A comprehensive account of all components of the Earth's cryosphere, including snow cover, glaciers, ice sheets, lake and river ice, permafrost, sea ice, ice shelves and icebergs. This textbook covers the global cryosphere's past history and projected future states, and discusses the models developed to understand cryospheric processes.
Recent studies indicate that - due to climate change - the Earth is undergoing rapid changes in all cryospheric components, including polar sea ice shrinkage, mountain glacier recession, thawing permafrost, and diminishing snow cover. This book provides a comprehensive summary of all components of the Earth's cryosphere, reviewing their history, physical and chemical characteristics, geographical distributions, and projected future states. This new edition has been completely updated throughout, and provides state-of-the-art data from GlobSnow-2 CRYOSAT, ICESAT, and GRACE. It includes a comprehensive summary of cryospheric changes in land ice, permafrost, freshwater ice, sea ice, and ice sheets. It discusses the models developed to understand cryosphere processes and predict future changes, including those based on remote sensing, field campaigns, and long-term ground observations. Boasting an extensive bibliography, over 120 figures, and end-of-chapter review questions, it is an ideal resource for students and researchers of the cryosphere.
Papildus informācija
A comprehensive account of all components of the Earth's cryosphere, including their past characteristics, and future states.
| Preface |
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ix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 Definition and extent |
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1 | (3) |
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1.2 The role of the cryosphere in the climate system |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 The organization of snow and ice observations and research |
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5 | (2) |
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1.4 Remote sensing of the cryosphere |
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7 | (6) |
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Part I The terrestrial cryosphere |
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13 | (262) |
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2A Snowfall and snow cover |
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15 | (72) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (8) |
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2.4 Snow cover modeling in land surface schemes of GCMs |
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28 | (3) |
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2.5 Snow interception by canopy |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (3) |
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2.8 In situ measurements of snow |
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38 | (3) |
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2.9 Remote sensing of snowpack properties, snow cover area, and snow water equivalent |
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41 | (13) |
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54 | (20) |
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2.11 Recent observed changes in snowpack and snow cover |
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74 | (13) |
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87 | (15) |
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87 | (1) |
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2.13 Avalanche characteristics |
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88 | (7) |
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95 | (4) |
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2.15 Trends in avalanche conditions |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (66) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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3.3 Glacier characteristics |
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106 | (11) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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3.6 Glacier flow and flow lines |
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121 | (8) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (10) |
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3.11 Changes in glaciers and ice caps |
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142 | (26) |
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168 | (39) |
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4.1 History of exploration |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (4) |
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4.4 Mechanisms of ice sheet changes |
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176 | (1) |
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4.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet |
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177 | (11) |
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188 | (8) |
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4.7 Overall ice sheet changes |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (3) |
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4.9 Ice sheet and ice-shelf interaction |
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201 | (1) |
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4.10 Ice sheet contributions to sea level changes |
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202 | (5) |
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5 Frozen ground and permafrost |
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207 | (32) |
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207 | (2) |
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5.2 Frozen ground definitions and extent |
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209 | (3) |
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5.3 Thermal relationships |
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212 | (3) |
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5.4 Vertical characteristics of permafrost |
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215 | (4) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (4) |
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5.8 Geomorphological features associated with permafrost |
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229 | (2) |
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5.9 Changes in permafrost and soil freezing |
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231 | (5) |
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5.10 Arctic infrastructure |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (36) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (10) |
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6.3 Changes in lake ice cover |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (12) |
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265 | (1) |
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6.6 Trends in river ice cover |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (8) |
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Part II The marine cryosphere |
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275 | (98) |
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277 | (67) |
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277 | (3) |
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7.2 Sea ice climatology and characteristics |
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280 | (27) |
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7.3 Ice drift and ocean circulation |
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307 | (5) |
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312 | (5) |
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7.5 Leads, polynyas, and pressure ridges |
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317 | (6) |
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323 | (2) |
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7.7 Trends in sea ice extent and concentration from paleo and NSIDC data |
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325 | (19) |
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8 Ice shelves and icebergs |
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344 | (29) |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (7) |
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353 | (3) |
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8.4 Conditions beneath ice shelves |
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356 | (1) |
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8.5 Ice shelf buttressing |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (12) |
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370 | (3) |
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Part III The cryosphere past and future |
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373 | (54) |
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9 The cryosphere in the past |
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375 | (22) |
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375 | (3) |
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9.2 Snowball Earth and ice-free Cretaceous |
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378 | (1) |
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9.3 Phanerozoic glaciations |
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378 | (1) |
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9.4 Late Cenozoic polar glaciations |
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379 | (3) |
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382 | (9) |
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391 | (6) |
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10 The future cryosphere: Impacts of global warming |
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397 | (30) |
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397 | (4) |
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10.2 General observations |
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401 | (2) |
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10.3 Recent warming and cryospheric changes |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (2) |
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10.5 Projected changes to Northern Hemisphere snow cover |
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407 | (5) |
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10.6 Projected changes in land ice |
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412 | (2) |
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10.7 Projected permafrost changes |
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414 | (2) |
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10.8 Projected changes in freshwater ice |
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416 | (2) |
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10.9 Projected sea ice changes |
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418 | (2) |
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10.10 Projected glacier changes |
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420 | (7) |
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427 | (24) |
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11 Applications of snow and ice research |
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429 | (22) |
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429 | (2) |
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11.2 Freezing precipitation |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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11.5 Winter sports industry |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (3) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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11.12 Glaciers and ice sheets |
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442 | (3) |
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445 | (1) |
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11.14 Permafrost and ground ice |
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446 | (2) |
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11.15 Seasonal ground freezing |
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448 | (3) |
| References |
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451 | (112) |
| Index |
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563 | |
Roger G. Barry was Director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at the University of Colorado, Boulder from 1977 to 2008, and Professor of Geography from 1968 to 2010. He was appointed a University of Colorado Distinguished Professor in 2004. From 2012 to 2014 he was Director of the International CLIVAR Project Office, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK. He was a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, and his awards included the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, the Nobel Peace Prize (as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change team), a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fulbright Fellow, a Humboldt Prize Fellow, and a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Environmental Sciences (RAEN). Roger passed away peacefully in Boulder, Colorado in March, 2018. Thian Yew Gan is a professor at the University of Alberta, Canada, research ambassador of the German Academic Exchange Service, a fellow of American Society of Civil Engineers, a LEWI fellow of Hong Kong Baptist University, and a lead author for the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6-WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). Dr Gan is internationally renowned for his innovative contributions to hydroclimatology, cryospheric science, climate change, remote sensing, and water resources management. He has received twelve international fellowships, an award from the Association of Science and Engineering Technology Professionals of Alberta (ASET), and has been a visiting professor to Germany, France, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand and United States of America.
