| Part 1 - Introduction |
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Chapter 1 The Background to Geographic Information Management in Local Government |
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3 | (10) |
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1.1 Why a Book on Geographic Information Management (GIM) in Local Government? |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 What Is Geographic Information (GI) and How Does It Relate to Spatial Data? |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 What Are Geographic Information Systems (GIS)? |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4 What Are the Key Features of a Typical GIS? |
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6 | (2) |
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1.5 What Distinguishes GIM from GIS? |
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8 | (1) |
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1.6 Why Is GIM Important to Local Government in Britain? |
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9 | (1) |
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1.7 How Has the GIS Industry Responded to Local Governments' Needs? |
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10 | (1) |
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1.8 What Is the Impact of the Modernizing Government Agenda? |
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11 | (1) |
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1.9 How Is the Book Structured? |
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11 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 The Development of GIS in Local Government |
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13 | (18) |
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2.1 What Methods Were Used for Handling Spatial Data before GIS? |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 Who Were the Early Pioneers of GIS? |
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14 | (4) |
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2.3 What Was the Chorley Report and What Was Its Impact? |
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18 | (1) |
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2.4 To What Extent Did the Chorley Report Lead to the Coordinated Development of GIM within Local Government? |
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19 | (3) |
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2.5 How Have GIS Spread through Local Government during the 1990's? |
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22 | (3) |
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2.6 What Progress Was Made Ten Years after the Chorley Report? |
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25 | (1) |
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2.7 How Has the Modernizing Government Agenda Affected GIS Development? |
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26 | (1) |
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2.8 What Lessons Can Be Learned from this Review of GIS Development? |
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27 | (4) |
| Part 2 - Key Elements of Geographic Information Management |
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Chapter 3 Organizational Content |
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31 | (14) |
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3.1 How Important Is the Organization to the Success of GIS? |
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31 | (1) |
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3.2 What Are the Government's Expectations of Local Authorities? |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3 What Are the Main Drivers for Change in Local Government? |
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33 | (1) |
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3.4 Who Are the Main Users of GIM in Local Authorities, and What Are Their Needs? |
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34 | (1) |
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3.5 What Are the Arguments for a Corporate Approach? |
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35 | (1) |
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3.6 Where Have GIS Been Used to Greatest Effect in Local Government? |
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36 | (2) |
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3.7 What Has Constrained GIS Potential in Local Government? |
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38 | (2) |
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3.8 What Lessons Can Be Learned Both from Local Government and Other Organizations? |
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40 | (1) |
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3.9 What Organizational Changes Are Likely to Result from GIS Development? |
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41 | (4) |
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45 | (18) |
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4.1 What Are the Main Characteristics of Spatial Data? |
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45 | (2) |
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4.2 What Are the Main Types and Sources of Spatial Data? |
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47 | (3) |
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4.3 What Is a Data Model and How Is Spatial Data Modeled? |
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50 | (3) |
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4.4 What Methods of Data Capture Are Available? |
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53 | (2) |
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4.5 What Types of Databases Are Used in GIM and Why Are They So Important? |
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55 | (1) |
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4.6 Why Is Data Quality Important and How Do We Achieve It? |
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56 | (1) |
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4.7 What Analyses Are Typically Carried Out on Spatial Data? |
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57 | (2) |
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4.8 How Do Models of Spatial Processes Help Decision Making? |
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59 | (1) |
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4.9 What Are the Main Forms of GIS Output? |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (12) |
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5.1 How Important Is Technology to GIS and GIM? |
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63 | (1) |
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5.2 Why Is It Important for Those Involved in GIM to Keep Up-to-Date with New Technology? |
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64 | (1) |
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5.3 How Does the Diffusion of New Technologies Take Place? |
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65 | (2) |
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5.4 What Are the Contents of a Local Authority's Technology Kit Bag? |
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67 | (1) |
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5.5 What Are the Main GIS Software Products Used by Local Authorities? |
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68 | (2) |
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5.6 What Are the Major Technology Trends Affecting GIM? |
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70 | (3) |
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5.7 How Do Those with an Interest in GIM Keep Up-to-Date with the New Technology? |
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73 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Approaches to GIS Justification, Selection, and Implementation |
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75 | (14) |
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6.1 How Do You Get GIS "On the Starting Blocks"? |
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75 | (2) |
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6.2 Why Is It Important to Have a Strategy? |
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77 | (1) |
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6.3 How Do You Make the Business Case? |
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77 | (3) |
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6.4 What Factors Should Be Considered When Selecting a GIS for a Local Authority? Which Are the Most Important and Why? |
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80 | (2) |
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6.5 What Is the Role of the Cost-Benefit Analysis in the Implementation Process? |
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82 | (2) |
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6.6 What Are the Main Ingredients of Successful Implementation? |
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84 | (2) |
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6.7 Why Is a User-Centered Approach Required for Successful Implementation? What Are the Training Needs? |
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86 | (1) |
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6.8 How Important Are Continuous Monitoring and Review? |
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87 | (1) |
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6.9 What Problems Are Likely to Be Faced by Organizations Implementing GIS? |
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87 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Coordinating Mechanisms |
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89 | (18) |
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7.1 What Are the Main Coordinating Mechanisms, and Why Are They Important to GIM Development? |
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89 | (2) |
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7.2 To What Extent Does the AGI Fulfill the Role of a National Center for GI as Envisaged by the Chorley Report? |
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91 | (1) |
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7.3 What Coordinating Role Has Central Government Had? |
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92 | (4) |
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7.4 What Is the IDeA, and What Is the Focus of Its Involvement in GIM? |
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96 | (1) |
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7.5 What Is the Particular Coordinating Significance of the NLPG, and What Is the Role of the NLIS and Other "N-Initiatives"? |
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97 | (2) |
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7.6 Why Was the OGC Established, and What Are Its Main Achievements? |
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99 | (1) |
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7.7 How Significant Are the European Initiatives to GIM Development in U.K. Local Authorities? |
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100 | (2) |
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7.8 What Coordination Takes Place among GI Users in Local Government? |
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102 | (5) |
| Part 3 - The Case Studies |
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Chapter 8 Introduction to the Case Studies |
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107 | (8) |
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8.1 What Is the Purpose of the Case Studies in this Book? |
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107 | (1) |
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8.2 How Have the Case Study Authorities Been Selected? |
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108 | (1) |
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8.3 What Styles and Applications of GIM Are Covered by the Case Studies? |
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108 | (3) |
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8.4 How Has the Information for Each Case Study Been Organized and Presented? |
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111 | (1) |
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8.5 How Can I Read and Use the Case Studies, Depending on My Background and Interests? |
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112 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Case Study - Bristol City Council |
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115 | (14) |
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Bristol City Council at a Glance |
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115 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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What Makes Bristol City Council Distinctive? |
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115 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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116 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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116 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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116 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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116 | (1) |
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9.1 Why Was Bristol City Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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117 | (1) |
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9.2 The Background - What Has Bristol City Council Done? |
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117 | (6) |
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9.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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123 | (1) |
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9.4 What Does Bristol City Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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124 | (1) |
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9.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS and GIM? |
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125 | (1) |
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9.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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125 | (1) |
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9.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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126 | (1) |
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9.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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126 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Case Study - Southampton City Council |
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129 | (10) |
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Southampton City Council at a Glance |
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129 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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What Makes Southampton City Council Distinctive? |
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129 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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130 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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130 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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130 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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130 | (1) |
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10.1 Why Was Southampton City Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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131 | (1) |
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10.2 The Background - What Has Southampton City Council Done? |
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131 | (4) |
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10.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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135 | (1) |
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10.4 What Does Southampton City Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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135 | (1) |
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10.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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136 | (1) |
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10.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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136 | (1) |
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10.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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136 | (1) |
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10.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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137 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Case Study - Leeds City Council |
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139 | (10) |
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Leeds City Council at a Glance |
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139 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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What Makes Leeds City Council Distinctive? |
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139 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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140 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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140 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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140 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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140 | (1) |
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11.1 Why Was Leeds City Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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141 | (1) |
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11.2 The Background - What Has Leeds City Council Done? |
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142 | (2) |
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11.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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144 | (1) |
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11.4 What Does Leeds City Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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145 | (1) |
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11.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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145 | (1) |
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11.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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146 | (1) |
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11.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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146 | (1) |
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11.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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147 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Case Study-Newcastle City Council |
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149 | (10) |
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Newcastle City Council at a Glance |
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149 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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What Makes Newcastle City Council Distinctive? |
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149 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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150 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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150 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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150 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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151 | (1) |
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12.1 Why Was Newcastle City Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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151 | (1) |
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12.2 The Background What Has Newcastle City Council Done? |
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151 | (4) |
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12.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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155 | (1) |
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12.4 What Does Newcastle City Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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156 | (1) |
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12.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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156 | (1) |
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12.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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157 | (1) |
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12.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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157 | (1) |
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12.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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158 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Case Study - Aylesbury Vale District Council |
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159 | (8) |
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Aylesbury Vale District Council at a Glance |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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What Makes Aylesbury Vale District Council Distinctive? |
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159 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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160 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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160 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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160 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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160 | (1) |
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13.1 Why Was Aylesbury Vale District Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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160 | (1) |
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13.2 The Background - What Has Aylesbury Vale District Council Done? |
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161 | (1) |
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13.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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162 | (1) |
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13.4 What Does Aylesbury Vale District Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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163 | (1) |
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13.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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163 | (1) |
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13.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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164 | (1) |
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13.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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164 | (1) |
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13.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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165 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Case Study - Shepway District Council |
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167 | (8) |
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Shepway District Council at a Glance |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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What Makes Shepway District Council Distinctive? |
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167 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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168 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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168 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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168 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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168 | (1) |
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14.1 Why Was Shepway District Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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168 | (1) |
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14.2 The Background - What Has Shepway District Council Done? |
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169 | (3) |
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14.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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172 | (1) |
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14.4 What Does Shepway District Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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172 | (1) |
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14.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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173 | (1) |
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14.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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173 | (1) |
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14.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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173 | (1) |
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14.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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174 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Case Study - London Borough of Enfield |
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175 | (8) |
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London Borough of Enfield at a Glance |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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What Makes London Borough of Enfield Distinctive? |
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175 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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176 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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176 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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176 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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176 | (1) |
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15.1 Why Was London Borough of Enfield Chosen as a Case Study? |
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176 | (1) |
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15.2 The Background - What Has London Borough of Enfield Done? |
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177 | (1) |
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15.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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178 | (1) |
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15.4 What Does London Borough of Enfield Plan to Do in the Future? |
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179 | (1) |
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15.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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180 | (1) |
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15.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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180 | (1) |
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15.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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181 | (1) |
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15.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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181 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Case Study - London Borough of Harrow |
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183 | (8) |
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London Borough of Harrow at a Glance |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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What Makes London Borough of Harrow Distinctive? |
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183 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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184 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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184 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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184 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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184 | (1) |
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16.1 Why Was London Borough of Harrow Chosen as a Case Study? |
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184 | (1) |
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16.2 The Background - What Has London Borough of Harrow Done? |
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185 | (1) |
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16.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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186 | (1) |
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16.4 What Does London Borough of Harrow Plan to Do in the Future? |
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187 | (1) |
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16.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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188 | (1) |
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16.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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188 | (1) |
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16.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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189 | (1) |
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16.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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189 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Case Study - Powys County Council |
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191 | (12) |
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Powys County Council at a Glance |
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191 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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What Makes Powys County Council Distinctive? |
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191 | (1) |
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Key Stages in the Implementation of GIS |
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192 | (1) |
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Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS |
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192 | (1) |
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Problems that Threatened Success |
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192 | (1) |
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Practical Benefits from GIS |
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192 | (1) |
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17.1 Why Was Powys County Council Chosen as a Case Study? |
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193 | (1) |
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17.2 The Background - What Has Powys County Council Done? |
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193 | (3) |
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17.3 What Organization Has It Set Up? |
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196 | (1) |
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17.4 What Does Powys County Council Plan to Do in the Future? |
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196 | (1) |
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17.5 What Were the Positive Drivers and Success Factors for GIS? |
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197 | (1) |
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17.6 What Were the Negative Factors that Threatened Success? |
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198 | (1) |
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17.7 What Have Been the Practical Benefits? |
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198 | (1) |
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17.8 What Are the Lessons for Others? |
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199 | (4) |
| Part 4 - Looking to the Future |
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Chapter 18 Future Prospects and Challenges |
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203 | (14) |
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18.1 What Are the Future Prospects for GIM in Local Government? |
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203 | (2) |
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18.2 Where Is the Computer Revolution Taking Us? |
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205 | (1) |
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18.3 What Is the Likely Impact of the Convergence of Computing and Communications? |
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206 | (2) |
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18.4 What New Technological Developments Will Have Most Impact on Local Government? |
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208 | (2) |
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18.5 What Will Hold Back the Take-Up of These New Technologies? |
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210 | (3) |
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18.6 How Are Local Authorities Meeting E-Government Targets? |
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213 | (1) |
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18.7 So What Are the Challenges for GIM in Local Government in the Future? |
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213 | (4) |
| Appendix 1 Questionnaire to Case Study of Local Authorities |
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217 | (6) |
| Appendix 2 Useful Websites |
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223 | (2) |
| References |
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225 | (6) |
| Glossary |
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231 | (4) |
| Index |
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235 | |
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