Preface to the Second Edition |
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xiii | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xvii | |
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xxi | |
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xxix | |
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List of abbreviations and acronyms |
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xxxiii | |
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1 Introduction: Scientific and applied rationales for the study of tropical cyclogenesis |
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1 | (10) |
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1.1 International efforts on tropical cyclogenesis study |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 Present state of the art of tropical cyclogenesis study |
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5 | (6) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.2 What do we not know? |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.3 What tools are available to us now? |
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7 | (4) |
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2 Global tropical cyclogenesis as a stochastic process |
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11 | (92) |
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2.1 Information signal model: Simulation, cumulation |
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11 | (3) |
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2.2 Annual single-component stochastic model of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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14 | (15) |
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2.2.1 Time series and cumulative functions of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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14 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Probability model and its parameters |
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15 | (10) |
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2.2.3 Interannual variabilities |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Poisson random model |
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26 | (3) |
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2.3 Annual two-component stochastic model of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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29 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Two-component probability model and its parameters |
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29 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Interannual variabilities for the two-component model |
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32 | (2) |
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2.4 Tropical cyclogenesis of the northern and southern hemispheres |
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34 | (15) |
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2.4.1 Time series and cumulative functions for hemisphere cyclogenesis |
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34 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Probability model and its parameters |
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36 | (4) |
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2.4.3 Intermittency coefficient and "true" intensity |
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40 | (4) |
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2.4.4 Interannual variability between northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere cyclogenesis |
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44 | (5) |
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2.5 Evolution of tropical cyclone initial forms as a stochastic process |
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49 | (18) |
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2.5.1 Simulation of an information signal |
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50 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Time series of the intensity of initial and mature forms |
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51 | (3) |
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2.5.3 Probability models of the intensity of initial and mature forms |
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54 | (3) |
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2.5.4 Integral intensity of processes |
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57 | (2) |
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2.5.5 Rate of hurricane formation |
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59 | (3) |
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2.5.6 Regional features of Pacific cyclogenesis |
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62 | (3) |
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2.5.7 Regional features of Indian Ocean cyclonic activity |
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65 | (1) |
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2.5.8 Regional features of Atlantic Ocean cyclogenesis |
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66 | (1) |
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2.6 Large-scale structure of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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67 | (11) |
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2.6.1 Spatiotemporal variability in global cyclogenesis |
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67 | (3) |
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2.6.2 Intra-annual variation of global cyclogenesis |
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70 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Spatial structure of generation centers |
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71 | (7) |
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2.7 Hierarchical structure of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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78 | (12) |
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2.7.1 Main properties and examples of wavelet transform |
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78 | (8) |
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2.7.2 Wavelet patterns of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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86 | (4) |
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2.8 Hierarchical structure of popular service systems |
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90 | (7) |
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2.8.1 Critical parameter of traffic services |
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91 | (1) |
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2.8.2 Forming a time series for the traffic process |
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91 | (1) |
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2.8.3 Wavelet patterns of disruption to traffic intensity |
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92 | (3) |
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2.8.4 Possible physical models |
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95 | (2) |
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2.9 Magnetosphere processes and global tropical cyclogenesis |
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97 | (6) |
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3 Regional tropical cyclogenesis |
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103 | (108) |
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3.1 Pacific tropical cyclogenesis as a stochastic process |
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103 | (10) |
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3.1.1 Probability models of Pacific cyclogenesis intensity |
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104 | (4) |
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3.1.2 Interannual variability of Pacific cyclogenesis |
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108 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Intermittency coefficient and the true intensity of Pacific cyclogenesis |
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110 | (3) |
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3.2 Thermal stratification of tropical atmosphere and Pacific cyclogenesis |
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113 | (19) |
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3.2.1 Initial observational data and processing methodology |
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113 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Spatiotemporal statistics of gradient fields |
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117 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Thermal stratification of the atmosphere by the action of tropical cyclones |
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120 | (3) |
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3.2.4 Thermal stratification of a disturbed atmosphere (resulting from radiosonde data) |
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123 | (3) |
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3.2.5 Thermal stratification of the tropical atmosphere by the action of tropical cyclone formation |
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126 | (6) |
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3.3 Spatiotemporal features of atmospheric moisture and Pacific cyclogenesis |
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132 | (16) |
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3.3.1 Observational data and processing procedure |
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133 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Precipitable water fields in an undisturbed atmosphere |
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135 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Precipitable water fields in a disturbed atmosphere |
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138 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Model of precipitable water fields and their properties under various synoptic conditions |
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138 | (2) |
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3.3.5 Mesoscale variability in precipitable water fields in the process of cyclogenesis |
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140 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Correlation with "one-point" measurements of precipitable water content |
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141 | (2) |
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3.3.7 Atmospheric water balance under pre-typhoon and typhoon conditions |
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143 | (5) |
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3.4 Initial stage of tropical cyclogenesis in the Pacific: Dynamics, interactions, hierarchy |
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148 | (51) |
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3.4.1 Two-stage conceptual model of tropical cyclogenesis |
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150 | (5) |
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3.4.2 Dynamics and interactions of original forms of TCs |
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155 | (12) |
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3.4.3 Hierarchy and clusterization of tropical convective systems |
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167 | (21) |
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3.4.4 Fractal features of superconvective clusters |
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188 | (4) |
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3.4.5 Spatiotemporal evolution of convective cluster meso-turbulence with high-precision Doppler radar |
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192 | (7) |
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3.5 Variation in tropical cyclone activity and El Nino-Southern Oscillation |
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199 | (12) |
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4 Global tropical cyclogenesis and global change |
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211 | (84) |
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4.1 Universal generation constant for a stochastic mode of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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211 | (10) |
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4.1.1 Statement of the problem |
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211 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Modern approaches and signal formation principles |
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213 | (3) |
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4.1.3 Universal constant for global and hemisphere cyclogeneses |
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216 | (5) |
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4.2 Tropical cyclogenesis and sea surface temperature fields (global and regional scales) |
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221 | (20) |
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4.2.1 Statement of the problem |
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221 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Observational data and their processing |
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223 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Statistical processing results for global cyclogenesis |
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225 | (4) |
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4.2.4 Statistical properties of global cyclogenesis |
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229 | (3) |
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4.2.5 Statistical features of mature form genesis in the SST field based on in situ data |
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232 | (4) |
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4.2.6 Statistical features of mature form genesis in the SST field based on remote and in situ data |
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236 | (4) |
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4.2.7 Features of the statistical properties of regional cyclogenesis |
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240 | (1) |
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4.3 Global radiothermal fields for study of the atmosphere--ocean system |
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241 | (20) |
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4.3.1 The role of microwave sounding in space monitoring |
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242 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Representation of the global radiothermal field as a computer animation |
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244 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Possibilities of using the radiothermal data of satellite monitoring |
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247 | (4) |
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4.3.4 Evolution of the radiothermal field of TC "Alberto" |
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251 | (10) |
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4.4 Global water vapor field as the energy source of tropical cyclones |
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261 | (21) |
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4.4.1 Statement of the problem |
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261 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Initial data of satellite-sounding and information-processing algorithms |
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263 | (3) |
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4.4.3 Entrainment effect in the evolution of TC "Gonu" |
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266 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Entrainment effect in the example of TC "Hondo" evolution |
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267 | (11) |
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4.4.5 Time evolution of TC "Hondo" and TC "Ivan" and their interaction in the integral water vapor field |
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278 | (4) |
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4.5 Latent heat energy transport by plural tropical cyclogenesis |
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282 | (13) |
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4.5.1 Statement of the problem |
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283 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Plural tropical cyclogenesis evolution |
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284 | (5) |
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4.5.3 Initial data for satellite sensing |
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289 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Information-processing technique and algorithms |
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289 | (2) |
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4.5.5 Spatiotemporal evolution of tropical cyclogenesis in the global water vapor field |
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291 | (4) |
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5 Solar activity and global tropical cyclogenesis |
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295 | (20) |
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5.1 Statement of the problem: Short history of viewpoints |
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295 | (2) |
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5.2 Study techniques and approaches: Processing technique |
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297 | (2) |
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5.3 Features of wavelet processing |
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299 | (3) |
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5.4 Annual and interannual variabilities of solar activity and cyclogenesis |
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302 | (4) |
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5.5 Correlation of annual time series |
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306 | (3) |
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5.6 Searching for 27-day periodicity in the time series of cyclogenesis |
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309 | (1) |
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5.7 Features of multiyear cyclogenesis data |
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310 | (5) |
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6 Ionosphere and tropical cyclone activity |
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315 | (22) |
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6.1 Statement of the problem and measurement techniques for ionosphere sounding |
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315 | (3) |
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6.2 Equatorial lower-ionosphere interactions with tropical cyclones studied by rocket sounding |
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318 | (4) |
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6.3 Large-scale upper-ionosphere variability measurement by oblique path radiosounding |
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322 | (7) |
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6.4 Tropical cyclone activity in mesospheric airglow |
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329 | (8) |
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7 Physical models and simulations of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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337 | (42) |
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7.1 Statistical synoptical modeling and forecasting |
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338 | (7) |
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7.1.1 Seasonal genesis parameters |
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338 | (1) |
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7.1.2 North Atlantic seasonal forecasts |
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339 | (3) |
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7.1.3 Development of the statistical synoptical approach |
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342 | (3) |
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7.2 Global climate change models and tropical cyclone genesis |
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345 | (11) |
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7.3 Kinetic diffusion approach |
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356 | (6) |
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7.3.1 Principles of the formation of a signal |
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357 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Correlation properties |
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358 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Kinetic diffusion model |
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360 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Radiophysical analogue |
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361 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Ways of improving the model |
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362 | (1) |
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7.4 Concept of self-organization |
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362 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Elements of qualitative analysis |
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363 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Helix mechanism for the formation of large-scale structures |
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364 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Effect of thermally insulated boundaries on the formation of large-scale structures |
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365 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Turbulent wave dynamo |
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366 | (1) |
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7.4.5 Diagnostic problems |
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367 | (2) |
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7.5 Instability genesis in a compressed and saturated moist air atmosphere |
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369 | (10) |
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7.5.1 Basic mechanisms involved in catastrophe genesis |
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370 | (2) |
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7.5.2 Role played by phase passing |
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372 | (2) |
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7.5.3 Physical mechanism involved in rotational instability |
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374 | (2) |
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7.5.4 New requirements for remote-sensing systems |
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376 | (3) |
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8 Databases of global tropical cyclogenesis |
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379 | (62) |
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8.1 Scientific and applied philosophy of global cyclogenesis dataset design |
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379 | (3) |
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8.2 Historical perspectives |
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382 | (2) |
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8.3 Existing archiving procedures and current archives |
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384 | (12) |
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8.3.1 Areas of responsibility |
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384 | (2) |
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8.3.2 JTWC services and products |
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386 | (4) |
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8.3.3 NHC services and products |
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390 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Global tropical cyclogenesis archives |
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393 | (3) |
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8.4 The global tropical cyclogenesis dataset Global-TC |
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396 | (4) |
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8.4.1 Principles of database design |
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396 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Data preparation technique |
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397 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Chronological data unit |
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398 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Evolutionary data unit |
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398 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Computational architecture of dataset |
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399 | (1) |
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8.5 Geoinformation dataset Pacific-TC |
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400 | (6) |
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8.5.1 Principles used to develop the database |
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400 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Structure of geophysical data |
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401 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Computational architecture |
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403 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Visualization of information |
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404 | (2) |
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8.6 Combined satellite and in situ Scenario-TC database |
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406 | (13) |
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8.6.1 Methodological problems of observation of atmospheric catastrophes |
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406 | (5) |
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8.6.2 Scenario principles of geophysical data formation |
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411 | (1) |
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8.6.3 Two experiments: the conglomerate scenario and the pursuit scenario |
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412 | (7) |
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8.7 The long-standing Global-RT database for the global radio-thermal fields of the Earth |
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419 | (11) |
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8.7.1 The need for global databases to provide computer animations |
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419 | (5) |
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8.7.2 Principles of the design of the Global-RT database |
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424 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Structure and data presentation in the Global-RT database |
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425 | (1) |
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8.7.4 Basic data types generated as a result of user queries |
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426 | (2) |
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8.7.5 Special software to cope with accumulated data |
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428 | (2) |
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8.7.6 Future developments |
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430 | (1) |
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8.8 Integrated object-related database of tropical cyclones in the global water vapor field |
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430 | (11) |
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8.8.1 Considerations for the design of an integrated object-related database |
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431 | (1) |
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8.8.2 EVA-00 database structure |
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432 | (3) |
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8.8.3 EVA-00 database products |
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435 | (6) |
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9 Remote sensing activity for cyclogenesis studies |
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441 | (52) |
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9.1 Position of tropical studies in existing space programs |
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442 | (16) |
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9.1.1 Ongoing missions and development trends |
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442 | (10) |
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9.1.2 Future missions relevant to tropical studies |
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452 | (6) |
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9.2 Missions for tropical convective system study |
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458 | (5) |
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458 | (3) |
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461 | (2) |
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9.3 Russian satellite systems relevant to tropical studies |
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463 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Meteor-2 and Meteor-3 series |
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464 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Resurs-01 and Resurs-F series |
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466 | (3) |
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9.3.3 Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite Electro (GOMS) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (4) |
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474 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Some aspects of the Russian remote-sensing program |
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474 | (4) |
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9.4 Special Russian missions for TC study |
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478 | (15) |
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9.4.1 Preliminary background to the projects |
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479 | (2) |
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481 | (6) |
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487 | (4) |
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9.4.4 International and practical aspects of the projects |
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491 | (2) |
A Tables: Quantitative data on the spatiotemporal features of global and regional tropical cyclogenesis for 1983--2010 |
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493 | (72) |
B Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale |
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565 | (4) |
References and bibliography |
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569 | (28) |
Index |
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597 | |