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Geographic Information Systems and Science 3rd edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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(University of California, Santa Barbara, USA), (Birmingham City University, UK), (University College London, UK), (City University, UK)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 560 pages, height x width x depth: 277x213x15 mm, weight: 1111 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Aug-2010
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470721448
  • ISBN-13: 9780470721445
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Geographic Information Systems and Science 3rd editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 560 pages, height x width x depth: 277x213x15 mm, weight: 1111 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Aug-2010
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0470721448
  • ISBN-13: 9780470721445
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780470721445.html
Keywords:
Effective use of today's powerful GIS technology requires an understanding of the science of problemsolving that underpins it.

Since the first edition was published a decade ago, this book has led the way, with its focus on the scientific principles that underpin GIS usage. It has also Provided through, up-to-date coverage of GIS Procedures, techniques and Public Policy applications. This unique combination of science, technology and practical problem solving has made this book a bestseller across a broad spectrum of disciplines.

This fully updated 3rd edition continues to deliver on these strengths.

The Third Edition of this bestselling textbook has been fully revised and updated to include the latest developments in the field and still retains its accessible format to appeal to a broad range of students.

Now divided into five clear sections the book investigates the unique, complex and difficult problems that are posed by geographic information and together they build into a holistic understanding of the key principles of GIS.

This is the most current, authoritative and comprehensive treatment of the field, that goes from fundamental principles to the big picture of:

  • GIS and the New World Order
  • security, health and well-being
  • digital differentiation in GIS consumption
  • the core organizing role of GIS in Geography
  • the greening of GIS
  • grand challenges of GIScience
  • science and explanation

Key features:

  • Four-colour throughout
  • Associated website with free online resources
  • Teacher’s manual available for lecturers
  • A complete learning resource, with accompanying instructor links, free online lab resources and personal syllabi
  • Includes learning objectives and review boxes throughout each chapter

New in this edition:

  • Completely revised with a new five part structure: Foundations; Principles; Techniques; Analysis; Management and Policy
  • All new personality boxes of current GIS practitioners
  • New chapters on Distributed GIS, Map Production, Geovisualization, Modeling, and Managing GIS
Foreword x
Dedication xi
Preface xii
List of Acronyms
xvii
1 Introduction
1(72)
1 Systems, Science, and Study
3(36)
1.1 Introduction: Why Does GIS Matter?
4(7)
1.1.1 Spatial is Special
11(1)
1.2 Data, Information, Knowledge, Evidence, Wisdom
11(2)
1.3 Systems and Science
13(4)
1.3.1 The Science of Problem Solving
13(3)
1.3.2 The Technology of Problem Solving
16(1)
1.4 A Brief History of GIS
17(1)
1.5 Views of GIS
18(8)
1.5.1 Anatomy of a GIS
22(4)
1.6 The Business of GIS
26(4)
1.6.1 The Software Industry
26(1)
1.6.2 The Data Industry
26(1)
1.6.3 The GIServices Industry
27(1)
1.6.4 The GeoWeb Services Industry
27(1)
1.6.5 The Publishing Industry
28(1)
1.6.6 GIS Education
29(1)
1.7 GISystems, GIScience, and GIStudies
30(4)
1.8 GIS and the Study of Geography
34(5)
Questions for Further Study
36(1)
Further Reading
37(2)
2 A Gallery of Applications
39(34)
2.1 Introduction
40(3)
2.1.1 One Day of Life with GIS
40(3)
2.1.2 Why GIS?
43(1)
2.2 Science, Geography, and Applications
43(2)
2.2.1 Scientific Questions and GIS Operations
43(1)
2.2.2 GIScience Applications
44(1)
2.3 Representative Application Areas and Their Foundations
45(26)
2.3.1 Introduction and Overview
45(1)
2.3.2 Government and Public Service
46(5)
2.3.3 Business and Service Planning
51(9)
2.3.4 Logistics and Transportation
60(6)
2.3.5 Environment
66(5)
2.4 Concluding Comments
71(2)
Questions for Further Study
71(1)
Further Reading
71(2)
2 Principles
73(106)
3 Representing Geography
75(24)
3.1 Introduction
76(1)
3.2 Digital Representation
77(2)
3.3 Representation of What and for Whom?
79(2)
3.4 The Fundamental Problem
81(2)
3.5 Discrete Objects and Continuous Fields
83(4)
3.5.1 Discrete Objects
83(2)
3.5.2 Continuous Fields
85(2)
3.6 Rasters and Vectors
87(3)
3.6.1 Raster Data
87(1)
3.6.2 Vector Data
88(1)
3.6.3 Representing Continuous Fields
89(1)
3.7 The Paper Map
90(2)
3.8 Generalization
92(4)
3.8.1 Generalization about Places
92(3)
3.8.2 Generalization about Properties
95(1)
3.8.3 Representation using VGI
95(1)
3.9 Conclusion
96(3)
Questions for Further Study
97(1)
Further Reading
97(2)
4 The Nature of Geographic Data
99(24)
4.1 Introduction
100(1)
4.2 The Fundamental Problem Revisited
100(2)
4.3 Spatial Autocorrelation and Scale
102(3)
4.4 Spatial Sampling
105(3)
4.5 Distance Decay
108(5)
4.6 Measuring Distance Effects as Spatial Autocorrelation
113(5)
4.7 Taming Geographic Monsters
118(1)
4.8 Induction and Deduction and How It All Comes Together
119(4)
Questions for Further Study
120(1)
Further Reading
121(2)
5 Georeferencing
123(24)
5.1 Introduction
124(1)
5.2 Place-names
125(2)
5.3 Postal Addresses and Postal Codes
127(2)
5.4 IP Addresses
129(1)
5.5 Linear Referencing Systems
130(1)
5.6 Cadasters and the U.S. Public Land Survey System
131(1)
5.7 Measuring the Earth: Latitude and Longitude
132(3)
5.8 Projections and Coordinates
135(6)
5.8.1 The Plate Carree or Cylindrical Equidistant Projection
137(1)
5.8.2 The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
138(1)
5.8.3 State Plane Coordinates and Other Local Systems
139(2)
5.9 Measuring Latitude, Longitude, and Elevation: GPS
141(1)
5.10 Converting Georeferences
141(1)
5.11 Geotagging and Mashups
142(1)
5.12 Georegistration
143(2)
5.13 Summary
145(2)
Questions for Further Study
145(1)
Further Reading
145(2)
6 Uncertainty
147(32)
6.1 Introduction
148(1)
6.2 Uncertainty in the Conception of Geographic Phenomena
149(10)
6.2.1 Conceptions of Place: Units of Analysis
149(2)
6.2.2 Conceptions of Attributes: Vagueness and Ambiguity
151(6)
6.2.3 Fuzzy Approaches to Attribute Classification
157(2)
6.3 Further Uncertainty in the Representation of Geographic Phenomena
159(7)
6.3.1 Representation of Place/Location
159(2)
6.3.2 Statistical Models of Uncertainty in Attribute Measures
161(4)
6.3.3 Statistical Models of Uncertainty in Location Measures
165(1)
6.4 Further Uncertainty in the Analysis of Geographic Phenomena
166(8)
6.4.1 Internal and External Validation through Spatial Analysis
166(1)
6.4.2 Validation through Autocorrelation: The Spatial Structure of Errors
167(3)
6.4.3 Validation through Investigating the Effects of Aggregation and Scale
170(2)
6.4.4 Validation with Reference to External Sources: Data Integration and Shared Lineage
172(2)
6.4.5 Internal and External Validation; Induction and Deduction
174(1)
6.5 Consolidation
174(5)
Questions for Further Study
177(1)
Further Reading
177(2)
3 Techniques
179(116)
7 GIS Software
181(26)
7.1 Introduction
182(1)
7.2 The Evolution of GIS Software
182(1)
7.3 Architecture of GIS Software
183(6)
7.3.1 Project, Departmental, and Enterprise GIS
183(1)
7.3.2 The Three-Tier Architecture
184(2)
7.3.3 Software Data Models and Customization
186(1)
7.3.4 GIS on the Desktop and on the Web
187(2)
7.4 Building GIS Software Systems
189(1)
7.5 GIS Software Vendors
189(3)
7.5.1 Autodesk
189(1)
7.5.2 Bentley
190(1)
7.5.3 ESRI, Inc
191(1)
7.5.4 Intergraph, Inc
192(1)
7.6 Types of GIS Software Systems
192(13)
7.6.1 Desktop GIS Software
193(3)
7.6.2 Web Mapping
196(1)
7.6.3 Server GIS
197(3)
7.6.4 Virtual Globes
200(2)
7.6.5 Developer GIS
202(1)
7.6.6 Hand-Held GIS
203(1)
7.6.7 Other Types of GIS Software
204(1)
7.7 Conclusion
205(2)
Questions for Further Study
205(1)
Further Reading
206(1)
8 Geographic Data Modeling
207(22)
8.1 Introduction
208(1)
8.1.1 Data Model Overview
208(1)
8.1.2 Levels of Data Model Abstraction
208(1)
8.2 GIS Data Models
209(15)
8.2.1 CAD, Graphical, and Image GIS Data Models
210(1)
8.2.2 Raster Data Model
211(3)
8.2.3 Vector Data Model
214(7)
8.2.4 Object Data Model
221(3)
8.3 Example of a Water-Facility Object Data Model
224(2)
8.4 Geographic Data Modeling in Practice
226(3)
Questions for Further Study
228(1)
Further Reading
228(1)
9 GIS Data Collection
229(22)
9.1 Introduction
230(2)
9.1.1 Data Collection Workflow
231(1)
9.2 Primary Geographic Data Capture
232(4)
9.2.1 Raster Data Capture
232(2)
9.2.2 Vector Data Capture
234(2)
9.3 Secondary Geographic Data Capture
236(7)
9.3.1 Raster Data Capture Using Scanners
236(2)
9.3.2 Vector Data Capture
238(5)
9.4 Obtaining Data from External Sources (Data Transfer)
243(4)
9.4.1 Geographic Data Formats
245(2)
9.5 Capturing Attribute Data
247(1)
9.6 Citizen-centric Web-Based Data Collection
247(1)
9.7 Managing a Data Collection Project
247(4)
Questions for Further Study
249(1)
Further Reading
249(2)
10 Creating and Maintaining Geographic Databases
251(24)
10.1 Introduction
252(1)
10.2 Database Management Systems
252(4)
10.2.1 Types of DBMS
253(1)
10.2.2 Geographic DBMS Extensions
254(2)
10.3 Storing Data in DBMS Tables
256(3)
10.4 SQL
259(1)
10.5 Geographic Database Types and Functions
260(2)
10.6 Geographic Database Design
262(2)
10.6.1 The Database Design Process
262(2)
10.7 Structuring Geographic Information
264(6)
10.7.1 Topology Creation
264(2)
10.7.2 Indexing
266(4)
10.8 Editing and Data Maintenance
270(1)
10.9 Multiuser Editing of Continuous Databases
271(1)
10.9.1 Transactions
271(1)
10.9.2 Versioning
271(1)
10.10 Conclusion
272(3)
Questions for Further Study
274(1)
Further Reading
274(1)
11 The GeoWeb
275(20)
11.1 Introduction
276(3)
11.2 Distributing the Data
279(5)
11.2.1 Object-Level Metadata
280(3)
11.2.2 Geolibraries and Geoportals
283(1)
11.3 The Mobile User
284(6)
11.3.1 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
285(3)
11.3.2 Location-Based Services
288(2)
11.3.3 Issues in Mobile GIS
290(1)
11.4 Distributing the Software: GIServices
290(3)
11.4.1 Service-Oriented Architecture
291(2)
11.5 Prospects
293(2)
Questions for Further Study
293(1)
Further Reading
294(1)
4 Analysis
295(130)
12 Cartography and Map Production
297(26)
12.1 Introduction
298(4)
12.2 Maps and Cartography
302(4)
12.2.1 Maps and Media
304(2)
12.3 Principles of Map Design
306(9)
12.3.1 Map Composition
307(1)
12.3.2 Map Symbolization
308(7)
12.4 Map Series
315(4)
12.5 Applications
319(1)
12.6 Conclusion
320(3)
Questions for Further Study
322(1)
Further Reading
322(1)
13 Geovisualization
323(28)
13.1 Introduction: Uses, Users, Messages, and Media
324(3)
13.2 Geovisualization, Spatial Query, and User Interaction
327(7)
13.2.1 Overview
327(5)
13.2.2 Spatial Query Online and the GeoWeb
332(2)
13.3 Geovisualization and Interactive Transformation
334(5)
13.3.1 Overview
334(1)
13.3.2 Cartograms
335(1)
13.3.3 Remodeling Spatial Distributions as Dasymetric Maps
336(3)
13.4 Participation, Interaction, and Immersion
339(8)
13.4.1 Public Participation in GIS (PPGIS)
339(1)
13.4.2 2.5-D and 3-D Representation
340(4)
13.4.3 Hand-held Computing and Augmented Reality
344(1)
13.4.4 Scientific Visualization (ViSC) and Virtual Reality
344(3)
13.5 Consolidation
347(4)
Questions for Further Study
348(1)
Further Reading
349(2)
14 Spatial Data Analysis
351(30)
14.1 Introduction: What Is Spatial Analysis?
352(3)
14.1.1 Examples
353(2)
14.2 Analysis Based on Location
355(8)
14.2.1 Analysis of Attribute Tables
356(4)
14.2.2 Spatial Joins
360(1)
14.2.3 The Point-in-Polygon Operation
360(1)
14.2.4 Polygon Overlay
361(2)
14.2.5 Raster Analysis
363(1)
14.3 Analysis Based on Distance
363(15)
14.3.1 Measuring Distance and Length
364(2)
14.3.2 Buffering
366(2)
14.3.3 Cluster Detection
368(2)
14.3.4 Dependence at a Distance
370(1)
14.3.5 Density Estimation
371(2)
14.3.6 Spatial Interpolation
373(5)
14.4 Conclusion
378(3)
Questions for Further Study
378(1)
Further Reading
379(2)
15 Spatial Analysis and Inference
381(22)
15.1 The Purpose of Area-Based Analyses
382(2)
15.1.1 Measurement of Area
382(1)
15.1.2 Measurement of Shape
382(2)
15.2 Centrality
384(2)
15.2.1 Centers
384(2)
15.2.2 Dispersion
386(1)
15.3 Analysis of Surfaces
386(7)
15.3.1 Slope and Aspect
387(1)
15.3.2 Modeling Travel on a Surface
388(1)
15.3.3 Computing Watersheds and Channels
389(2)
15.3.4 Computing Visibility
391(2)
15.4 Design
393(4)
15.4.1 Point Location
393(2)
15.4.2 Routing Problems
395(2)
15.5 Hypothesis Testing
397(4)
15.5.1 Hypothesis Tests on Geographic Data
398(3)
15.6 Conclusion
401(2)
Questions for Further Study
401(1)
Further Reading
401(2)
16 Spatial Modeling with GIS
403(22)
16.1 Introduction
404(3)
16.1.1 Why Model?
406(1)
16.1.2 To Analyze or to Model?
406(1)
16.2 Types of Models
407(10)
16.2.1 Static Models and Indicators
407(3)
16.2.2 Individual and Aggregate Models
410(4)
16.2.3 Cellular Models
414(1)
16.2.4 Cartographic Modeling and Map Algebra
414(3)
16.3 Technology for Modeling
417(1)
16.3.1 Operationalizing Models in GIS
417(1)
16.3.2 Model Coupling
417(1)
16.3.3 Cataloging and Sharing Models
418(1)
16.4 Multicriteria Methods
418(2)
16.5 Accuracy and Validity: Testing the Model
420(5)
Conclusion
422(1)
Questions for Further Study
422(1)
Further Reading
423(2)
5 Management and Policy
425(101)
17 Managing GIS
427(24)
17.1 Introduction
428(1)
17.2 The Case for GIS: ROI
429(5)
17.3 The Process of Developing a Sustainable GIS
434(12)
17.3.1 Choosing a GIS
436(5)
17.3.2 Implementing a GIS
441(2)
17.3.3 Managing a Sustainable, Operational GIS
443(3)
17.4 Sustaining a GIS---The People and Their Competences
446(2)
17.4.1 GIS Staff and the Teams Involved
446(1)
17.4.2 Project Managers
447(1)
17.4.3 Coping with Uncertainty
447(1)
17.5 Conclusions
448(3)
Questions for Further Study
448(1)
Further Reading
449(2)
18 Operating Safely with GIS
451(26)
18.1 Introduction
452(1)
18.2 GIS and Decision Making
452(2)
18.3 Organizational Context
454(1)
18.4 Geographic Information
454(5)
18.4.1 The Characteristics of Information
454(4)
18.4.2 Additional Characteristics of GI
458(1)
18.5 GIS, GI, and Key Management Issues
459(16)
18.5.1 The Law
459(6)
18.5.2 Trading in GI and the Role of Government
465(4)
18.5.3 GIS and Privacy
469(3)
18.5.4 GIS Ethics and Decision Making
472(2)
18.5.5 Public Trust
474(1)
18.6 Conclusions
475(2)
Questions for Further Study
476(1)
Further Reading
476(1)
19 GIS Partnerships
477(24)
19.1 Introduction
478(1)
19.2 Commercial Partnerships
478(1)
19.3 Spatial Data Infrastructures
479(15)
19.3.1 How It All Began
480(2)
19.3.2 SDI Partnerships at the Global Level
482(2)
19.3.3 SDI Partnerships at the Multicountry Level
484(6)
19.3.4 SDI Partnerships at the National Level
490(2)
19.3.5 SDI Partnerships at the Subnational or Local Level
492(2)
19.4 Partnerships of Individual Volunteers
494(1)
19.5 Have SDIs Been a Success?
495(3)
19.6 Nationalism, Globalization, Politics, and GIS
498(3)
Questions for Further Study
499(1)
Further Reading
499(2)
20 Epilogue: GIS&S in the Service of Humanity
501(25)
20.1 Introduction
502(1)
20.2 The Differentiated World
502(1)
20.3 Grand Challenges
503(15)
20.3.1 The Global View of Governments
503(1)
20.3.2 Challenges Amenable to Use of GIS&S
504(14)
20.4 Seeking the Root Causes
518(1)
20.5 Meeting the Challenges
519(4)
20.5.1 Why GIS&S Should Enable Us to Make a Difference
520(3)
20.6 Conclusions
523(3)
Questions for Further Study
525(1)
Further Reading
525(1)
Index 526