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E-grāmata: Geography, Nature and History of the Tropical Pacific and its Islands

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Geography, Nature and History of the Tropical Pacific and its IslandsPalielināt
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This volume provides an accessible scientific introduction to the historical geography of Tropical Pacific Islands, assessing the environmental and cultural changes they have undergone and how they are affected currently by these shifts and alterations. The book emphasizes the roles of plants, animals, people, and the environment in shaping the tropical Pacific through a cross-disciplinary approach involving history, geography, biology, environmental science, and anthropology. With these diverse scientific perspectives, the eight chapters of the book provide a comprehensive overview of Tropical Pacific Islands from their initial colonization by native peoples to their occupation by colonial powers, and the contemporary changes that have affected the natural history and social fabric of these islands.

The Tropical Pacific Islands are introduced by a description of their geological formation, development, and geography. From there, the book details the origins of the island's original peoples and the dawn of the political economy of these islands, including the domestication and trade of plants, animals, and other natural resources. Next, readers will learn about the impact of missionaries on Pacific Islands, and the affects of Wold War II and nuclear testing on natural resources and the health of its people. The final chapter discusses the islands in the context of natural resource extraction, population increases, and global climate change. Working together these factors are shown to affect rainfall and limited water resources, as well as the ability to sustain traditional crops, and the capacity of the islands to accomodate its residents.

1 An Introduction to the Tropical Pacific and Types of Pacific Islands
1(38)
1.1 The Tropical Pacific Ocean
2(6)
Rainfall in the Tropical Pacific
2(1)
El Nino and la Nina and their Effects on Pacific Island Climate
3(3)
Storms and Cyclones
6(2)
1.2 The Tropical Pacific: How Many and What Kind of Islands
8(7)
High Islands
11(3)
Low Islands
14(1)
1.3 Coral Reefs in the Pacific
15(24)
Charles Darwin and the Evolution of Atolls
22(5)
Atoll Lagoons
27(3)
Uplifted and Emergent Atolls and Islands
30(1)
Coral Reef Zones
31(2)
The Reef Rim and Coral Islands
33(4)
References
37(2)
2 Populating the Pacific
39(18)
2.1 The Original Migrants and Wallacea
39(2)
2.2 Linguistics and Migration Patterns
41(2)
2.3 The Lapita Culture
43(6)
Shifting Cultivation in the Western Pacific
44(1)
The Evolution of Naval Architecture
45(1)
Expansion into the Central and Eastern Pacific
46(2)
The Lapita and the Plight of Native Birds
48(1)
2.4 Characteristics of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia
49(8)
References
55(2)
3 European Exploration of the Pacific During the Age of Discovery
57(20)
3.1 The Portuguese, the Spice Trade and the Prelude to Pacific Exploration
57(5)
3.2 Magellan's Pacific Odyssey
62(1)
3.3 The Spanish and the Pacific Voyages of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros
63(14)
La Primera y Segunda Introduction
63(3)
The Third and Final Voyage
66(2)
A First Sighting of Islands
68(8)
References
76(1)
4 Import, Barter and Trade, and the Natural Resources of the Pacific Islands
77(34)
4.1 Domestic Animals and Plants
77(13)
Chickens
78(1)
Dogs
78(1)
Pigs
79(2)
Breadfruit
81(1)
Taro and Other Root Vegetables
81(9)
4.2 Marine Resources
90(1)
Fishing Techniques
90(1)
4.3 The Tahitian Exchange
91(7)
The European Introduction
91(2)
The Salt Pork Trade
93(2)
The Export of Breadfruit
95(1)
The Practice and Influence of Whaling
96(2)
4.4 Trade with China
98(5)
Tea for Sandalwood
98(1)
Beche-de-Mer
99(2)
Pearls and Pearl Oysters
101(2)
4.5 Exotic and Invasive Species
103(8)
Cats and Rats
104(1)
Arboreal Snakes
105(2)
Exotic Ants, Plants and Plagues
107(1)
References
108(3)
5 The Cultural and Political Impact of Missionaries and Foreign Hegemony in the Pacific Islands
111(22)
5.1 The Missionary Prelude: Polynesian Society and the Religious Pantheon
113(4)
Human Sacrifice
114(1)
Sexuality
115(1)
The Tattoo
116(1)
Infanticide
116(1)
5.2 The Arrival of The London Missionary Society in Tahiti
117(4)
5.3 How the Kingdom of Tahiti Became French
121(2)
5.4 The Misadventures of Missionaries in Melanesia
123(2)
5.5 American Business and British Missionary Influences in Fiji
125(3)
Cotton, Sugar Cane, and Blackbirding
126(2)
5.6 The Kingdom of Hawaii and How it Became American Territory
128(1)
5.7 Religious Competition on Pacific Islands
129(4)
References
131(2)
6 Pacific Islands and the Politics of Fertilizer
133(24)
6.1 Seabirds and Guano
133(5)
Guano From Peru: Not Much of It for You
136(2)
6.2 The Guano Islands Act
138(5)
6.3 From Guano to Coconuts
143(2)
6.4 Guano and the Slave and Coolie Trade
145(2)
6.5 The Nitrogen Wars and the End of the Guano Trade
147(3)
6.6 Superphosphate and the Pacific Islands
150(7)
Nauru Island, a Cautionary Tale
151(3)
References
154(3)
7 Domination of Pacific Islands in War and in the Nuclear Age
157(24)
7.1 Changes Before and After WWI
157(2)
7.2 The Militarization of the Pacific Islands
159(2)
7.3 Case Examples of Island Alteration: Midway, Palmyra and Johnston Atolls
161(5)
7.4 American Nuclear Tests in the Marshall Islands
166(7)
Fission and Fusion Bombs
169(4)
7.5 British and French Nuclear Tests and the Fallout Therefrom
173(2)
7.6 The Postwar Period of Decolonization and Independence
175(2)
7.7 Dependency, Unemployment, Emigration, and an Homage to Spam
177(4)
References
178(3)
8 Compound Issues of Global Warming on the High and Low Islands of the Tropical Pacific
181(28)
8.1 Climate Change and the Atmosphere
181(5)
8.2 High Island Environments
186(4)
The Terrestrial Realm of New Guinea and Other Western Pacific Islands
186(1)
Natural Resources and their Extraction
187(3)
8.3 Effects of Climate Change on High Islands
190(2)
Papua New Guinea
190(1)
The High Islands of Hawaii
191(1)
8.4 Climate Change on Low Islands
192(4)
Rising Sea Level
193(2)
The Special Case of the Solomon Islands
195(1)
8.5 Climate Change and Coral Reefs
196(3)
Canaries in the Coalmine
198(1)
8.6 The Marine Realms of Papua New Guinea and Kiribati
199(10)
Papua New Guinea
199(1)
The Exclusive Economic Zone and the PNG Tuna Fishery
200(2)
Marine Protected Areas in Papua New Guinea
202(1)
Climate Change and Management of Marine Resources in PNG and Kiribati
203(2)
References
205(4)
Index 209
Walter M. Goldberg (Ph.D. Biological Oceanography, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami) is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Florida International University in Miami where he held a faculty position in teaching and research for 39 years. He was one of the original ten members in a Department that now numbers more than 50 faculty. Dr. Goldbergs research encompasses coral reef biology in topics ranging from octocoral and black coral ecology and distribution, to the histology and cytochemistry of skeleton formation, published in leading journals in the field of marine science. He is also the author of  a textbook, The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms (University of Chicago Press, 2013). As the current Chair of the Undergraduate Honors Program in Biological Sciences, he teaches scientific writing to high-achieving seniors in multiple disciplines as they produce a thesis based on original research.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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