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E-grāmata: Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration: 2nd Edition 2nd Revised edition [Wiley Online]

  • Formāts: 552 pages, Illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Jan-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 470099720
  • ISBN-13: 9780470099728
  • Wiley Online
  • Cena: 141,83 €*
  • * this price gives unlimited concurrent access for unlimited time
  • Formāts: 552 pages, Illustrations
  • Izdošanas datums: 22-Jan-2007
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 470099720
  • ISBN-13: 9780470099728
Grewal, Weill, and Andrews (electrical engineering and applied mathematics, California State U., Fullerton, and Rockwell Science Center) provide a guide to combining Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Inertial Navigational Systems, and Kalman filters for engineers, computer scientists, and students in introductory courses at the senior or first year graduate level. Aiming to give readers a working familiarity with theoretical and practical aspects, they use real world problems as examples and cover aspects of implementation. This edition includes new MATLAB programs, signal structures, developments in augmentation systems for satellite navigation, algorithms, and new chapters on satellite system integrity monitoring and GNSS/INS integration. INS technology is also covered more extensively. The CD-ROM contains MATLAB m-files and background material. Annotation ©2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

An updated guide to GNSS and INS, and solutions to real-world GPS/INS problems with Kalman filtering

Written by recognized authorities in the field, this second edition of a landmark work provides engineers, computer scientists, and others with a working familiarity with the theory and contemporary applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Inertial Navigational Systems (INS), and Kalman filters. Throughout, the focus is on solving real-world problems, with an emphasis on the effective use of state-of-the-art integration techniques for those systems, especially the application of Kalman filtering. To that end, the authors explore the various subtleties, common failures, and inherent limitations of the theory as it applies to real-world situations, and provide numerous detailed application examples and practice problems, including GNSS-aided INS, modeling of gyros and accelerometers, and SBAS and GBAS.

Drawing upon their many years of experience with GNSS, INS, and the Kalman filter, the authors present numerous design and implementation techniques not found in other professional references. This Second Edition has been updated to include:

  • GNSS signal integrity with SBAS
  • Mitigation of multipath, including results
  • Ionospheric delay estimation with Kalman filters
  • New MATLAB programs for satellite position determination using almanac and ephemeris data and ionospheric delay calculations from single and dual frequency data
  • New algorithms for GEO with L1 /L5 frequencies and clock steering
  • Implementation of mechanization equations in numerically stable algorithms

To enhance comprehension of the subjects covered, the authors have included software in MATLAB, demonstrating the working of the GNSS, INS, and filter algorithms. In addition to showing the Kalman filter in action, the software also demonstrates various practical aspects of finite word length arithmetic and the need for alternative algorithms to preserve result accuracy.

Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Acronyms xxi
Introduction
1(17)
GNSS/INS Integration Overview
1(1)
GNSS Overview
2(5)
GPS
2(2)
GLONASS
4(1)
Galileo
5(2)
Differential and Augmented GPS
7(1)
Differential GPS (DGPS)
7(1)
Local-Area Differential GPS
7(1)
Wide-Area Differential GPS
8(1)
Wide-Area Augmentation System
8(1)
Space-Based Augmentation Systems (SBASs)
8(7)
Historical Background
8(1)
Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
9(1)
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS)
10(1)
Japan's MTSAT Satellite-Based Augmentation System (MSAS)
11(1)
Canadian Wide-Area Augmentation System (CWAAS)
12(1)
China's Satellite Navigation Augmentation System (SNAS)
12(1)
Indian GPS and GEO Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN)
12(1)
Ground-Based Augmentation Systems (GBASs)
12(2)
Inmarsat Civil Navigation
14(1)
Satellite Overlay
15(1)
Future Satellite Systems
15(1)
Applications
15(3)
Aviation
16(1)
Spacecraft Guidance
16(1)
Maritime
16(1)
Land
16(1)
Geographic Information Systems (GISs), Mapping, and Agriculture
16(1)
Problems
17(1)
Fundamentals of Satellite and Inertial Navigation
18(35)
Navigation Systems Considered
18(1)
Systems Other than GNSS
18(1)
Comparison Criteria
19(1)
Fundamentals of Inertial Navigation
19(15)
Basic Concepts
19(2)
Inertial Navigation Systems
21(7)
Sensor Signal Processing
28(4)
Standalone INS Performance
32(2)
Satellite Navigation
34(10)
Satellite Orbits
34(1)
Navigation Solution (Two-Dimensional Example)
34(5)
Satellite Selection and Dilution of Precision
39(3)
Example Calculation of DOPs
42(2)
Time and GPS
44(2)
Coordinated Universal Time Generation
44(1)
GPS System Time
44(1)
Receiver Computation of UTC
45(1)
Example GPS Calculations with no Errors
46(7)
User Position Calculations
46(2)
User Velocity Calculations
48(1)
Problems
49(4)
Signal Characteristics and Information Extraction
53(58)
Mathematical Signal Waveform Models
53(1)
GPS Signal Components, Purposes, and Properties
54(18)
50-bps (bits per second) Data Stream
54(5)
GPS Satellite Position Calculations
59(6)
C/A-Code and Its Properties
65(5)
P-Code and Its Properties
70(1)
L1 and L2 Carriers
71(1)
Signal Power Levels
72(1)
Transmitted Power Levels
72(1)
Free-Space Loss Factor
72(1)
Atmospheric Loss Factor
72(1)
Antenna Gain and Minimum Received Signal Power
73(1)
Signal Acquisition and Tracking
73(15)
Determination of Visible Satellites
73(1)
Signal Doppler Estimation
74(1)
Search for Signal in Frequency and C/A-Code Phase
74(4)
Signal Detection and Confirmation
78(3)
Code Tracking Loop
81(3)
Carrier Phase Tracking Loops
84(3)
Bit Synchronization
87(1)
Data Bit Demodulation
88(1)
Extraction of Information for Navigation Solution
88(7)
Signal Transmission Time Information
89(1)
Ephemeris Data
89(1)
Pseudorange Measurements Using C/A-Code
89(2)
Pseudorange Measurements Using Carrier Phase
91(1)
Carrier Doppler Measurement
92(1)
Integrated Doppler Measurements
93(2)
Theoretical Considerations in Pseudorange and Frequency Estimation
95(3)
Theoretical versus Realizable Code-Based Pseudoranging Performance
95(2)
Theoretical Error Bounds for Carrier-Based Pseudoranging
97(1)
Theoretical Error Bounds for Frequency Measurement
98(1)
Modernization of GPS
98(13)
Deficiencies of the Current System
99(1)
Elements of the Modernized GPS
100(3)
Families of GPS Satellites
103(1)
Accuracy Improvements from Modernization
104(1)
Structure of the Modernized Signals
104(3)
Problems
107(4)
Receiver and Antenna Design
111(33)
Receiver Architecture
111(5)
Radiofrequency Stages (Front End)
111(1)
Frequency Downconversion and IF Amplification
112(2)
Digitization
114(1)
Baseband Signal Processing
114(2)
Receiver Design Choices
116(13)
Number of Channels and Sequencing Rate
116(2)
L2 Capability
118(1)
Code Selections: C/A, P, or Codeless
119(1)
Access to SA Signals
120(1)
Differential Capability
121(2)
Pseudosatellite Compatibility
123(5)
Immunity to Pseudolite Signals
128(1)
Aiding Inputs
128(1)
High-Sensitivity-Assisted GPS Systems (Indoor Positioning)
129(6)
How Assisting Data Improves Receiver Performance
130(4)
Factors Affecting High-Sensitivity Receivers
134(1)
Antenna Design
135(9)
Physical Form Factors
136(1)
Circular Polarization of GPS Signals
137(2)
Principles of Phased-Array Antennas
139(2)
The Antenna Phase Center
141(1)
Problems
142(2)
Global Navigation Satellite System Data Errors
144(55)
Selective Availability Errors
144(7)
Time-Domain Description
147(3)
Collection of SA Data
150(1)
Ionospheric Propagation Errors
151(12)
Ionospheric Delay Model
153(2)
GNSS Ionospheric Algorithms
155(8)
Tropospheric Propagation Errors
163(1)
The Multipath Problem
164(1)
How Multipath Causes Ranging Errors
165(2)
Methods of Multipath Mitigation
167(17)
Spatial Processing Techniques
167(2)
Time-Domain Processing
169(3)
MMT Technology
172(10)
Performance of Time-Domain Methods
182(2)
Theoretical Limits for Multipath Mitigation
184(1)
Estimation-Theoretic Methods
184(1)
MMSE Estimator
184(1)
Multipath Modeling Errors
184(1)
Ephemeris Data Errors
185(1)
Onboard Clock Errors
185(1)
Receiver Clock Errors
186(2)
Error Budgets
188(1)
Differential GNSS
188(6)
PN Code Differential Measurements
190(1)
Carrier Phase Differential Measurements
191(2)
Positioning Using Double-Difference Measurements
193(1)
GPS Precise Point Positioning Services and Products
194(5)
Problems
196(3)
Differential GNSS
199(37)
Introduction
199(1)
Descriptions of LADGPS, WADGPS, and SBAS
199(6)
Local-Area Differential GPS (LADGPS)
199(1)
Wide-Area Differential GPS (WADGPS)
200(1)
Space-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS)
200(5)
Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS)
205(1)
Local-Area Augmentation System (LAAS)
205(1)
Joint Precision Approach Landing System (JPALS)
205(1)
LORAN-C
206(1)
GEO Uplink Subsystem (GUS)
206(7)
Description of the GUS Algorithm
207(1)
In-Orbit Tests
208(1)
Ionospheric Delay Estimation
209(2)
Code--Carrier Frequency Coherence
211(1)
Carrier Frequency Stability
212(1)
GUS Clock Steering Algorithms
213(4)
Primary GUS Clock Steering Algorithm
214(1)
Backup GUS Clock Steering Algorithm
215(1)
Clock Steering Test Results Description
216(1)
GEO with L1/L5 Signals
217(6)
GEO Uplink Subsystem Type 1 (GUST) Control Loop Overview
220(3)
New GUS Clock Steering Algorithm
223(5)
Receiver Clock Error Determination
226(1)
Clock Steering Control Law
227(1)
GEO Orbit Determination
228(8)
Orbit Determination Covariance Analysis
230(5)
Problems
235(1)
GNSS and GEO Signal Integrity
236(19)
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)
236(2)
Range Comparison Method of Lee [ 121]
237(1)
Least-Squares Method [ 151]
237(1)
Parity Method [ 182, 183]
238(1)
SBAS and GBAS Integrity Design
238(15)
SBAS Error Sources and Integrity Threats
240(1)
GNSS-Associated Errors
240(3)
GEO-Associated Errors
243(1)
Receiver and Measurement Processing Errors
243(2)
Estimation Errors
245(1)
Integrity-Bound Associated Errors
245(1)
GEO Uplink Errors
246(1)
Mitigation of Integrity Threats
247(6)
SBAS example
253(1)
Conclusions
254(1)
GPS Integrity Channel (GIC)
254(1)
Kalman Filtering
255(61)
Introduction
255(2)
What Is a Kalman Filter?
255(1)
How It Works
256(1)
Kalman Gain
257(11)
Approaches to Deriving the Kalman Gain
258(1)
Gaussian Probability Density Functions
259(1)
Properties of Likelihood Functions
260(2)
Solving for Combined Information Matrix
262(1)
Solving for Combined Argmax
263(1)
Noisy Measurement Likelihoods
263(2)
Gaussian Maximum-Likelihood Estimate
265(2)
Kalman Gain Matrix for Maximum-Likelihood Estimation
267(1)
Estimate Correction Using Kalman Gain
267(1)
Covariance Correction for Measurements
267(1)
Prediction
268(9)
Stochastic Systems in Continuous Time
268(5)
Stochastic Systems in Discrete Time
273(1)
State Space Models for Discrete Time
274(1)
Dynamic Disturbance Noise Distribution Matrices
275(1)
Predictor Equations
276(1)
Summary of Kalman Filter Equations
277(2)
Essential Equations
277(1)
Common Terminology
277(1)
Data Flow Diagrams
278(1)
Accommodating Time-Correlated Noise
279(6)
Correlated Noise Models
279(3)
Empirical Sensor Noise Modeling
282(1)
State Vector Augmentation
283(2)
Nonlinear and Adaptive Implementations
285(5)
Nonlinear Dynamics
285(1)
Nonlinear Sensors
286(1)
Linearized Kalman Filter
286(1)
Extended Kalman Filtering
287(1)
Adaptive Kalman Filtering
288(2)
Kalman-Bucy Filter
290(1)
Implementation Equations
290(1)
Kalman--Bucy Filter Parameters
291(1)
GPS Receiver Examples
291(11)
Satellite Models
291(1)
Measurement Model
292(1)
Coordinates
293(1)
Measurement Sensitivity Matrix
293(1)
Implementation Results
294(8)
Other Kalman Filter Improvements
302(14)
Schmidt--Kalman Suboptimal Filtering
302(3)
Serial Measurement Processing
305(1)
Improving Numerical Stability
305(4)
Kalman Filter Monitoring
309(4)
Problems
313(3)
Inertial Navigation Systems
316(66)
Inertial Sensor Technologies
316(16)
Early Gyroscopes
316(4)
Early Accelerometers
320(3)
Feedback Control Technology
323(3)
Rotating Coriolis Multisensors
326(2)
Laser Technology and Lightwave Gyroscopes
328(1)
Vibratory Coriolis Gyroscopes (VCGs)
329(2)
MEMS Technology
331(1)
Inertial Systems Technologies
332(3)
Early Requirements
332(1)
Computer Technology
332(1)
Early Strapdown Systems
333(1)
INS and GNSS
334(1)
Inertial Sensor Models
335(8)
Zero-Mean Random Errors
336(1)
Systematic Errors
337(3)
Other Calibration Parameters
340(1)
Calibration Parameter Instability
341(1)
Auxilliary Sensors
342(1)
System Implementation Models
343(21)
One-Dimensional Example
343(1)
Initialization and Alignment
344(3)
Earth Models
347(8)
Gimbal Attitude Implementations
355(2)
Strapdown Attitude Implementations
357(6)
Navigation Computer and Software Requirements
363(1)
System-Level Error Models
364(18)
Error Sources
365(2)
Navigation Error Propagation
367(6)
Sensor Error Propagation
373(4)
Examples
377(4)
Problems
381(1)
GNSS/INS Integration
382(43)
Background
382(5)
Sensor Integration
382(1)
The Influence of Host Vehicle Trajectories on Performance
383(1)
Loosely and Tightly Coupled Integration
384(1)
Antenna/ISA Offset Correction
385(2)
Effects of Host Vehicle Dynamics
387(17)
Vehicle Tracking Filters
388(2)
Specialized Host Vehicle Tracking Filters
390(12)
Vehicle Tracking Filter Comparison
402(2)
Loosely Coupled Integration
404(9)
Overall Approach
404(1)
GNSS Error Models
404(3)
Receiver Position Error Model
407(1)
INS Error Models
408(5)
Tightly Coupled Integration
413(10)
Using GNSS for INS Vertical Channel Stabilization
413(1)
Using INS Accelerations to Aid GNSS Signal Tracking
414(1)
Using GNSS Pseudoranges
414(1)
Real-Time INS Recalibration
415(8)
Future Developments
423(2)
Appendix A Software
425(4)
Software Sources
425(1)
Software for
Chapter 3
426(1)
Satellite Position Determination Using Ephemeris Data
426(1)
Satellite Position Determination Using Almanac Data for All Satellites
426(1)
Software for
Chapter 5
426(1)
Ionospheric Delays
426(1)
Software for
Chapter 8
426(1)
Software for
Chapter 9
427(1)
Software for
Chapter 10
428(1)
Appendix B Vectors and Matrices
429(27)
Scalars
429(1)
Vectors
430(3)
Vector Notation
430(1)
Unit Vectors
430(1)
Subvectors
430(1)
Transpose of a Vector
431(1)
Vector Inner Product
431(1)
Orthogonal Vectors
431(1)
Magnitude of a Vector
431(1)
Unit Vectors and Orthonormal Vectors
431(1)
Vector Norms
432(1)
Vector Cross-Product
432(1)
Right-Handed Coordinate Systems
433(1)
Vector Outer Product
433(1)
Matrices
433(3)
Matrix Notation
433(1)
Special Matrix Forms
434(2)
Matrix Operations
436(3)
Matrix Transposition
436(1)
Subscripted Matrix Expressions
437(1)
Multiplication of Matrices by Scalars
437(1)
Addition and Multiplication of Matrices
437(1)
Powers of Square Matrices
438(1)
Matrix Inversion
438(1)
Generalized Matrix Inversion
438(1)
Orthogonal Matrices
439(1)
Block Matrix Formulas
439(3)
Submatrices, Partitioned Matrices, and Blocks
439(1)
Rank and Linear Dependence
440(1)
Conformable Block Operations
441(1)
Block Matrix Inversion Formula
441(1)
Inversion Formulas for Matrix Expressions
441(1)
Functions of Square Matrices
442(5)
Determinants and Characteristic Values
442(2)
The Matrix Trace
444(1)
Algebraic Functions of Matrices
444(1)
Analytic Functions of Matrices
444(2)
Similarity Transformations and Analytic Functions
446(1)
Norms
447(2)
Normed Linear Spaces
447(1)
Matrix Norms
447(2)
Factorizations and Decompositions
449(3)
Cholesky Decomposition
449(2)
QR Decomposition (Triangularization)
451(1)
Singular-Value Decomposition
451(1)
Eigenvalue-Eigenvector Decompositions of Symmetric Matrices
452(1)
Quadratic Forms
452(1)
Symmetric Decomposition of Quadratic Forms
453(1)
Derivatives of Matrices
453(3)
Derivatives of Matrix-Valued Functions
453(2)
Gradients of Quadratic Forms
455(1)
Appendix C Coordinate Transformations
456(46)
Notation
456(2)
Inertial Reference Directions
458(2)
Vernal Equinox
458(1)
Polar Axis of Earth
459(1)
Coordinate Systems
460(17)
Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
460(1)
Celestial Coordinates
461(1)
Satellite Orbit Coordinates
461(2)
ECI Coordinates
463(1)
ECEF Coordinates
463(7)
LTP Coordinates
470(3)
RPY Coordinates
473(1)
Vehicle Attitude Euler Angles
473(2)
GPS Coordinates
475(2)
Coordinate Transformation Models
477(25)
Euler Angles
477(1)
Rotation Vectors
478(15)
Direction Cosines Matrix
493(4)
Quaternions
497(5)
References 502(15)
Index 517


MOHINDER S. GREWAL, PhD, PE, is Professor of Electrical Engineering in theCollege of Engineering and Computer Science at California State University, Fullerton. LAWRENCE R. WEILL, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Applied Mathematics in the College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at California State University, Fullerton. ANGUS P. ANDREWS, PhD, is Senior Scientist (Retired) at the Rockwell Science Center in Thousand Oaks, California.