Preface to the Second Edition |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
Acronyms |
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xxi | |
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1 | (17) |
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GNSS/INS Integration Overview |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (5) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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Differential and Augmented GPS |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Local-Area Differential GPS |
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7 | (1) |
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Wide-Area Differential GPS |
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8 | (1) |
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Wide-Area Augmentation System |
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8 | (1) |
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Space-Based Augmentation Systems (SBASs) |
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8 | (7) |
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8 | (1) |
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Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) |
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9 | (1) |
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European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) |
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10 | (1) |
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Japan's MTSAT Satellite-Based Augmentation System (MSAS) |
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11 | (1) |
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Canadian Wide-Area Augmentation System (CWAAS) |
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12 | (1) |
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China's Satellite Navigation Augmentation System (SNAS) |
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12 | (1) |
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Indian GPS and GEO Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN) |
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12 | (1) |
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Ground-Based Augmentation Systems (GBASs) |
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12 | (2) |
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Inmarsat Civil Navigation |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Geographic Information Systems (GISs), Mapping, and Agriculture |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Satellite and Inertial Navigation |
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18 | (35) |
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Navigation Systems Considered |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation |
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19 | (15) |
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19 | (2) |
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Inertial Navigation Systems |
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21 | (7) |
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28 | (4) |
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Standalone INS Performance |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (10) |
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34 | (1) |
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Navigation Solution (Two-Dimensional Example) |
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34 | (5) |
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Satellite Selection and Dilution of Precision |
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39 | (3) |
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Example Calculation of DOPs |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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Coordinated Universal Time Generation |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Receiver Computation of UTC |
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45 | (1) |
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Example GPS Calculations with no Errors |
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46 | (7) |
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User Position Calculations |
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46 | (2) |
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User Velocity Calculations |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (4) |
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Signal Characteristics and Information Extraction |
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53 | (58) |
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Mathematical Signal Waveform Models |
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53 | (1) |
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GPS Signal Components, Purposes, and Properties |
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54 | (18) |
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50-bps (bits per second) Data Stream |
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54 | (5) |
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GPS Satellite Position Calculations |
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59 | (6) |
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C/A-Code and Its Properties |
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65 | (5) |
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P-Code and Its Properties |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Antenna Gain and Minimum Received Signal Power |
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73 | (1) |
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Signal Acquisition and Tracking |
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73 | (15) |
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Determination of Visible Satellites |
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73 | (1) |
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Signal Doppler Estimation |
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74 | (1) |
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Search for Signal in Frequency and C/A-Code Phase |
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74 | (4) |
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Signal Detection and Confirmation |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (3) |
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Carrier Phase Tracking Loops |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Extraction of Information for Navigation Solution |
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88 | (7) |
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Signal Transmission Time Information |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Pseudorange Measurements Using C/A-Code |
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89 | (2) |
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Pseudorange Measurements Using Carrier Phase |
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91 | (1) |
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Carrier Doppler Measurement |
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92 | (1) |
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Integrated Doppler Measurements |
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93 | (2) |
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Theoretical Considerations in Pseudorange and Frequency Estimation |
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95 | (3) |
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Theoretical versus Realizable Code-Based Pseudoranging Performance |
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95 | (2) |
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Theoretical Error Bounds for Carrier-Based Pseudoranging |
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97 | (1) |
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Theoretical Error Bounds for Frequency Measurement |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (13) |
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Deficiencies of the Current System |
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99 | (1) |
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Elements of the Modernized GPS |
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100 | (3) |
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Families of GPS Satellites |
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103 | (1) |
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Accuracy Improvements from Modernization |
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104 | (1) |
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Structure of the Modernized Signals |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (4) |
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Receiver and Antenna Design |
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111 | (33) |
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111 | (5) |
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Radiofrequency Stages (Front End) |
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111 | (1) |
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Frequency Downconversion and IF Amplification |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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Baseband Signal Processing |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (13) |
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Number of Channels and Sequencing Rate |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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Code Selections: C/A, P, or Codeless |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Pseudosatellite Compatibility |
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123 | (5) |
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Immunity to Pseudolite Signals |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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High-Sensitivity-Assisted GPS Systems (Indoor Positioning) |
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129 | (6) |
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How Assisting Data Improves Receiver Performance |
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130 | (4) |
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Factors Affecting High-Sensitivity Receivers |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (9) |
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136 | (1) |
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Circular Polarization of GPS Signals |
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137 | (2) |
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Principles of Phased-Array Antennas |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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Global Navigation Satellite System Data Errors |
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144 | (55) |
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Selective Availability Errors |
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144 | (7) |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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Ionospheric Propagation Errors |
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151 | (12) |
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153 | (2) |
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GNSS Ionospheric Algorithms |
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155 | (8) |
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Tropospheric Propagation Errors |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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How Multipath Causes Ranging Errors |
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165 | (2) |
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Methods of Multipath Mitigation |
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167 | (17) |
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Spatial Processing Techniques |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (10) |
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Performance of Time-Domain Methods |
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182 | (2) |
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Theoretical Limits for Multipath Mitigation |
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184 | (1) |
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Estimation-Theoretic Methods |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Multipath Modeling Errors |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (6) |
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PN Code Differential Measurements |
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190 | (1) |
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Carrier Phase Differential Measurements |
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191 | (2) |
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Positioning Using Double-Difference Measurements |
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193 | (1) |
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GPS Precise Point Positioning Services and Products |
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194 | (5) |
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196 | (3) |
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199 | (37) |
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199 | (1) |
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Descriptions of LADGPS, WADGPS, and SBAS |
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199 | (6) |
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Local-Area Differential GPS (LADGPS) |
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199 | (1) |
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Wide-Area Differential GPS (WADGPS) |
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200 | (1) |
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Space-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) |
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200 | (5) |
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Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) |
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205 | (1) |
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Local-Area Augmentation System (LAAS) |
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205 | (1) |
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Joint Precision Approach Landing System (JPALS) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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GEO Uplink Subsystem (GUS) |
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206 | (7) |
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Description of the GUS Algorithm |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Ionospheric Delay Estimation |
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209 | (2) |
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Code--Carrier Frequency Coherence |
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211 | (1) |
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Carrier Frequency Stability |
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212 | (1) |
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GUS Clock Steering Algorithms |
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213 | (4) |
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Primary GUS Clock Steering Algorithm |
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214 | (1) |
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Backup GUS Clock Steering Algorithm |
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215 | (1) |
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Clock Steering Test Results Description |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (6) |
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GEO Uplink Subsystem Type 1 (GUST) Control Loop Overview |
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220 | (3) |
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New GUS Clock Steering Algorithm |
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223 | (5) |
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Receiver Clock Error Determination |
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226 | (1) |
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Clock Steering Control Law |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (8) |
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Orbit Determination Covariance Analysis |
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230 | (5) |
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235 | (1) |
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GNSS and GEO Signal Integrity |
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236 | (19) |
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Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) |
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236 | (2) |
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Range Comparison Method of Lee [ 121] |
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237 | (1) |
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Least-Squares Method [ 151] |
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237 | (1) |
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Parity Method [ 182, 183] |
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238 | (1) |
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SBAS and GBAS Integrity Design |
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238 | (15) |
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SBAS Error Sources and Integrity Threats |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (1) |
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Receiver and Measurement Processing Errors |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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Integrity-Bound Associated Errors |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Mitigation of Integrity Threats |
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247 | (6) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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GPS Integrity Channel (GIC) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (61) |
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255 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (11) |
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Approaches to Deriving the Kalman Gain |
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258 | (1) |
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Gaussian Probability Density Functions |
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259 | (1) |
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Properties of Likelihood Functions |
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260 | (2) |
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Solving for Combined Information Matrix |
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262 | (1) |
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Solving for Combined Argmax |
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263 | (1) |
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Noisy Measurement Likelihoods |
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263 | (2) |
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Gaussian Maximum-Likelihood Estimate |
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265 | (2) |
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Kalman Gain Matrix for Maximum-Likelihood Estimation |
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267 | (1) |
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Estimate Correction Using Kalman Gain |
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267 | (1) |
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Covariance Correction for Measurements |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (9) |
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Stochastic Systems in Continuous Time |
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268 | (5) |
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Stochastic Systems in Discrete Time |
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273 | (1) |
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State Space Models for Discrete Time |
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274 | (1) |
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Dynamic Disturbance Noise Distribution Matrices |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Summary of Kalman Filter Equations |
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277 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Accommodating Time-Correlated Noise |
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279 | (6) |
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279 | (3) |
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Empirical Sensor Noise Modeling |
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282 | (1) |
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State Vector Augmentation |
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283 | (2) |
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Nonlinear and Adaptive Implementations |
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285 | (5) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Extended Kalman Filtering |
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287 | (1) |
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Adaptive Kalman Filtering |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Kalman--Bucy Filter Parameters |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (11) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Measurement Sensitivity Matrix |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (8) |
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Other Kalman Filter Improvements |
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302 | (14) |
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Schmidt--Kalman Suboptimal Filtering |
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302 | (3) |
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Serial Measurement Processing |
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305 | (1) |
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Improving Numerical Stability |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (4) |
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313 | (3) |
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Inertial Navigation Systems |
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316 | (66) |
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Inertial Sensor Technologies |
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316 | (16) |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (3) |
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Feedback Control Technology |
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323 | (3) |
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Rotating Coriolis Multisensors |
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326 | (2) |
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Laser Technology and Lightwave Gyroscopes |
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328 | (1) |
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Vibratory Coriolis Gyroscopes (VCGs) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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Inertial Systems Technologies |
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332 | (3) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (8) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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Other Calibration Parameters |
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340 | (1) |
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Calibration Parameter Instability |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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System Implementation Models |
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343 | (21) |
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343 | (1) |
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Initialization and Alignment |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (8) |
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Gimbal Attitude Implementations |
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355 | (2) |
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Strapdown Attitude Implementations |
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357 | (6) |
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Navigation Computer and Software Requirements |
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363 | (1) |
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System-Level Error Models |
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364 | (18) |
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365 | (2) |
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Navigation Error Propagation |
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367 | (6) |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (4) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (43) |
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382 | (5) |
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382 | (1) |
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The Influence of Host Vehicle Trajectories on Performance |
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383 | (1) |
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Loosely and Tightly Coupled Integration |
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384 | (1) |
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Antenna/ISA Offset Correction |
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385 | (2) |
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Effects of Host Vehicle Dynamics |
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387 | (17) |
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388 | (2) |
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Specialized Host Vehicle Tracking Filters |
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390 | (12) |
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Vehicle Tracking Filter Comparison |
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402 | (2) |
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Loosely Coupled Integration |
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404 | (9) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (3) |
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Receiver Position Error Model |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (5) |
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Tightly Coupled Integration |
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413 | (10) |
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Using GNSS for INS Vertical Channel Stabilization |
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413 | (1) |
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Using INS Accelerations to Aid GNSS Signal Tracking |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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Real-Time INS Recalibration |
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415 | (8) |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (4) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Satellite Position Determination Using Ephemeris Data |
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426 | (1) |
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Satellite Position Determination Using Almanac Data for All Satellites |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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Appendix B Vectors and Matrices |
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429 | (27) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (3) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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Unit Vectors and Orthonormal Vectors |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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Right-Handed Coordinate Systems |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (3) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (2) |
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436 | (3) |
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436 | (1) |
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Subscripted Matrix Expressions |
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437 | (1) |
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Multiplication of Matrices by Scalars |
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437 | (1) |
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Addition and Multiplication of Matrices |
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437 | (1) |
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Powers of Square Matrices |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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Generalized Matrix Inversion |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (3) |
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Submatrices, Partitioned Matrices, and Blocks |
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439 | (1) |
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Rank and Linear Dependence |
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440 | (1) |
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Conformable Block Operations |
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441 | (1) |
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Block Matrix Inversion Formula |
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441 | (1) |
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Inversion Formulas for Matrix Expressions |
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441 | (1) |
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Functions of Square Matrices |
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442 | (5) |
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Determinants and Characteristic Values |
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442 | (2) |
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444 | (1) |
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Algebraic Functions of Matrices |
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444 | (1) |
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Analytic Functions of Matrices |
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444 | (2) |
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Similarity Transformations and Analytic Functions |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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Factorizations and Decompositions |
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449 | (3) |
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449 | (2) |
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QR Decomposition (Triangularization) |
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451 | (1) |
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Singular-Value Decomposition |
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451 | (1) |
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Eigenvalue-Eigenvector Decompositions of Symmetric Matrices |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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Symmetric Decomposition of Quadratic Forms |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (3) |
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Derivatives of Matrix-Valued Functions |
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453 | (2) |
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Gradients of Quadratic Forms |
|
|
455 | (1) |
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Appendix C Coordinate Transformations |
|
|
456 | (46) |
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|
456 | (2) |
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Inertial Reference Directions |
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458 | (2) |
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|
458 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
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|
460 | (17) |
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Cartesian and Polar Coordinates |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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Satellite Orbit Coordinates |
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|
461 | (2) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (7) |
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470 | (3) |
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473 | (1) |
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Vehicle Attitude Euler Angles |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (2) |
|
Coordinate Transformation Models |
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|
477 | (25) |
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|
477 | (1) |
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478 | (15) |
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493 | (4) |
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|
497 | (5) |
References |
|
502 | (15) |
Index |
|
517 | |