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E-grāmata: German: An Essential Grammar

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(University of Melbourne, Australia)
  • Formāts: 288 pages
  • Sērija : Routledge Essential Grammars
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Jan-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780203018583
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German: An Essential GrammarPalielināt
  • Formāts: 288 pages
  • Sērija : Routledge Essential Grammars
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Jan-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780203018583
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A practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern German. Presenting a fresh description of the language, this work sets out the complexities of German in short, readable sections. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education classes.

German: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern German. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of German in short, readable sections.

Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult education classes, key features include:

  • focus on the morphology and syntax of the language
  • clear explanations of grammatical terms
  • full use of authentic examples
  • a detailed contents list and index for easy access to information.

With an emphasis on the German native speakers use today, German: An Essential Grammar will help students to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence.

Introduction xi
Abbreviations xv
Chapter 1 Pronunciation 1
1.1 Vowels
1
1.2 Diphthongs
3
1.3 Consonants
3
1.4 Stress
7
1.5 Regional variants
8
Chapter 2 Spelling 9
2.1 Indicating vowel length
9
2.2 Use of the Umlaut
9
2.3 Use of capital letters
10
2.4 Use of the hyphen
10
2.5 The new spelling
11
2.6 The alphabet
12
Chapter 3 Punctuation 13
3.1 Commas
13
3.2 Colons with direct speech
15
3.3 Inverted commas/quotation marks
15
3.4 Exclamation marks
16
Chapter 4 Case 17
4.1 Case endings on nouns
18
4.2 Other uses of the nominative case
20
4.3 Other uses of the accusative case
20
4.4 The genitive case
21
4.5 Other uses of the dative case
22
4.6 Nouns in apposition
23
4.7 Order of cases in paradigms
24
Chapter 5 Articles and other determiners 25
5.1 The definite article
25
5.2 Other determiners inflected like der/die/das
29
5.3 The indefinite article
30
5.4 Other determiners inflected like ein
32
5.5 Indefinite pronouns used as determiners
32
Chapter 6 Nouns 33
6.1 Gender of nouns
33
6.2 Pluralization of nouns
37
6.3 Diminutization of nouns
41
6.4 Names of towns
42
6.5 Names of countries
44
6.6 Feminizing agents
44
6.7 Adjectival nouns
45
6.8 Compound nouns
47
6.9 Nouns in apposition (see 4.6)
48
Chapter 7 Pronouns 49
7.1 Personal pronouns
49
7.2 Possessives
58
7.3 Reflexive pronouns
60
7.4 Demonstrative pronouns
63
7.5 Interrogative pronouns
63
7.6 Relative pronouns
64
7.7 Indefinite pronouns
69
Chapter 8 Adjectives 75
8.1 Rules for inflection
76
8.1.1 The der/die/das (weak) endings
76
8.1.2 The ein/eine/ein (mixed) endings
76
8.1.3 The unpreceded adjectival (strong) endings
77
8.1.4 Adjectival endings after indefinite pronouns
78
8.1.5 Indeclinable adjectives
78
8.2 Comparative of adjectives and adverbs
79
8.3 Superlative of adjectives and adverbs
81
8.4 Predicate adjectives followed by a prepositional object
83
Chapter 9 Adverbs 86
9.1 Adverbs that are also adjectives
86
9.2 Comparative and superlative of adverbs
87
9.3 Intensifying adverbs
87
9.4 Adverbs of time
88
9.5 Adverbs of place and direction
100
9.6 Adverbs of manner and degree
102
9.7 Interrogative adverbs
102
Chapter 10 Verbs 105
10.1 Formation of tenses
106
10.1.1 The present tense
106
10.1.2 The future tense
111
10.1.3 The imperative
113
10.1.4 The imperfect tense
115
10.1.5 The perfect tense
120
10.1.6 The pluperfect tense
127
10.1.7 The future perfect tense
128
10.1.8 The conditional tense
128
10.1.9 The conditional perfect tense
129
10.2 Modal auxiliary verbs
131
10.2.1 Double infinitive constructions
135
10.2.2 Modals used with perfective infinitives
138
10.3 The subjunctive
138
10.3.1 The subjunctive I
139
10.3.2 The subjunctive II
141
10.4 The passive
145
10.5 The infinitive
151
10.5.1 Characteristics of the infinitive
151
10.5.2 Rules for the use of zu with infinitives
152
10.5.3 Use of um...zu before infinitives
153
10.5.4 Double infinitive constructions (see 10.2.1)
154
10.5.5 The infinitive used as a noun
154
10.6 Participles
154
10.6.1 Present participles
154
10.6.2 Past participles
155
10.6.3 Use of present and past participles in extended adjectival phrases (see 7.6.4)
155
10.7 Progressive tenses
156
10.8 Reflexive verbs
157
10.9 Verbal prefixes
157
10.9.1 Verbs with separable prefixes (separable verbs)
157
10.9.2 Verbs with inseparable prefixes (inseparable verbs)
159
10.9.3 Verbs with variable prefixes (separable or inseparable verbs)
160
10.10 Verbs followed by prepositional objects
161
10.10.1 Use of prepositional adverbs before subordinate clauses
169
10.11 Transitive and intransitive verbs
170
10.11.1 Use of sein and lassen with intransitive verbs
171
10.11.2 Intransitive verbs and the passive
172
10.12 List of irregular verbs
172
10.12.1 Alphabetical list of irregular verbs
178
Chapter 11 Conjunctions 183
11.1 Coordinating conjunctions
184
11.2 Subordinating conjunctions
185
11.3 Conjunctions introducing infinitive clauses
192
11.4 Correlative conjunctions
193
Chapter 12 Prepositions I I95
12.1 Prepositions that take the accusative case
196
12.2 Prepositions that take the dative case
199
12.3 Prepositions that take both the accusative and the dative case
207
12.4 Prepositions that take the genitive case
210
12.5 Contraction of prepositions with the definite article
213
12.6 How to translate 'to' into German
214
Chapter 13 Numerals 217
13.1 Cardinal numerals
217
13.2 Ordinal numerals
219
13.3 Fractions
221
13.4 Arithmetic/calculation
222
13.5 Age
222
13.6 Money
223
13.7 Telling the time
223
13.8 Dates
225
13.9 Weights
226
13.10 Measurement
227
13.11 School marks/grades
228
Chapter 14 Negation 230
14.1 Position of nicht (not) and nie(mals) (never)
230
14.2 Notes on negatives
232
Chapter 15 Common German abbreviations 237
Appendix 1: List of countries, inhabitants and adjectives/languages 238
Index 252


Bruce Donaldson
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97802030185832e.html
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