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E-grāmata: Geoinformatics in Applied Geomorphology

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Edited by (Periyar University, Salem, India), Edited by (National Remote Sensing Centre, Balanagar, India), Edited by (Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA)
  • Formāts: 397 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Jun-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040187289
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Geoinformatics in Applied GeomorphologyPalielināt
  • Formāts: 397 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Jun-2011
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040187289
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"With recent innovations in the arena of remote sensing and geographic information systems, the use of geoinformatics in applied geomorphology is receiving more attention than ever. Geoinformatics in Applied Geomorphology examines how modern concepts, technologies, and methods in geoinformatics can be used to solve a wide variety of applied geomorphologic problems, such as characterization of arid, coastal, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, karst, and tectonic landforms; natural hazard zoning and mitigations; petroleum exploration; and groundwater exploration and management." -- Publisher's website.

Recently, the many technologies relating to spatial information have been used in applied geomorphology, which examines the interaction between human activities and geological change, but until now there has not been a systematic account of that intersection. Contributors from the several geological sciences explain how modern concepts, technologies, and methods in geo-informatics can be used to solve a wide variety of applied geomorphology's problems, such as characterizing different kinds of landforms, natural hazard zoning and mitigations, petroleum exploration, and groundwater exploration and management. Annotation ©2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

With recent innovations in the arena of remote sensing and geographic information systems, the use of geoinformatics in applied geomorphology is receiving more attention than ever. Geoinformatics in Applied Geomorphology examines how modern concepts, technologies, and methods in geoinformatics can be used to solve a wide variety of applied geomorphologic problems, such as characterization of arid, coastal, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, karst, and tectonic landforms; natural hazard zoning and mitigations; petroleum exploration; and groundwater exploration and management.

Using case studies to illustrate concepts and methods, this book covers:

  • Arid environments, such as the Thar desert, West Texas, the Qatar Peninsula, and the Dead Sea areas
  • Coastal shoreline changes in Kuwait
  • Coastal zone management in India
  • Estuarine bathymetric study of Tampa Bay, Florida
  • Fluvial landforms of the Elbe river basin, Germany
  • Subsurface coastal geomorphology and coastal morphological changes due to tsunamis in the East coast of India
  • The Himalayas, Jammu & Kashmir, Western Ghats, and Precambrian terrain of South India

The result of extensive research by an interdisciplinary team of contributors, Geoinformatics in Applied Geomorphology is designed for students, researchers, and professionals in the areas of geomorphology, geological engineering, geography, remote sensing, and geographic information systems.

Preface vii
Editors ix
Contributors xi
1 Geoinformatics: An Overview and Recent Trends
1(22)
C. Jeganathan
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Blossoming of Geoinformatics
2(1)
1.3 Elements of a GIS
3(1)
1.4 Geographic Phenomena, Types, and Its Representation
3(8)
1.4.1 Spatial Data Structure
5(2)
1.4.2 Spatial Layers or Geodatabase
7(1)
1.4.3 Planimetric Requirements
7(4)
1.4.4 Errors and Data Quality in GIS
11(1)
1.5 Spatial Analysis
11(3)
1.5.1 Geostatistics
12(1)
1.5.2 Spatial Decision Support System
13(1)
1.6 Recent Trends and Future Challenges in GIS
14(3)
1.6.1 2D GIS to 3D GIS
15(1)
1.6.2 2D, 3D GIS to 4D GIS
15(1)
1.6.3 Crisp Data to Fuzzy Data
16(1)
1.6.4 Closed to Open Environment
16(1)
1.7 Conclusion
17(2)
References
19(4)
2 Airborne Laser Scanning and Very High-Resolution Satellite Data for Geomorphological Mapping in Parts of Elbe River Valley, Germany
23(16)
Siddan Anbazhagan
Marco Trommler
Elmar Csaplovics
2.1 Introduction
23(2)
2.2 Study Area
25(1)
2.3 Data Used
26(1)
2.4 Methodology
26(2)
2.4.1 Processing of Very High-Resolution Satellite Data
26(1)
2.4.2 Airborne Laser Scanning and DSM Generation
27(1)
2.4.3 Integration of Very High-Resolution Satellite Data with DSM
27(1)
2.5 Results and Discussion
28(7)
2.5.1 Land Use and Land Cover
28(1)
2.5.2 Geomorphology
28(2)
2.5.2.1 River Terraces
30(1)
2.5.2.2 Talus/Screes
30(1)
2.5.2.3 Escarpments and Terrace Surfaces
31(2)
2.5.2.4 Cuestas and Hogback Complexes
33(1)
2.5.2.5 Mesa
33(1)
2.5.2.6 Drainages and Valleys
34(1)
2.6 Conclusion
35(1)
Acknowledgment
36(1)
References
36(3)
3 Geoinformatics in Spatial and Temporal Analyses of Wind Erosion in Thar Desert
39(24)
Amal Kar
3.1 Introduction
39(2)
3.1.1 Issues
41(1)
3.2 Objectives
41(1)
3.2.1 Climate and Population
42(1)
3.3 Methodology
42(4)
3.3.1 Data Sources
42(2)
3.3.2 Measurement of Driving Force and Pressure Variables
44(2)
3.4 Results and Discussion
46(4)
3.4.1 Sand Reactivation
46(4)
3.5 Quantification of Cultivation and Grazing Pressures
50(4)
3.5.1 Cultivation Pressure
50(1)
3.5.2 Grazing Pressure
50(3)
3.5.3 Multicriteria Evaluation of Desertification
53(1)
3.6 From Local to Regional: Flagging the Key Variables
54(5)
3.6.1 Will Groundwater Irrigation Lead to Wind Erosion?
55(2)
3.6.2 Tractor-Ploughing and Atmospheric Dust Load: Is There a Pattern?
57(2)
3.7 Conclusion
59(1)
References
60(3)
4 Remote Sensing and GIS for Coastal Zone Management: Indian Experience
63(24)
Debashis Mitra
4.1 Introduction
63(3)
4.1.1 Problems and Issues in Coastal Developments
64(1)
4.1.2 Value of Coastal Resources
65(1)
4.1.3 Growth in Coastal Population
65(1)
4.2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management
66(4)
4.2.1 Critical Issues of Coastal Zone Management in India
68(1)
4.2.2 Coastal Geomorphology and Coastal Management
69(1)
4.3 Coastal Habitats
70(4)
4.4 Coastal Processes
74(5)
4.5 Coastal Hazards
79(2)
4.6 Potential Fishing Zone
81(1)
4.7 Primary Applications of Remote Sensing for Coastal Zone Study
81(3)
4.7.1 Major Projects Carried Out along the Indian Coast Using Remote Sensing Data
83(1)
4.8 Conclusion
84(1)
References
84(3)
5 Kuwait Coastline Evolution during 1989-2007
87(18)
S. Neelamani
S. Uddin
Siddan Anbazhagan
5.1 Introduction
87(2)
5.2 Remote Sensing and Data Sources
89(2)
5.3 Methodology
91(3)
5.3.1 Correction of Datasets
92(1)
5.3.2 Cartographic Base Mapping
92(1)
5.3.3 Density Slicing
92(1)
5.3.4 Band Ratios
93(1)
5.3.5 Field Verification
94(1)
5.4 Results and Discussion
94(6)
5.5 Conclusions
100(2)
Acknowledgments
102(1)
References
102(3)
6 Detecting Estuarine Bathymetric Changes with Historical Nautical Data and GIS
105(14)
Xiaojun Yang
Tao Zhang
6.1 Introduction
105(1)
6.2 Study Site
106(2)
6.3 Research Methodology
108(4)
6.3.1 Data Sources
108(1)
6.3.2 Vertical Datum Calibration
109(2)
6.3.3 Modeling Bathymetric Surfaces and Change Detection
111(1)
6.4 Results
112(2)
6.5 Conclusions and Further Research
114(1)
Acknowledgments
115(1)
References
116(3)
7 High-Resolution Mapping, Modeling, and Evolution of Subsurface Geomorphology Using Ground-Penetrating Radar Techniques
119(22)
Victor J. Loveson
Anup R. Gjuar
7.1 Introduction
120(1)
7.2 Principles of GPR
120(3)
7.3 Advantages of GPR Applications
123(1)
7.4 Limitation of GPR Application
124(1)
7.5 Geological Application Using GPR
124(1)
7.6 Scope of the Present Case Studies and Objectives
125(1)
7.7 GPR in Coastal Studies
126(1)
7.8 Case Studies
127(10)
7.8.1 Materials and Methodologies
127(3)
7.8.2 Paleo-Geomorphic Units
130(1)
7.8.3 Flood Plain
130(1)
7.8.4 Dune System
131(1)
7.8.5 Intertidal Zone
131(1)
7.8.6 Paleo-Lagoon
131(1)
7.8.7 Buried Beach Ridges and Swale System
132(1)
7.8.8 Paleo-Environment and Processes
132(1)
7.8.9 Paleo-Lagoon
133(1)
7.8.10 Saltwater Wedge
134(1)
7.8.11 Localized Shallow Aquifers
135(1)
7.8.12 Paleo-Beach
136(1)
7.8.13 Salt- and Freshwater Interaction Zone
136(1)
7.9 Conclusion
137(1)
Acknowledgments
137(1)
References
137(4)
8 Remote Sensing in Tectonic Geomorphic Studies: Selected Illustrations from the Northwestern Frontal Himalaya, India
141(22)
G. Philip
8.1 Introduction
141(2)
8.2 Tectonic Landforms vis-a-vis Active Faults for Seismic Hazard Evaluation in Himalaya
143(1)
8.3 Case Studies
144(16)
8.3.1 Singhauli Active Fault in the HFT Zone
144(4)
8.3.2 Pinjaur Dun: Intramontane Valley between HFT and MBT
148(1)
8.3.2.1 Nangal---Jhandian Active Fault System
149(1)
8.3.2.2 Bari---Batauli Active Fault System
150(2)
8.3.2.3 Majotu Active Fault System
152(2)
8.3.3 Kangra Valley: Near the Vicinity of the MBT Zone
154(6)
8.4 Conclusion
160(1)
Acknowledgments
160(1)
References
160(3)
9 Strain Accumulation Studies between Antarctica and India by Geodetically Tying the Two Continents with GPS Measurements
163(12)
N. Ravi Kumar
E.C. Malaimani
S.V.R.R. Rao
A. Akilan
K. Abilash
9.1 Introduction
163(1)
9.2 GPS Data Acquisition
164(1)
9.3 Global Network Stations
165(1)
9.4 GPS Data Processing and Analysis
165(3)
9.5 Results and Discussion
168(4)
9.5.1 Elastic Strain Accumulation
171(1)
9.6 Conclusion
172(1)
Acknowledgments
172(1)
References
173(2)
10 Indian Ocean Basin Deformation Studies by Episodic GPS Campaigns in the Islands Surrounding India
175(12)
E.C. Malaimani
N. Ravi Kumar
A. Akilan
K. Abilash
10.1 Introduction
175(2)
10.2 GPS Data Acquisition and Analysis
177(3)
10.3 Results and Discussion
180(3)
10.3.1 Indian Plate Motion
181(1)
10.3.2 Indian Plate Rigidity
181(2)
10.4 Conclusion
183(1)
Acknowledgments
184(1)
References
184(3)
11 Remote Sensing and GIS in Groundwater Evaluation in Hilly Terrain of Jammu and Kashmir
187(18)
G.S. Reddy
S.K. Subramanian
P.K. Srivastava
11.1 Introduction
187(1)
11.2 Advantage of Satellite Data in Groundwater Study
188(1)
11.3 Study Area
189(1)
11.4 Data Used
189(2)
11.5 Methodology
191(1)
11.6 Analyses of Factors Controlling Groundwater
191(6)
11.6.1 Geomorphology/Landforms
191(1)
11.6.2 Rock Types
192(2)
11.6.3 Geological Structures
194(1)
11.6.4 Recharge Condition
195(2)
11.7 Ranking and Weightage Assignment to Parameters
197(3)
11.8 Validation
200(1)
11.9 Conclusions
201(2)
Acknowledgments
203(1)
References
203(2)
12 Remote Sensing in Delineating Deep Fractured Aquifer Zones
205(26)
Siddan Anbazhagan
Balamurugan Guru
T.K. Biswal
12.1 Introduction
205(2)
12.2 Study Area
207(1)
12.3 Materials and Methods
208(1)
12.4 Geology and Hydrogeology
208(1)
12.5 Interpretation of Lineaments
209(12)
12.6 Geophysical Resistivity Survey
221(1)
12.7 Results and Discussion
222(2)
12.8 Conclusion
224(2)
Acknowledgments
226(1)
References
226(5)
13 Remote Sensing and GIS for Locating Artificial Recharge Structures for Groundwater Sustainability
231(18)
S.K. Subramanian
G.S. Reddy
13.1 Introduction
231(2)
13.2 Satellite Image: Input Database
233(1)
13.3 Hydrogeological Units and Recharge Conditions
234(3)
13.3.1 Study and Analysis of Factors
235(1)
13.3.2 Derivation of Hydrogeological Units
236(1)
13.4 Prioritization of Hydrogeological Units
237(2)
13.4.1 Criteria for Prioritization
237(2)
13.5 Estimation of Surface Water Available for Recharge
239(1)
13.6 Selection of Site-Specific Recharge Structures
240(6)
13.7 Development of Decision Support System
246(1)
13.8 Conclusion
246(1)
Acknowledgments
247(1)
References
247(2)
14 Fuzzy Arithmetic Approach to Characterize Aquifer Vulnerability Considering Geologic Variability and Decision Makers' Imprecision
249(20)
Venkatesh Uddameri
Vivekanand Honnungar
14.1 Introduction
249(3)
14.2 Methodology
252(3)
14.2.1 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Numbers
252(1)
14.2.2 Fuzzy Mathematics
252(2)
14.2.3 Fuzzy Aquifer Vulnerability Characterization
254(1)
14.2.4 Defuzzification of the Composite Fuzzy Vulnerability Index
254(1)
14.3 Illustrative Case Study
255(5)
14.3.1 Study Area and Data Compilation
255(1)
14.3.2 Development of Fuzzy Ratings and Weights
255(3)
14.3.3 Model Implementation
258(2)
14.4 Results and Discussion
260(3)
14.4.1 Exact and Approximate Fuzzy Arithmetic Schemes for Vulnerability Calculations
260(1)
14.4.2 Comparison of Fuzzy and Crisp DRASTIC Maps
261(2)
14.5 Conclusions
263(2)
Acknowledgments
265(1)
References
266(3)
15 Remote Sensing and GIS in Petroleum Exploration
269(22)
D.S. Mitra
15.1 Basic Concept of Petroleum Occurrences and Entrapment
269(1)
15.2 Petroleum Exploration
270(1)
15.3 Remote Sensing and GIS in Petroleum Exploration
271(1)
15.4 Remote Sensing in Exposed Basin
271(7)
15.4.1 Recognition of Rock Types
272(1)
15.4.2 Recognition of Exposed Structures
272(4)
15.4.3 Prospect Identification
276(2)
15.5 Remote Sensing in Onshore Covered Basin
278(4)
15.5.1 Recognition of Obscured/Buried Structure
278(4)
15.5.2 Prospect Identification
282(1)
15.6 Remote Sensing in Offshore Basins
282(3)
15.6.1 Satellite Altimetry
283(1)
15.6.2 Side-Scan Sonar Surveys
284(1)
15.6.3 Offshore Oil Seepage Mapping
284(1)
15.7 Conclusions
285(1)
Acknowledgments
286(1)
References
286(5)
16 Geoinformatics in Terrain Analysis and Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Part of Western Ghats, India
291(26)
Siddan Anbazhagan
K.S. Sajinkumar
16.1 Introduction
291(1)
16.2 Study Area
292(1)
16.3 Materials and Method
293(1)
16.4 Rainfall
294(1)
16.5 Conditioning and Triggering Factors
295(13)
16.5.1 Geological Setup
295(1)
16.5.2 Structure and Tectonic Landforms
296(4)
16.5.3 Geomorphology
300(1)
16.5.4 Slope
301(2)
16.5.5 Relative Relief
303(1)
16.5.6 Drainage Analysis
304(1)
16.5.7 Soils
305(1)
16.5.8 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping
306(2)
16.6 Spatial Analysis for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
308(1)
16.6.1 Reclassification of Thematic Maps
308(1)
16.6.2 Ranking and Weightage Assignment
309(1)
16.7 Results and Discussion
309(3)
16.8 Conclusion
312(2)
Acknowledgments
314(1)
References
314(3)
17 Impact of Tsunami on Coastal Morphological Changes in Nagapattinam Coast, India
317(18)
E. Saranathan
V. Rajesh Kumar
M. Kannan
17.1 Introduction
317(1)
17.2 Region of Study, Nagapattinam District
318(2)
17.3 Geomorphological Mapping
320(7)
17.3.1 Pre-Tsunami Geomorphological Mapping
320(3)
17.3.2 Field Survey and Mapping after Tsunami
323(1)
17.3.2.1 Determination of Land Elevation
323(2)
17.3.2.2 Determination of Tsunami Run-Up Heights
325(1)
17.3.2.3 Contour Mapping
325(2)
17.4 Results and Discussion
327(3)
17.5 Conclusion
330(1)
Acknowledgments
331(1)
References
332(3)
18 Remote Sensing for Glacier Morphological and Mass Balance Studies
335(14)
Pratima Pandey
G. Venkataraman
18.1 Introduction
335(2)
18.2 Remote Sensing in Glacier Morphological Study
337(2)
18.2.1 Interpretation of Glacier Features
338(1)
18.2.2 Samudra Tapu Glacier: A Case Study
339(1)
18.3 Remote Sensing in Snow Cover Mapping
339(2)
18.3.1 Snow/Cloud Discrimination Using NDSI
340(1)
18.4 Remote Sensing in Monitoring of Glacier Retreat
341(1)
18.5 Remote Sensing in Glacier Mass Balance Studies
342(5)
18.5.1 AAR-ELA Method
342(2)
18.5.2 Chhota Shigri Glacier: A Case Study for AAR/ELA Method
344(2)
18.5.3 Glacier Mass Balance Estimation Using Time Series DEM
346(1)
18.5.4 Case Study for DEM Method
346(1)
18.6 Conclusion
347(1)
Acknowledgments
347(1)
References
347(2)
19 Geomorphology and Development Mechanism of Sinkholes in Arid Regions with Emphasis on West Texas, Qatar Peninsula, and Dead Sea Area
349(22)
Fares M. Howari
Abdulali Sadiq
19.1 Introduction
349(1)
19.2 Geoinformatics in Sinkholes Studies
350(1)
19.3 Sinkholes and Rock Types
351(1)
19.4 Sinkholes of West Texas
352(5)
19.5 Sinkholes of Qatar
357(4)
19.6 Sinkholes in Dead Sea---Jordan Valley
361(4)
19.7 Environmental Impacts of Sinkholes
365(1)
19.8 Conclusion
366(1)
References
366(5)
Index 371
Prof. Siddan Anbazhagan is Director, Centre for Geoinformatics and Planetary studies, and Head, Department of Geology at Periyar University, India. He obtained PhD from Bharathidasan University (1995) and was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship for his post-doctoral research in Germany. Dr. Anbazhagans research interests include remote sensing and GIS for applied geomorphology, hydrogeology and disaster mitigation. His current area of interest is planetary remote sensing. His research has been funded by ISRO, DST, MHRD and UGC. Anbazhagan has authored or co-authored more than 60 publications including an edited book on Exploration Geology and Geoinformatics. He serves as a reviewer for several remote sensing, environmental and water resources journals. He currently serves as Syndicate member and Coordinator for Research & Development in the Periyar University.



Dr. S.K.Subramanian is a Senior Scientist, heading Hydrogeology Division at National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, India, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). He completed his higher education from IIT Bombay and Indian School of Mines. Dr. Subramanian has more than 30 years of professional experience in Remote Sensing and Geomorphology. He has coordinated number of National mission projects including Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD), National (Natural) Resources Information System (NRIS), Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) and National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) especially in Geomorphology and Groundwater. In addition, he has been involved in several research projects including geomorphologic evolution of West Coast, mass movement in the Kosi catchment, geomorphology of Nepal, Chambal Ayacut of Rajasthan state and integrated studies and mapping of Dubai, UAE. He has authored or co-authored nearly 50 publications.

Xiaojun Yang is within the Geography Department of Florida State University, USA. He obtained BS in Geology from the Chinese University of Geosciences (CUG) (1986), MS in Paleontology from CUG's Beijing Graduate School (1989), MS in Applied Geomorphology from ITC (1995), and PhD in Geography from the University of Georgia (2000). His research interest includes the development of geospatial information science and technologies with applications in environmental and urban domains. His research has been funded by EPA, NSF, and NASA. He has authored or co-authored more than 80 publications including three books and six journal theme/special issues. He was Guest Editor for Environmental Management, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Photogrametrical Engineering and Remote Sensing, International Journal of Remote Sensing, and Computer, Environment and Urban Systems. He currently serves as Chair, Commission on Mapping from Satellite Imagery, International Cartographic Association.
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