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E-grāmata: Global Jihad in Muslim and non-Muslim Contexts

  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jun-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030470449
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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 12-Jun-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030470449

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This book examines ten reasons for global jihad today. Specifically, the reasons are (1) radicalization, (2) group dynamics and socialization, (3) social alienation, (4) religious motivations, (5) legal motivations, (6) political motivations, (7) a Clash of Civilizations, (8) economic conditions, (9) transformative learning, and (10) outbidding and internal rifts. To investigate these points, all chapters include the historical background, specific case studies (both past and current), statistics, and theoretical approaches to the subject of global jihad. The main purpose of jihad is to achieve global domination—through any means, including violence—and establish the Caliphate. The Caliphate is a Muslim system of world government that seeks to establish a new world order by overthrowing the current order, effectively creating an all-encompassing Islamic state.

1 Introduction
1(28)
Global Appeal to Jihad
2(2)
Quest for the Caliphate
3(1)
Objectives of This Book
4(4)
Importance of Understanding Global Jihad
5(1)
Quick Facts on Jihad in Europe Today
6(2)
Why Focusing on Ten Reasons for Global Jihad?
8(5)
No Single Explanation for Jihad
9(1)
Scholarship Sometimes Too Narrow
10(3)
Case Study: 2019 Sri Lanka Easter Bombings
13(3)
Reason 1 Political Motivations
13(1)
Reason 2 Religious Motivations
14(1)
Reason 3 Economic Conditions?
15(1)
Comparison with Other Books
16(1)
Summary of All
Chapters
17(7)
References
24(5)
2 Jihad: A Description
29(30)
Interpretation Within the Scope of This Book
30(2)
The Ummah
30(1)
Jihad for the Ummah
31(1)
Jihad in History
32(3)
Reasons for Early Jihad
33(1)
Crusades and European Colonies
34(1)
Greater vs. Lesser Jihad
35(2)
Spiritual and Political Interpretation
36(1)
Further Contradictions
36(1)
Defensive vs. Offensive Jihad
37(2)
Defensive Jihad
37(1)
Offensive Jihad
38(1)
Who Are the Jihadists Today?
39(5)
The Increase in the Number of Jihadist Groups
40(2)
Jihadist Ideologues and Leaders
42(2)
Thoughts on Global Jihad Today
44(9)
Landscapes of Jihad
44(1)
Indirect Jihadist Players
45(1)
Inside Western Lands
46(7)
References
53(6)
3 Radicalization
59(20)
The "Slippery Slope"
60(1)
Radical Milieu
61(1)
Radical Ideologies
62(1)
Islamic Radicalization
62(1)
Four Stages of Islamic Radicalization
63(1)
Jihadization
64(1)
Who Is Susceptible to Islamic Radicalization?
65(1)
Gender Considerations
65(2)
Case Study I Jihadization in French Prisons
67(1)
Case Study II Jihadization in U.S. Military Detention Centers
68(6)
References
74(5)
4 Group Dynamics and Socialization
79(24)
Group Grievance
79(2)
Individual Psychology, Group Psychology, and Terrorism
80(1)
Groupthink
81(1)
Jihadist Group Polarization
82(1)
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
82(2)
Social Identity and Group Membership
83(1)
In-Group vs. Out-Group
83(1)
Out-Group Threat to the Ummah
84(3)
Threat to Muslim Identity
85(1)
Grooming the In-Group Mentality
85(1)
Dehumanization
86(1)
Psychosocial Resilience
87(9)
Psychosocial Resilience Through Group Interaction
87(1)
Case Study: Palestinian Youths
88(1)
Communal Routines
89(7)
References
96(7)
5 Social Alienation
103(32)
Durkheimian Perspectives
103(2)
Terrorism and the Failed Integration Model
104(1)
Social Closure Theory
105(1)
The Elite
105(1)
Structural Discrimination
106(1)
Social Alienation of Muslims in the West
106(4)
From Estrangement to Radicalization
107(1)
Radicalization Within No-Go Zones
108(1)
From Estranged to Foreign Fighters
109(1)
Social Alienation and Jihadism: Outsider and Insiders
110(3)
The Outsiders
110(1)
The Insiders
111(1)
First- vs. Second- and Third-Generation Muslims
111(1)
Illegitimacy of Authorities
112(1)
Case Studies
113(4)
Case Study I Muslim Youths in Belgium
113(1)
Case Study II Muslim Youths in France
114(1)
Case Study III Muslim Youths in Great Britain
115(1)
Case Study IV Palestinians in Israel
116(1)
Problems of Social Integration?
117(10)
Insufficient Evidence to Support "Lack of Social Integration"
117(2)
European Efforts on Integration
119(1)
Successful Multiculturalism?
120(7)
References
127(8)
6 Religious Motivations
135(28)
Social Construction of Religion
136(1)
Truth for the Devout or Suffering
136(1)
Sacralization of Conflict and Religious Outbidding
137(1)
Quran-Driven Jihad
137(5)
Violence Against Unbelievers in the Quran
138(2)
Case Study: Hamas
140(1)
Principle of Abrogation
140(2)
Hadith-Driven Jihad
142(3)
Origins of Jihad in the Hadith
143(1)
Prophetic Methodology
144(1)
Dawah
145(1)
The Shahid as a Hero
145(2)
Martyrdom
146(1)
Suicide Terrorism, Not Suicide
146(1)
Jannah or Eternal Paradise
147(3)
Jannah for Martyrs
148(2)
Karbala
150(1)
Case Studies
150(7)
Case Study I Belgian and Dutch Muslims
150(1)
Case Study II Ajmal Kasab
151(6)
References
157(6)
7 Legal Motivations
163(18)
Ulama
164(1)
Differences in Islamic Legal Training
164(1)
Sharia
165(1)
Sharia as a Universalist Body of Law
165(1)
Sharia-Driven Jihad
166(1)
Case Study I Saudi Arabia
166(1)
Case Study II Pakistan
167(1)
Case Study III Situation in 13 Countries
168(1)
Fiqh
168(1)
Jihad as Legal KJust War"
169(1)
Islamic Military Jurisprudence
170(1)
Dar al-Islam VS. Dar al-Harb
171(6)
Fard Ayn vs. Fard Kifaya
172(1)
Legal Persuasion for Jihad: Additional Perspectives
173(4)
References
177(4)
8 Political Motivations
181(26)
"Decadence" of Muslim Societies
182(2)
Case Study: The Iranian Revolution
183(1)
The Muslim Brotherhood: A Description
184(2)
Political Jihadism
185(1)
Alliance with Nazi Germany
185(1)
The Muslim Brotherhood: Sayyid Qutb
186(3)
Jahiliyyah
186(1)
Traveling to the United States
187(1)
Sayyid Qutb's Legacy
188(1)
The Global Caliphate
189(4)
Perspectives from the Past
189(1)
Islamic State
190(1)
No Possible Negotiation
191(1)
Violating International Borders
191(1)
Emirates: The Precursor to the Caliphate
192(1)
Reactions Against Foreign Policy
193(7)
Blowback Theory
193(2)
Collective Emotional Orientation
195(5)
References
200(7)
9 A Clash of Civilizations
207(26)
Five Significant Factors
207(2)
Cultures vs. Civilizations
209(1)
Jihad Against the Rest
210(1)
Identity Issues
210(1)
Territorial Issues
211(1)
Jihad vs. Mc World
212(1)
Me World: A Description
212(1)
Dangers of "Excessive" Modernity
213(3)
The Lexus and the Olive Tree
214(2)
Clash with Human Rights and Western-Based Laws
216(1)
On the Universal Declaration on Human Rights
216(1)
On the Treatment of Non-Muslim Minorities
217(2)
Clash of Unprovable Universalisms
219(1)
Western Lawmakers as "Crusaders"
220(1)
Culture Wars
221(1)
Democracy
221(7)
References
228(5)
10 Economic Conditions
233(22)
Economic Conditions and Jihadism
234(6)
Demographic Factors
234(1)
Poverty
235(1)
State Failure
235(2)
Suicide Bombers
237(1)
Palestinian Terrorists
238(2)
World Risk Society
240(2)
Modernity and Risk
240(1)
Global Financial Risks as Causes of Terrorism
240(2)
Risk Communities and Imagined Communities
242(2)
Risk Communities
242(1)
Imagined Communities
242(1)
Radical Ummah as Imagined Community
243(1)
Jihad Always a Result of Economic Conditions?
244(7)
Studies Rejecting the Jihad-Poverty Link
244(1)
The Taliban, Osama Bin Laden, and "Poverty"
245(6)
References
251(4)
11 Transformative Learning
255(28)
Taking Action vs. Instructional Learning
256(1)
Perspective Transformation
256(1)
Meaning-Making Transformation
257(1)
Frames of Reference
257(1)
Paradigm Shift
258(2)
Jihadist Radicalization Through Self-Learning
259(1)
Precursors to Jihadist Radicalization
260(1)
Paradigm Shift
261(1)
Transformative Learning Through Jihadist Sermons
261(1)
Legitimation of Jihad Through Discourse
262(1)
Sermons Offering New Frames of Reference
263(2)
Jihadist Sermons: Case Studies
265(1)
Case Study I Anwar al-Awlaki's Sermons
265(2)
Case Study II Aboud Rogo's Sermons
267(2)
Case Study III Abu Hamza al-Masri's Sermons
269(1)
Case Study IV Mustafa Graf's Sermons
270(1)
Final Notes
271(7)
References
278(5)
12 Outbidding and Internal Rifts
283(32)
Destructive Competition vs. Escalating Competition
284(1)
Internal Rifts
285(1)
Internal Rifts Increasing Support
286(1)
Outbidding and Internal Rifts in Jihad
287(1)
Increasing Jihadist Attacks
287(1)
Fratricidal Jihadists
288(1)
2014 Peshawar School Massacre
289(1)
Al-Qgeda in Iraq (AQJ)
290(1)
First Internal Rifts in 2006
290(1)
Aggressive Claims to Leadership
291(1)
From AQJ to ISI to ISIS
291(2)
The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
292(1)
In Competition with Al-Qgeda
293(2)
In Competition with ATNusra Front
295(1)
Jihadist Outbidding in the Syrian Civil War
296(1)
A Staggering Death Toll
296(1)
The Syrian Government
296(1)
Hafez al-Assad's Regime
297(1)
Outbidding in Palestinian Suicide Terrorism
298(1)
Domestic Competition
298(1)
Palestinian Suicide Bombers
299(2)
Competition Hypothesis: Two Opposing Views
301(1)
Outbidding Within the Caucasus Emirate
301(1)
Evolution of Internal Tensions
302(1)
Terrorism to Outbid Other Factions
302(7)
References
309(6)
13 Conclusion
315(22)
A Global War Against Both Muslims and Non-Muslims
316(1)
Diverse Forces of Con vergence
317(2)
Salafism as Fascism
319(2)
Reformation in Islam: Two Opposing Directions
321(1)
Global Divergence Theory (GDT)
322(1)
Mor-Than Just a "Clash of Civilizations"
323(1)
A Paradigm Shift
324(1)
Democracy vs. Salafist Islam
325(1)
Global Divergence within the Ummah
326(1)
Final Thoughts
327(4)
References
331(6)
Index 337
Jonathan A. Matusitz is an Associate Professor at the Nicholson School of Communication and Media, University of Central Florida, USA. His research focuses on the globalization of terrorism and culture. He has published three books on terrorism: Terrorism & Communication; Symbolism in Terrorism; and Online Jihadist Magazines to Promote the Caliphate.