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Global Climate Change and U.S. Law 2nd Edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 899 pages, height x width x depth: 254x180x44 mm, weight: 1561 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Aug-2015
  • Izdevniecība: American Bar Association
  • ISBN-10: 1627227415
  • ISBN-13: 9781627227414
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 899 pages, height x width x depth: 254x180x44 mm, weight: 1561 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Aug-2015
  • Izdevniecība: American Bar Association
  • ISBN-10: 1627227415
  • ISBN-13: 9781627227414
A vast body of U.S. law relevant to climate change has developed since publication of the first edition of Global Climate Change and U.S. Law in 2007, even while Congress has failed to pass a new comprehensive statute to address the climate challenge. This domestic legal regime, covered comprehensively in this updated volume, consists of federal greenhouse gas regulations issued under the Clean Air Act and federal energy efficiency statutes, new disclosure requirements imposed under the securities laws, as well as a variety of state and local initiatives and common law decisions by the courts. Recognizing that climate change is largely an energy problem, this edition adds a completely new section on energy regulation. Additional chapters now cover cap-and-trade regimes, climate-related water issues, agriculture and forestry, and the use of non-climate international agreements to reduce emissions and address climate impacts. The final new section focuses on issues previously seen as marginal but now of growing importance: climate adaptation, carbon capture and sequestration and geoengineering. Part I: Overview and Context Part II U.S. Federal Regulation and Litigation Part III: Regional, State, and Local Actions Part IV: Energy Regulation Part V: The Next Legal Frontiers
Preface and Acknowledgments xxi
About the Editors xxv
About the Contributors xxvii
Part I Overview and Context
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview
3(34)
Michael B. Gerrard
Plan of the Book
3(2)
The Scientific Context for Legal Responses to Climate Change
5(17)
Global Temperatures and the Greenhouse Effect
5(4)
Greenhouse Gases
9(2)
U.S. Emissions
11(4)
Environmental Impacts of Climate Change
15(2)
Projecting the Future
17(2)
Reducing Emissions
19(3)
The Legal Context
22(9)
International Context
22(2)
U.S. Policy
24(1)
Federal Statutes
25(1)
Litigation
26(1)
Regional, State, and Local Efforts
27(3)
Outlook for the Future
30(1)
Notes
31(6)
Chapter 2 The International Climate Regime
37(46)
Kyle Danish
Introduction
37(2)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
39(3)
Structure and Objective
40(1)
Principles
40(1)
Commitments
40(1)
Institutions
41(1)
The Kyoto Protocol
42(10)
Negotiating History
42(1)
Overview of the Kyoto Protocol's Structure
43(1)
Emission Limits
44(1)
European Union "Bubble"
45(1)
National Policies and Measures
45(1)
The Flexible Mechanisms
45(5)
Compliance
50(1)
National Programs for Meeting Kyoto Commitments
51(1)
The Copenhagen Accord and Implementing Decisions
52(9)
The Bali Action Plan
52(3)
The Copenhagen Accord
55(6)
The Future of the International Climate Regime
61(7)
The Durban Platform for Enhanced Action
61(1)
Architecture of a Future Agreement
62(2)
Legal Form of a Future Agreement
64(1)
Forum
64(2)
Role of Market Mechanisms
66(1)
The United States and the International Climate Regime
67(1)
Conclusion
68(1)
Notes
68(15)
Part II U.S. Federal Regulation and Litigation
Chapter 3 Evolution of U.S. Climate Policy
83(34)
John C. Dernbach
Robert Altenburg
Federal Laws and Policies Concerning Scientific Research
83(6)
Research and Systematic Observation
84(4)
National Research Council Reports: America's Climate Choices
88(1)
Incorporation of Climate Change into Existing Laws and Policies
89(8)
Clean Air Act
89(2)
Energy Efficiency
91(1)
National Environmental Policy Act
92(1)
Accounting for Social Cost of Carbon in Rulemaking
93(1)
Disclosure of Financial Information
94(1)
Federal Buildings and Operations
95(1)
National Security
95(1)
Economic Development
96(1)
Other Federal Laws and Policies
97(2)
National Emissions Reporting
97(1)
Education, Training, and Public Awareness
98(1)
Technological Research and Innovation
98(1)
Adaptation
99(1)
U.S. Participation in Major International Agreements
99(4)
Ratification of Framework Convention on Climate Change
99(2)
Kyoto Protocol
101(1)
Negotiations on Post-Kyoto Commitments
102(1)
New Federal Legislation to Directly Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
103(3)
Congressional Action in 2009 and 2010
103(2)
Subsequent Congressional and Other Proposals
105(1)
Conclusion
106(1)
Notes
107(10)
Chapter 4 Clean Air Regulation
117(36)
Jonathan Martel
Christopher Jaros
Zachary Fayne
Shailesh Sahay
Introduction and Overview
117(1)
Mobile Sources Regulatioh and Implications
117(12)
Massachusetts v. EPA
117(4)
Actions on Remand
121(8)
Stationary Sources Regulation and Implications
129(12)
PSD and Title V
130(7)
New Source Performance Standards (Section 111)
137(4)
EPA Listing of GHGs as "Criteria" Air Pollutants and Established NAAQS
141(1)
Non-GHG Air Regulation Affecting Major GHG Sources
141(2)
Utility MACT
142(1)
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule
142(1)
Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
143(1)
Legislative Proposals to Remove EPA CAA Authority to Regulate GHGs
143(1)
Notes
143(10)
Chapter 5 Environmental Impact Review
153(30)
Paul Weiland
Robert Horton
Erik Beck
Introduction
153(1)
NEPA and Climate Change
154(6)
Overview of Environmental Impact Review under NEPA
154(3)
NEPA's Potential to Address Climate Change
157(2)
CEQ Draft Guidance on NEPA Implementation and Greenhouse Gases
159(1)
Relevant Case Law
160(5)
Cases Requiring Analysis of Climate Impacts
160(1)
Sufficiency of Climate Change Analysis in NEPA Documents
161(1)
Cases Illustrating Threshold Obstacles
162(3)
Little NEPA Illustration: Climate Change in the Context of the California Environmental Quality Act
165(6)
Climate Change in CEQA Litigation
166(2)
Methods for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Impacts under CEQA
168(1)
Methodologies for Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Other Little NEPAs
169(2)
Reverse Impact Analysis: Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Projects
171(3)
Reverse Impact Analysis under NEPA
171(1)
Little NEPAs: State Practice on Reverse Impact Analysis
172(2)
Conclusion
174(1)
Notes
174(9)
Chapter 6 Endangered Species Act
183(22)
Dave Owen
Introduction
183(1)
An Overview of the Endangered Species Act
184(4)
Section 4
184(1)
Section 7
185(1)
Section 9 and Its Exceptions
186(1)
Deadlines, Petitions, and Citizen Suits
186(1)
Nonregulatory Measures
187(1)
Results
187(1)
The ESA and Climate Change
188(8)
Section 4
189(2)
Consultation
191(3)
Take and Its Exceptions
194(2)
Nonregulatory Options
196(1)
Conclusion
196(1)
Notes
196(9)
Chapter 7 Corporate Disclosure Considerations Related to Climate Change
205(34)
Matthew Morreale
Introduction
205(1)
Disclosure Obligations under U.S. Securities Laws
206(11)
The Legal Framework and SEC Guidance
206(7)
Practical Implications of the Climate Disclosure Release
213(2)
Sarbanes-Oxley Requirements
215(2)
Financial Statement Disclosure and Related Accounting Standards
217(1)
Sustainability Disclosure: Voluntary Reporting and Emerging Standards
218(2)
Proxy Disclosure
220(1)
EPA Mandatory Reporting Rule
221(5)
Background
221(1)
Coverage
222(2)
Monitoring, Records, and Verification
224(1)
Enforcement
225(1)
Early Results
225(1)
Green Marketing
226(4)
Background
226(1)
The FTC Act and Green Guides
226(3)
Trends in Litigation and Enforcement
229(1)
Notes
230(9)
Chapter 8 Civil Remedies
239(32)
Emily Hammond
David L. Markell
Introduction
239(1)
Public Nuisance Litigation
240(5)
American Electric Power v. Connecticut
240(3)
Native Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp.
243(1)
Comer v. Murphy Oil USA
244(1)
California v. General Motors Corp.
245(1)
Public Trust Litigation
245(1)
Other Theories of Liability
246(1)
Major Threshold Issues
247(3)
Standing
247(1)
Displacement
248(1)
Preemption
249(1)
Political Question Doctrine
249(1)
Practical Issues for Climate Change Litigation
250(6)
Defendants and Forum
250(1)
Issues of Proof
251(2)
Defenses
253(1)
Measure and Apportionment of Damages
254(1)
Insurance
255(1)
Alien Tort Statute
256(2)
New International Norms
256(1)
Private, Corporate, and State Actors
257(1)
Extraterritorial Application
258(1)
Other International Claims
258(2)
Palau and Marshall Islands Petition
258(1)
Inuit Petition to Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
258(1)
World Heritage Petitions
259(1)
Conclusion
260(1)
Notes
260(11)
Part III Regional, State, and Local Actions
Chapter 9 Regional Initiatives to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
271(32)
Eleanor Stein
Introduction
271(1)
Regional Initiatives: Background
272(3)
RGGI: A Regional Plan for Northeast U.S. States
275(9)
The Emissions Cap and RGGI's Climate Impact
276(3)
The Use of RGGI Proceeds and the Economic Impact
279(1)
The Comprehensive Program Review and the 2013 Updated Model Rule
280(2)
Leakage: The Problem and the Legal Concerns about Potential Solutions
282(2)
The Western Climate Initiative: Cross-Border Cooperation on Climate
284(3)
WCI Program Design
285(1)
Regulatory Linkage: The Choices and Obstacles
286(1)
Crossing the Border: The Legal Issues
286(1)
Transportation-Related Regional Initiatives
287(1)
The Low Carbon Fuel Standard
287(1)
Transportation and Climate Initiative
287(1)
Constitutional Issues for Regional Plans
287(7)
The Compact Clause
288(1)
The Supremacy Clause
289(1)
The Dormant Commerce Clause
290(2)
Other Legal Challenges
292(2)
Conclusion: The Future of Regional and Cross-Border Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Plans
294(9)
Notes
295(8)
Chapter 10 State Initiatives
303(38)
David R. Hodas
Overview of State Programs
303(6)
Introduction
303(1)
Obstacles to State Action
304(2)
States as Leaders
306(1)
Ancillary Benefits to States from Climate Change Policies
307(2)
State Initiatives
309(14)
Introduction
309(1)
Climate Change-Specific Actions
309(4)
Carbon-Based Energy Sector
313(10)
California AB 32
323(1)
Federalism Limits to State Climate Policy
324(3)
Environmental Justice
327(1)
Notes
328(13)
Chapter 11 Cap-and-Trade
341(34)
Lesley K. McAllister
Introduction
341(1)
Regulatory Design
342(7)
Program Scope
342(1)
The Cap
343(1)
Allowance Allocation
344(1)
Trading, Banking, and Borrowing
345(1)
Offsets
346(1)
Allowance Price Collars
347(1)
Implementation and Enforcement
347(1)
Linking Programs
348(1)
Early Large-Scale Programs
349(6)
U.S. Acid Rain Program
349(3)
EU Emissions Trading System
352(3)
U.S. Programs for Greenhouse Gas Reductions
355(8)
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
356(1)
AB 32, California's Global Warming Solutions Act
357(3)
Proposed Federal Legislation
360(1)
Use of Existing Federal Legislation
361(2)
Conclusion
363(1)
Notes
363(12)
Chapter 12 Local Initiatives
375(38)
J. Kevin Healy
L. Margaret Barry
The Relevance of Local Action to Greenhouse Gas Emissions
375(2)
Local Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
377(11)
Energy-Efficient Requirements for Buildings
377(5)
Local Transportation Initiatives
382(2)
Waste-Related Initiatives
384(1)
Urban Forestry
384(1)
Municipal Utilities and Municipal Renewable Energy Initiatives
385(2)
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants
387(1)
Procurement Strategies
387(1)
Municipal Adaptation Strategies
388(2)
Collective Initiatives by Municipalities
390(4)
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability
390(2)
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
392(1)
U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement
392(1)
Urban Environmental Accords
393(1)
Reporting Initiatives and Emissions Registries
393(1)
Challenges Faced by Municipalities in Addressing Climate Change
394(5)
Legal Hurdles
394(4)
Practical Hurdles
398(1)
Notes
399(14)
Part IV Energy Regulation
Chapter 13 Electricity Background and Trends
413(48)
Jim Rossi
Thomas Hutton
The Electric Power Demand and Supply Balance
414(11)
Demand
414(2)
Composition of U.S. Electricity Supply Portfolio
416(9)
Electric Power Industry Structure and Regulation
425(5)
The Electric Utility and Traditional Retail Price Regulation
425(2)
Federal Regulation of Wholesale Power Sales and Its Implications for Climate Change Policies
427(3)
Electric Power Transmission
430(5)
Legal Approaches to Diversifying Power Supply to Address Climate Concerns
435(8)
Renewable Portfolio Standards
435(2)
PURPA and Feed-in Tariffs Rates
437(1)
Targeted Incentives for New Approaches to Power Generation
438(1)
Tax Credits/Deductions
439(2)
Other Financing Assistance
441(1)
Production on Federal Lands and Facility Siting Assistance
442(1)
Reducing Demand for Electricity
443(7)
PURPA's Conservation and Efficiency Tools
444(1)
Appliance Efficiency
445(1)
Building Efficiency
445(2)
Demand Reduction Initiatives: Demand Response, Smart Meters, and Voluntary Conservation
447(3)
Notes
450(11)
Chapter 14 Electric Power Generation Fuels
461(44)
David B. Spence
Emily Hammond
Introduction
461(2)
Coal
463(11)
Coal Mining
464(3)
Coal Transportation
467(2)
Coal Combustion
469(5)
Natural Gas
474(7)
Natural Gas Production
475(4)
Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution
479(1)
Natural Gas Combustion
480(1)
Nuclear
481(6)
Introduction
481(6)
Renewables
487(1)
Conclusion
488(1)
Notes
488(17)
Chapter 15 Transportation and Land Use
505(38)
John R. Nolon
Overview of Transportation, Land Use, and Climate Change
505(2)
Trends in Transportation Patterns
507(3)
Vehicle Miles Traveled
507(1)
Commuting Patterns
508(1)
Overall Vehicle Use
509(1)
Fuel Consumption and GHG Emissions
509(1)
Governmental and Institutional Structure Related to Transportation and Land Use
510(5)
The Legal Structure for Transportation and Land Use
510(1)
State and Federal Laws and Programs
511(1)
Regional Initiatives
512(3)
Reducing Vehicle Use through Land Use Regulations
515(7)
Transportation and Land Use Planning
515(1)
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
516(4)
Transportation-Efficient Development
520(1)
Neighborhood Sustainability and VMT Reduction
521(1)
Other Means of Reducing GHG Emissions from Vehicle Use
522(6)
Complete Streets
523(1)
Vehicle Occupancy Restrictions and Incentives
524(1)
Bicycle Infrastructure and Bike Sharing
524(1)
Parking Ratios and Pricing
525(1)
Rideshare Programs/Staggered Hours
526(1)
Anti-Idling Laws
527(1)
The Impact of Freight Transport on Climate Change
528(3)
Conclusion
531(1)
Notes
532(11)
Part V The Next Legal Frontiers
Chapter 16 Transportation Fuels
543(38)
Brent Yacobucci
Introduction
543(1)
Energy Use for Transportation
544(4)
Domestic Energy Consumption
544(2)
Worldwide Energy Consumption
546(2)
Determinants of Transport Sector GHG Emissions
548(1)
Federal Statutes
548(14)
The Clean Air Act
549(11)
The Energy Policy and Conservation Act
560(1)
Other Statutory Authorities
560(2)
Other Policies
562(1)
Executive Orders
562(1)
State Laws and Regulations
562(1)
Aviation and Marine Transport
563(1)
Policy Options Going Forward
564(6)
Low-Carbon Fuel Standard
565(2)
Electric Vehicles
567(2)
Natural Gas Vehicles
569(1)
"All of the Above" Strategy
569(1)
Conclusion
570(1)
Notes
571(10)
Chapter 17 Carbon Capture and Sequestration
581(40)
Wendy B. Jacobs
Introduction
581(4)
Overview of Technology
581(2)
Status of U.S. Demonstration Projects
583(2)
Laws Applicable to the Capture Technology
585(4)
Federal Laws, Regulations, and Cases
585(3)
State Laws
588(1)
Liability Concerns
588(1)
Financing Incentives
588(1)
Laws Applicable to Sequestration
589(7)
Federal Laws and Regulations
591(2)
State Laws and Regulations
593(1)
International Laws
594(2)
Additional Legal Issues: Managing Liability and Acquiring Property Rights
596(5)
Absence of a Federal Liability Framework for CCS
596(2)
Ownership of Pore Space and Deep Aquifers
598(3)
Conclusion
601(1)
Notes
602(19)
Chapter 18 Water and Climate Change
621(28)
Robert W. Adler
John C. Ruple
Introduction
621(1)
Climate Change and Water Quantity
622(9)
Water Supply Impacts Associated with Climate Change
622(1)
Climate Change and Implications for Water Law
623(8)
Climate Change and Water Quality
631(8)
Impacts Associated with Climate Change
631(1)
Legal Implications
632(3)
Implications for Municipal Treatment Infrastructure
635(3)
Climate Change, Water, and Energy
638(1)
Conclusion
639(1)
Notes
640(9)
Chapter 19 Agriculture and Forestry
649(28)
Blake Hudson
Introduction
649(1)
Agriculture and Forestry as GHG Sources
650(2)
Agriculture
650(1)
Forestry
651(1)
Agriculture and Forestry as GHG Sinks
652(1)
The Regulatory Framework
653(1)
Agriculture
653(1)
Forestry
654(1)
Mitigation Measures
654(11)
Land Conservation, Preservation, and Enhancement Regulations and Incentive Programs
656(6)
Changing Agricultural Methods
662(1)
Forest Management Practices and Linkage of Forests with Other Sectors
662(1)
Biofuels: Substituting Agricultural or Forestry Feedstock for Fossil Fuels
662(2)
Barriers to Mitigation
664(1)
Tipping toward Source or Sink?: Future Issues for U.S. Agriculture and Forestry
665(2)
Agriculture and a Growing Population's Demand for GHG-Intensive Food
665(1)
Forests and a Growing Population's Demand for Land: A Southeastern Case Study
666(1)
Conclusion
667(1)
Notes
668(9)
Chapter 20 Climate Adaptation Law
677(38)
J.B. Ruhl
Introduction
677(2)
Defining Adaptation Law and Policy
679(4)
Adaptation Planning Initiatives
683(3)
Federal Planning
683(2)
State Planning
685(1)
Tribal
685(1)
Local
685(1)
Climate Change Adaptation Law to Date
686(8)
Coastal Land Use Controls
686(3)
Environmental Impact Assessment Programs
689(3)
Public Land Management
692(1)
Corporate Disclosure Requirements
692(1)
Endangered Species Protection
693(1)
Anti-Adaptation Measures
694(1)
Future Realms of Climate Change Adaptation Law
694(11)
Land and Natural Resources
694(5)
Public Infrastructure
699(2)
Business Disputes and Regulation
701(2)
Health and Safety Concerns
703(1)
Governance and Process
704(1)
Conclusion
705(1)
Notes
706(9)
Chapter 21 Geoengineering
715(32)
Albert C. Lin
Introduction
715(6)
Carbon Dioxide Removal
716(1)
Solar Radiation Management
717(2)
Current Developments
719(2)
Key Legal Issues
721(3)
Governance
722(1)
Regulation of Research
722(1)
Liability
723(1)
Availability of Carbon Credits
724(1)
Intellectual Property
724(9)
International Law
725(1)
General Treaties
725(3)
Media-Specific Treaties
728(4)
Customary International Law
732(1)
Domestic Law
733(4)
Federal Statutes
733(3)
State Law
736(1)
Conclusion
737(1)
Notes
737(10)
Chapter 22 Addressing Climate Change through Nonclimate International Instruments
747(48)
David Hunter
Chris Wold
General Intergovernmental Forums
747(4)
United Nations (not UNFCCC)
747(2)
The G-8
749(1)
The G-20
750(1)
The Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate
751(1)
Multilateral Environmental (Nonclimate) Treaty Regimes
751(13)
Montreal Protocol
752(2)
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
754(1)
MARPOL and Emissions from Shipping
755(1)
The 1972 London Convention and Ocean Fertilization
756(1)
The Antarctic Treaty Regime
757(1)
The Arctic Council
758(1)
Desertification Convention
759(1)
Biodiversity Convention
760(1)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
761(1)
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
761(1)
World Heritage Convention
762(1)
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
763(1)
The International Court of Justice and Customary Law
764(1)
Bilateral Climate and Energy Cooperation Agreements
765(1)
Nonenvironmental Institutions
766(11)
ICAO and Aviation Fuel Standards
766(1)
Human Rights and Climate Change
767(2)
International Trade
769(5)
International Finance
774(3)
Multilateral Public-Private Coalitions to Address Climate Change
777(1)
The Climate and Clean Air Coalition
777(1)
The Global Methane Initiative
777(1)
A "Cloud" of Public-Private Commitments
778(1)
Notes
778(17)
Chapter 23 U.S. Climate Change Law and Policy: Possible Paths Forward
795(46)
Jody Freeman
Kate Konschnik
Introduction
795(2)
Tracking Political Progress on Climate Change
797(6)
What to Expect from Congress
803(15)
Carbon Tax
804(2)
Clean Energy Initiatives
806(3)
Renewable or Clean Energy Standard
809(2)
Modified Cap-and-Trade
811(2)
Renewable Fuel Standard Reform/Low-Carbon Fuel Standard
813(2)
Climate Adaptation
815(3)
Looking Forward: Integrating Energy and Climate Change Policy
818(4)
Notes
822(19)
Table of Cases 841(10)
Index 851
Michael B. Gerrard is Andrew Sabin Professor of Professional Practice at Columbia Law School, where he teaches courses on environmental and energy law and directs the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. He is also associate chair of the faculty of Columbia's Earth Institute. Jody Freeman is the Archibald Cox Professor at Harvard Law School and the founding director of the Law School's Environmental Law and Policy Program. She served as Counselor for Energy and Climate Change in the Obama White House in 2009-2010 and was the architect of the president's historic agreement with the auto industry to double fuel efficiency standards.