| Preface |
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xiii | |
| 1 Overview |
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1 | (12) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.1 Stage 1: Satellite Radio Positioning |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Stage 3: Satellite Navigation Positioning Reporting |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Development and Future Plans for the GPS System |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Development and Future Plans for GLONASS |
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5 | (3) |
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1.4 Development and Future of the Chinese Navigation Satellite System |
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8 | (2) |
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1.5 Galileo Navigation Satellite System |
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10 | (1) |
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1.6 Indian Navigation Satellite System |
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11 | (1) |
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1.7 Japanese Regional Navigation Satellite System |
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12 | (1) |
| 2 Concept and Application Prospects of Satellite Positioning Reporting Engineering |
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13 | (10) |
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2.1 Satellite Positioning Reporting Service |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 Type of Service and Frequency Assignment |
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13 | (4) |
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2.3 System Interference Analysis and Strategy |
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17 | (1) |
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2.3.1 L Frequency Band Interference Analysis |
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17 | (1) |
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2.3.2 S Frequency Band Interference Analysis |
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17 | (1) |
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2.4 Service Optimization of Satellite Positioning Reporting Engineering |
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18 | (2) |
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2.4.1 Integration of RDSS with RNSS and MSS |
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18 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Integration of RDSS and WAAS |
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19 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Integration of RDSS and TDRSS |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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2.5.1 Aviation Application |
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20 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Aerospace Application |
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21 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Navigation Application |
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22 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Land Transportation Application |
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22 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Hazardous and Difficult Site Monitoring |
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22 | (1) |
| 3 Principles of Satellite Positioning Reporting |
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23 | (10) |
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3.1 Theory of Positioning Reporting |
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23 | (4) |
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3.2 Main Factors Affecting Positioning Accuracy |
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27 | (1) |
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3.3 Accuracy of MCC Time Delay Measurement |
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27 | (1) |
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3.4 Space Propagation Time Delay Error |
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28 | (1) |
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3.5 Geometric Figure and Positioning Accuracy |
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29 | (1) |
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3.6 User Elevation and Positioning Accuracy |
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30 | (3) |
| 4 Engineering Design of the Satellite Positioning Reporting System |
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33 | (24) |
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33 | (1) |
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4.2 System Function Design |
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33 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Outbound Function Design |
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34 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Inbound Function Design |
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36 | (1) |
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4.2.3 System Processing Capability |
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36 | (1) |
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4.3 System Technical Index Design |
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37 | (4) |
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4.3.1 System Coverage Area |
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37 | (1) |
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4.3.2 System Capacity Design |
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37 | (3) |
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4.3.2.1 System Outbound Capacity Design |
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38 | (1) |
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4.3.2.2 System Inbound Capacity Design |
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38 | (2) |
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4.3.3 System Positioning Accuracy Design |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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4.4.1 Outbound Signal Design |
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41 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Inbound Signal Design |
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43 | (1) |
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4.5 System Frequency Design |
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43 | (2) |
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4.5.1 Influence of the Frequency Stability of a Transponder on System Performance |
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44 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Satellite-Ground Frequency Adjustment |
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44 | (1) |
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4.6 Engineering Design of Positioning Reporting Satellites |
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45 | (3) |
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4.6.1 Excellent Capability of Beam Coverage |
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45 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Design of EIRP and G/T Value |
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46 | (2) |
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4.7 MCC Engineering Design |
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48 | (6) |
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4.7.1 MCC Outbound Link Design |
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49 | (1) |
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4.7.2 MCC Inbound Link Design |
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49 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Satellite Orbit Determination and Prediction |
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50 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Dual-Satellite Wide Area Differential Processing |
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51 | (2) |
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4.7.5 MCC Service Processing |
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53 | (1) |
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4.8 RDSS Application Terminal Design |
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54 | (3) |
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4.8.1 Single Address User Receiver |
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54 | (1) |
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4.8.2 Multi-Address User Receiver |
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55 | (1) |
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4.8.3 RDSS Double-Model User Receiver |
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55 | (2) |
| 5 Comprehensive Theory of RDSS and Engineering Design |
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57 | (54) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Navigation Position Reporting Service |
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58 | (1) |
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5.2.2 RNSS Continuous Navigation Service |
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59 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Mission Comparison between CRDSS Service and RNSS Service |
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60 | (1) |
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5.2.4 CRDSS System Position Reporting Capability Analysis |
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61 | (1) |
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5.2.5 CRDSS Global Coverage Analysis |
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62 | (2) |
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5.2.6 Realization of the CRDSS Personalized Service |
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64 | (1) |
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5.3 CRDSS system Engineering Design |
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65 | (17) |
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5.3.1 Application Object and Design Principle |
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65 | (1) |
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5.3.1.1 Application Objects |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Constellation Selection and Coverage Area Design |
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66 | (4) |
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5.3.2.1 Constellation Selection |
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66 | (1) |
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5.3.2.2 CAT-I Integrity Broadcasting Constellation Design |
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67 | (1) |
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5.3.2.3 Air Traffic Control Coverage Area Design in the Region of China |
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68 | (1) |
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5.3.2.4 CRDSS Coverage Area Design |
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68 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Precision Analysis and Index Distribution |
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70 | (8) |
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5.3.3.1 Total Precision Requirement |
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70 | (1) |
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5.3.3.2 Observation Equipment Error Analysis |
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71 | (1) |
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5.3.3.3 Point Positioning and Single Reference Station Differential Positioning Error Analysis |
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71 | (1) |
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5.3.3.4 Base Network Pseudorange Differential Positioning Accuracy Analysis |
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72 | (2) |
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5.3.3.5 Single Reference Station Carrier Phase Differential Positioning Error Analysis |
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74 | (3) |
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5.3.3.6 Narrow Correlation Pseudorange Differential Positioning Accuracy Analysis |
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77 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Selection of Precision Positioning Scheme |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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5.3.6 Two-way Data Transmission Link Design of the S/L- Frequency Band |
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79 | (3) |
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5.3.6.1 Design Condition and Design Item Parameters |
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79 | (1) |
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5.3.6.2 Estimation of Outbound Link Level and Capacity |
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79 | (1) |
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5.3.6.3 Estimation of Inbound Link Level and Capacity |
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80 | (2) |
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5.4 CRDSS Navigation Positioning Satellite |
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82 | (6) |
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5.4.1 Mission and Functional Parameter |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (5) |
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5.4.3.1 Regional CRDSS Satellite |
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83 | (4) |
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5.4.3.2 Global CRDSS Satellite |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (11) |
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5.5.1 Function and Composition of Ground System |
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88 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Measurement and Control Center (MCC) |
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89 | (3) |
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5.5.2.1 CRDSS Service User Distance Measurement and Positioning Equation |
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89 | (1) |
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5.5.2.2 Distance Measurement System Scheme |
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90 | (2) |
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5.5.3 GNSS Reference Station System |
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92 | (1) |
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5.5.3.1 Local Class I Precision Approach Reference Station System |
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93 | (1) |
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5.5.3.2 The 1.0 m Level Reference System |
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93 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Multiple System Satellite Clock Error Determination |
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93 | (2) |
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5.5.4.1 Compass Satellite Clock Error Determination |
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94 | (1) |
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5.5.5 Multiple System Satellite Precise Orbit Determination and Application |
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95 | (1) |
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5.5.6 Formation and Application of Ionosphere Correction Parameter |
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96 | (1) |
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5.5.7 GNSS High-Accuracy Real-Time Dynamic Positioning |
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97 | (1) |
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5.5.8 CRDSS High Accuracy Quasi Real-Time Positioning |
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98 | (1) |
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5.6 Typical Application Scheme |
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99 | (12) |
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5.6.1 High Accuracy Pseudorange Double Difference Application Scheme |
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99 | (7) |
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5.6.1.1 Pseudorange Double Difference RDSS Positioning Principle |
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99 | (2) |
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5.6.1.2 Pseudorange Double Difference RDSS Positioning Distance and Observation Parameters Correction and Precision Analysis |
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101 | (2) |
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5.6.1.3 L Frequency Band Double Difference Distance Correction |
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103 | (1) |
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5.6.1.4 Pseudorange Double Difference RDSS Positioning Accuracy Estimation |
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104 | (1) |
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5.6.1.5 MCC Total Distance Measurement Scheme |
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105 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Design Scheme of the Double Module User Terminal |
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106 | (5) |
| 6 Anti-Interference and Low Exposure Technology of the Satellite Positioning User |
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111 | (6) |
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6.1 Self-Adaptive Spatial Filtering Principle |
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111 | (1) |
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6.2 Basic Algorithm of Self-Adaptive Filtering |
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112 | (3) |
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6.3 Self-Adaptive Nulling Antenna Engineering Design |
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115 | (1) |
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6.4 Low Exposure Transmission Array Antenna Design |
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115 | (2) |
| 7 Concept of Satellite Navigation and the Principle of Positioning and Velocity Measurement |
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117 | (16) |
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7.1 Concept of Satellite Navigation |
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117 | (2) |
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7.2 Satellite Navigation Principle |
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119 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Solutions of the Navigation Mission |
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121 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Concept and Definition of the Pseudorange |
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122 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Navigation Positioning Equation |
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123 | (2) |
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7.3 Geometric Precision Factor |
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125 | (2) |
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7.4 Satellite Navigation Velocity Measurement Principle |
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127 | (2) |
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7.5 Positioning Velocity Measurement Precision |
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129 | (1) |
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7.5.1 Positioning Accuracy of Global System |
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130 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Global and Regional Augmentation System Positioning Accuracy |
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130 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Global, Regional, and Local Augmentation Positioning Accuracy |
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130 | (1) |
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7.6 Distance Difference and Radial Velocity Difference |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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7.8 Carrier Phase Difference Method |
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131 | (2) |
| 8 Performance Demand and General Design of RNSS |
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133 | (12) |
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8.1 Essential Performance of RNSS |
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133 | (8) |
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8.1.1 Value-Added Performance of RNSS |
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139 | (1) |
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8.1.2 High-Dimensional Performance of RNSS |
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140 | (1) |
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8.2 Mission and Procedure of the General Design |
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141 | (2) |
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8.3 Mission and Procedure of Engineering Design |
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143 | (2) |
| 9 System Design of Satellite Navigation |
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145 | (48) |
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9.1 System Design Principle and Content |
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145 | (3) |
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9.1.1 System Design Principle |
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146 | (1) |
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9.1.1.1 Adhering to the Long-Term Duty and Continuity |
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146 | (1) |
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9.1.1.2 Adhering to Coordination and Integration |
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146 | (1) |
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9.1.1.3 Laying Emphasis on Economy and Technical Feasibility |
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146 | (1) |
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9.1.1.4 Security and Competitiveness |
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147 | (1) |
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9.1.2 System Design Content |
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147 | (1) |
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9.2 Service Mode and Content |
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148 | (2) |
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9.3 Satellite Orbit and Constellation Selection |
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150 | (10) |
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150 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Track of Sub-Satellite Point and its Effect on Measurement and Control Plan |
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152 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Orbital Plane and the Number of Constellation Satellites |
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154 | (4) |
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9.3.4 Selection of Types of Satellite Orbits |
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158 | (2) |
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9.4 Signal Frequency and Modulation Coding Mode |
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160 | (22) |
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9.4.1 Selection Principle of Navigation Signal Frequency |
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160 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Navigation Frequency Recommended by the ITU |
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160 | (4) |
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9.4.3 Signal Frequency and Bandwidth Selection |
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164 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Satellite Multiple Access Identification and Ranging Code Design |
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166 | (7) |
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9.4.5 Navigation Signal Modulation Methods |
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173 | (6) |
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9.4.5.1 Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) Modulation |
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175 | (4) |
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9.4.6 Selected Error Correction Coding of Navigation Message |
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179 | (2) |
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9.4.7 Advocates of the Compass Operators Toward Satellite Navigation Frequency Compatibility and Compass Signal Structure |
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181 | (1) |
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9.5 Time Standard and Timing Pattern of Satellite Navigation |
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182 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Satellite Navigation Time System (SATNAVT) |
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183 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Universal Time (UT) (Greenwich Mean Solar Time) |
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183 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Timing Method of Satellite Navigation Time (SATNAVT) |
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184 | (2) |
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9.6 Navigation Satellite Trajectories and Ephemeris Expressions |
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186 | (7) |
| 10 Design of the Satellite Navigation Operation Control System |
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193 | (32) |
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10.1 Mission and Composition of the Satellite Navigation Operation Control System |
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193 | (1) |
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10.2 Satellite Time Synchronization and Timing |
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194 | (4) |
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10.2.1 Method of Satellite-Ground Time Synchronization |
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194 | (1) |
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10.2.1.1 Method of Satellite-Ground Pseudorange Time |
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194 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Method of Inter-Station Time Synchronization |
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195 | (2) |
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10.2.2.1 Method of Two-Way Satellite Time Transfer |
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196 | (1) |
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10.2.2.2 Method of Two-Way Satellite Common View |
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196 | (1) |
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10.2.2.3 Method of Two-Way GEO Satellite Common View |
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196 | (1) |
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10.2.3 User Timing Service |
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197 | (1) |
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10.2.3.1 Prediction Model for the Satellite Clock Error |
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197 | (1) |
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10.3 Correction of Navigation Signal Spatial Propagation Delay |
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198 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Ionosphere Model Correction for Single Band Users |
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200 | (3) |
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10.3.1.1 Ionosphere Correction in Regional Grid |
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202 | (1) |
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10.4 Determination of Precise Orbit and Satellite Clock Error |
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203 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Correction of Satellite Orbit |
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204 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Accuracy Estimation |
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205 | (1) |
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10.5 Integrity Monitoring and Prediction |
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206 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Satellite-Ground Two-Way Pseudorange Time Synchronization Separated Satellite Integrity |
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206 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Integrity of DLL Related Monitoring Satellite Payload |
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207 | (2) |
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10.5.2.1 How to Conduct the Distortion Determination of Satellite Signals |
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207 | (2) |
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10.6 Integration of Operation Control System |
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209 | (2) |
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10.6.1 Combination of RNSS and RDSS to Realize Integration of Three Functions of Navigation, Communication, and Identification |
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209 | (1) |
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10.6.1.1 Basic Principles and Methods of Integration |
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209 | (1) |
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10.6.1.2 Performance Features of RNSS and RDSS Integration |
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210 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Realization of Integration with a Foreign System by Multiple-System Information Fusion |
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210 | (1) |
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10.7 Operation and Control of Multi-System Joint Wide Area Augmentation System |
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211 | (14) |
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10.7.1 System Composition |
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212 | (1) |
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10.7.2 System Working Principle |
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213 | (3) |
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10.7.3 GEOS Satellite Correction Parameters and Integrity Broadcast Message |
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216 | (1) |
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10.7.4 Satellite Integrity Monitoring |
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217 | (1) |
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10.7.5 Composition of the Monitoring Station |
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218 | (2) |
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10.7.6 Master Control Station Joint Wide Area Differential Software Function |
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220 | (5) |
| 11 Navigation Satellites and Navigation Payload |
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225 | (26) |
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11.1 Satellite and Navigation Payload History |
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225 | (4) |
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11.2 Navigation Satellite Platform |
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229 | (3) |
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11.3 Navigation Payload Requirements |
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232 | (1) |
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11.4 GPS Satellite Navigation Payload |
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232 | (6) |
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11.4.1 Atomic Frequency Standard |
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233 | (1) |
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11.4.2 On-Board Processing |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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11.4.5 Autonomous Navigation |
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235 | (3) |
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11.5 GLONASS Navigation Satellite and Navigation Payload |
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238 | (4) |
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11.5.1 Functions of the GLONASS Navigation Satellite |
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238 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Satellite Composition |
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239 | (3) |
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11.5.2.1 Navigation Transmitter |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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11.5.2.3 Control Combination System |
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241 | (1) |
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11.5.2.4 Orientation and Stable System as well as Its Auxiliary Equipment |
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242 | (1) |
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11.6 Galileo Navigation Satellite and Alternative Schemes of Navigation Payload |
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242 | (6) |
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11.6.1 Satellite Definition |
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242 | (2) |
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11.6.2 MEO Satellite Configuration |
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244 | (2) |
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11.6.3 Payload of MEO Satellite Navigation |
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246 | (1) |
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11.6.4 GEO Satellite and Navigation Load |
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247 | (1) |
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11.7 Compass Satellite Navigation and Payload |
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248 | (1) |
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11.8 Comparison and Development Direction of Navigation Payload |
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249 | (2) |
| 12 Satellite Navigation User Receiver |
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251 | (20) |
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12.1 Relative Motion Characteristics Between the User and the Satellite |
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251 | (5) |
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12.2 Pseudorange Measurement and Error Analysis |
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256 | (5) |
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12.2.1 Types and Characteristics of Pseudorange Error |
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257 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Dynamic Stress Error |
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258 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Pseudorange Random Error |
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258 | (2) |
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12.2.4 Pseudorange Smoothing Technology |
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260 | (1) |
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12.3 Positioning and Filtering Processing |
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261 | (10) |
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12.3.1 alpha/beta Tracker |
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261 | (4) |
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265 | (6) |
| References |
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271 | (2) |
| Further Reading |
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273 | (2) |
| Index |
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275 | |
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