNA Processing |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of RNA Splicing |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
Effects of Intron Mutations |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Exon Shuffling in the Origin of New Genes |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (8) |
|
Initiation in Prokaryotes |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Translational Proofreading and Premature Termination |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
12.8 Protein Folding and Chaperones |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Poly-U |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
12.9 The Standard Genetic Code |
|
|
454 | (12) |
|
Genetic Evidence for a Triplet Code |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Features of the Standard Code |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Transfer RNA and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Enzymes |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (8) |
|
13 Molecular Mechanisms of Gene Regulation |
|
|
466 | (53) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
13.1 Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes |
|
|
467 | (3) |
|
Inducible and Repressible Systems of Negative Regulation |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Stochastic Noise in Gene Expression |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
13.2 The Operon System of Gene Regulation |
|
|
470 | (8) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Inducible and Constitutive Synthesis and Repression |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Repressors, Operators, and Promoters |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
The Operon System of Transcriptional Regulation |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Stochastic Noise in Lac Expression |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Positive Regulation of the Lactose Operon |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Regulation of the Tryptophan Operon |
|
|
475 | (3) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Operator? Operator? |
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
13.3 Regulation Through Transcription Termination |
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
13.4 Regulation in Bacteriophage Lambda |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
13.5 Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes |
|
|
484 | (13) |
|
Galactose Metabolism in Yeast |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Transcriptional Activator Proteins |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
Transcriptional Enhancers and Transcriptional Silencers |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
The Eukaryotic Transcription Complex |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
13.6 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Methylation and Transcriptional Inactivation |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Genomic Imprinting in the Female and Male Germ Lines |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
13.7 Regulation Through RNA Processing and Decay |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
13.8 Noncoding RNAs and Regulation |
|
|
500 | (5) |
|
|
|
500 | (4) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Double Trouble |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
13.9 Translational Control |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
Regulatory RNAs Controlling Translation |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
13.10 Programmed DNA Rearrangements |
|
|
507 | (12) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Antibody and T-Cell Receptor Variability |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
Mating-Type Interconversion |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Transcriptional Control of Mating Type |
|
|
511 | (8) |
|
14 Manipulating Genes and Genomes |
|
|
519 | (49) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
14.1 Site-Specific DNA Cleavage and Cloning Vectors |
|
|
521 | (3) |
|
Production of DNA Fragments with Defined Ends |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
Recombinant DNA Molecules |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Plasmid, Lambda, and Cosmid Vectors |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
Insertion of a Particular DNA Molecule into a Vector |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
The Use of Reverse Transcriptase: cDNA and RT-PCR |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
14.3 Detection of Recombinant Molecules |
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
Gene Inactivation in the Vector Molecule |
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
Screening for Particular Recombinants |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (7) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
Sequencing the Human Genome |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
|
|
535 | (3) |
|
|
|
538 | (9) |
|
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Two-Hybrid Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions |
|
|
544 | (3) |
|
14.6 Transgenic Organisms |
|
|
547 | (8) |
|
Germ-Line Transformation in Animals |
|
|
547 | (4) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Hello, Dolly! |
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
Genetic Engineering in Plants |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Knockout Mutations |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Gene Expression "Knockdown" with RNAi |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
|
|
555 | (4) |
|
The Cutting Edge: Editing the Muscular Dystrophy Gene |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
14.8 Some Applications of Genetic Engineering |
|
|
559 | (9) |
|
Giant Salmon with Engineered Growth Hormone |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Nutritionally Engineered Rice |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Production of Useful Proteins |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Genetic Engineering with Animal Viruses |
|
|
560 | (8) |
|
15 Genetic Control of Development |
|
|
568 | (41) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
15.1 Genetic Determinants of Development |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
15.2 Early Embryonic Development in Animals |
|
|
570 | (4) |
|
Autonomous Development and Intercellular Signaling |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Composition and Organization of Oocytes |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Early Development and Activation of the Zygotic Genome |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
15.3 Genetic Analysis of Development in the Nematode |
|
|
574 | (8) |
|
Analysis of Cell Lineages |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Distinguished Lineages |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Mutations Affecting Cell Lineages |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Loss-of-Function and Gain-of-Function Alleles |
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
Epistasis in the Analysis of Developmental Switches |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
15.4 Genetic Control of Development in Drosophila |
|
|
582 | (13) |
|
Maternal-Effect Genes and Zygotic Genes |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Genetic Basis of Pattern Formation in Early Development |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Embryogenesis |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Interactions in the Regulatory Hierarchy |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Metamorphosis of the Adult Fly |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Master Control Genes in Evolution |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
15.5 Regulatory RNAs in Development |
|
|
595 | (3) |
|
Micro RNA-Based Regulation in C. elegans |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
miRNAs in HOX Gene Regulation |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
15.6 Genetic Control of Development in Higher Plants |
|
|
598 | (11) |
|
Flower Development in Arabidopsis |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Combinatorial Determination of the Floral Organs |
|
|
600 | (9) |
|
16 Molecular Genetics of the Cell Cycle and Cancer |
|
|
609 | (40) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
Key Events in the Cell Cycle |
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
Transcriptional Program of the Cell Cycle |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
16.2 Genetic Analysis of the Cell Cycle |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
Mutations Affecting Progression Through the Cell Cycle |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
16.3 Progression Through the Cell Cycle |
|
|
615 | (6) |
|
Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases |
|
|
615 | (3) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Cycle-Ops |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Targets of the Cyclin-CDK Complexes |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Triggers for the Gi/S and G2/M Transitions |
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
Protein Degradation Helps Regulate the Cell Cycle |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
16.4 Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle |
|
|
621 | (5) |
|
The DNA Damage Checkpoint |
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
The Centrosome Duplication Checkpoint |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Checkpoint Failure |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (5) |
|
Oncogenes and Proto-oncogenes |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (3) |
|
16.6 Hereditary Cancer Syndromes |
|
|
631 | (5) |
|
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Two Hits, Two Errors |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
16.7 Genetics of the Acute Leukemias |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
16.8 The Genomics and Transcriptomics of Cancer |
|
|
637 | (13) |
|
Pancreatic Cancer: The Mutational Landscape |
|
|
638 | (3) |
|
Pancreatic Cancer: The Transcriptiosomal Landscape |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
From Genes and Transcripts to Therapy? |
|
|
641 | (8) |
| Unit V Variation |
|
649 | (110) |
|
17 Mitochondrial DNA and Extranuclear Inheritance |
|
|
650 | (27) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
17.1 Origin and Molecular Genetics of Organelles |
|
|
651 | (4) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
The Genetic Codes of Organelles |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: A Coming Together |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
17.2 Patterns of Extranuctear Inheritance |
|
|
655 | (9) |
|
Maternal Inheritance of Animal Mitochondria |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Maternal Inheritance and Maternal Effects |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (8) |
|
17.4 Cytoplasmic Transmission of Symbionts |
|
|
664 | (6) |
|
Bacterial Symbionts of Aphids |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: How the Aphids Got PVT |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Killer Strains of Paramecium |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
17.5 Maternal Effect in Snail Shell Coiling |
|
|
670 | (7) |
|
|
|
677 | (40) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
|
678 | (13) |
|
Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
Random Mating and the Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Frequency of Heterozygous Genotypes |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
|
684 | (4) |
|
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
Genetic Variation and Linkage |
|
|
688 | (3) |
|
|
|
691 | |
|
The Inbreeding Coefficient |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
Allelic Identity by Descent |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
Calculation of the Inbreeding Coefficient from Pedigrees |
|
|
693 | |
|
Mitochondrial Genetic Diseases |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Tracing Population History Through Mitochondrial DNA |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Plants |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
17.3 Vegetative Segregation |
|
|
661 | (34) |
|
Leaf Variegation in Four-O'Clock Plants |
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
Respiration-Defective Mitochondrial Mutants in Yeast |
|
|
663 | (31) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: A Yule Message from Dr. Hardy |
|
|
684 | (10) |
|
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
18.3 Genetics and Evolution |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
18.4 Mutation and Migration |
|
|
696 | (2) |
|
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
18.5 Random Genetic Drift |
|
|
698 | (3) |
|
Loss of Genetic Variation in Endangered Species |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
|
|
701 | (16) |
|
Selection in a Laboratory Experiment |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Selection in Diploid Organisms |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Selection-Mutation Balance |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Molecular Signals of Selection |
|
|
706 | (12) |
|
The Cutting Edge: CRISPR-Casg for Disease Control? |
|
|
708 | (9) |
|
19 Molecular and Human Evolutionary Genetics |
|
|
717 | (42) |
|
Learning Objectives & Science Competencies |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
19.1 Molecular Evolutionary Analysis |
|
|
718 | (9) |
|
|
|
719 | (2) |
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Gene Trees and Species Trees |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Molecular Clock of Evolutionary Change |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
Rates of Evolution in Protein-Coding Regions |
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
Origins of New Genes: Orthologs and Paralogs |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
|
727 | (2) |
|
19.3 Where Humans Fit on the Tree of Life |
|
|
729 | (3) |
|
Evidence That Humans Are Most Closely Related to Chimpanzees |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Similarities in Genomic DNA |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Multiple Genetic Elements |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Differences Between Human and Chimpanzee Genomes |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
19.4 What Do the Genetic Differences Between Humans and Chimpanzees Mean? |
|
|
732 | (3) |
|
Molecular Adaptations Unique to Humans |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
FOXP2: A Gene Related to Language |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Gene-Expression Differences Between Humans and Chimpanzees |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
19.5 A Synopsis of Human Evolution |
|
|
735 | (4) |
|
The Cast of Characters in Human Evolution |
|
|
735 | (3) |
|
Models of Modern Human Origins |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
19.6 Genetic Evidence for Modern Human Origins |
|
|
739 | (4) |
|
Tracing Human History Through Mitochondria) DNA |
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
19.7 Measuring Human Diversity |
|
|
743 | (6) |
|
Tracing Human History with Genetic Markers |
|
|
743 | (3) |
|
The Apportionment of Within-Group and Between-Group Variation |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Tracing Human History Through the Y Chromosome |
|
|
746 | (3) |
|
The Cutting Edge: The Peopling of Western Europe |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
19.8 Genetic Adaptations Unique to Humans |
|
|
749 | (10) |
|
Amylase and Dietary Starch |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
Roots Of Discovery: Starch Contrast |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Adaptation to Parasites and Disease |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Evolutionary Adaptation Affecting Human Skin Color |
|
|
752 | (7) |
| Appendix A: Answers to Even-Numbered Problems |
|
759 | (49) |
|
Word Roots: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms |
|
|
778 | (3) |
|
Concise Dictionary of Genetics and Genomics |
|
|
781 | (27) |
| Index |
|
808 | |
