Section I Pathophysiology: Background and Overview |
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1 | (64) |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathophysiology |
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1 | (13) |
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What Is Pathophysiology and Why Study It? |
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1 | (7) |
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Understanding Health and Disease |
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2 | (1) |
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Concept and Scope of Pathophysiology |
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2 | (2) |
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Beginning the Process: A Medical History |
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4 | (1) |
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New Developments and Trends |
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4 | (1) |
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Basic Terminology of Pathophysiology |
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5 | (3) |
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Introduction to Cellular Changes |
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8 | (6) |
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Terms Used for Common Cellular Adaptations |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances |
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14 | (26) |
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15 | (6) |
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Review of Concepts and Processes |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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Fluid Deficit: Dehydration |
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20 | (1) |
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Third-Spacing: Fluid Deficit and Fluid Excess |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (8) |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (7) |
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Review of Concepts and Processes |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (4) |
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36 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies |
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40 | (13) |
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40 | (8) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Administration and Distribution of Drugs |
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42 | (3) |
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Drug Mechanisms and Receptors |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Drug Classifications and Prescriptions |
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46 | (2) |
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Traditional Forms of Therapy |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Registered Massage Therapy |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Complementary or Alternative Therapies |
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49 | (4) |
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Noncontact Therapeutic Touch |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Asian Concepts of Disease and Healing |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (12) |
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Etiology and Sources of Pain |
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53 | (1) |
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Structures and Pain Pathways |
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54 | (1) |
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Physiology of Pain and Pain Control |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Pain Perception and Response |
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57 | (2) |
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Basic Classifications of Pain |
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59 | (8) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (7) |
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67 | |
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61 | (6) |
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67 | |
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67 | |
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62 | (3) |
Section II Defense/Protective Mechanisms |
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65 | (77) |
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Chapter 5 Inflammation and Healing |
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65 | (23) |
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66 | (1) |
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Review of Normal Capillary Exchange |
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67 | (1) |
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Physiology of Inflammation |
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67 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (3) |
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Pathophysiology and General Characteristics |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology and General Characteristics |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Treatment of Inflammation |
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73 | (2) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Healing |
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76 | (2) |
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Complications Due to Scar Formation |
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78 | (1) |
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Example of Inflammation and Healing |
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78 | (10) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (9) |
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88 | (26) |
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89 | (11) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (9) |
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99 | (1) |
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Resident Flora (Indigenous Normal Flora, Resident Microbiota) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (5) |
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Transmission of Infectious Agents |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Virulence and Pathogenicity of Microorganisms |
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102 | (1) |
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New Issues Affecting Infections and Transmission |
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102 | (1) |
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Control of Transmission and Infection |
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103 | (2) |
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Physiology of Infection, los Onset and Development |
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105 | (9) |
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106 | (1) |
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Signs and Symptoms of Infection |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Treatment and Antimicrobial Drugs |
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107 | (3) |
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Example of Infection: Influenza (Flu) |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (28) |
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Review of the Immune System |
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115 | (6) |
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Components of the Immune System |
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115 | (1) |
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Elements of the Immune System |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Process of Acquiring Immunity |
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120 | (1) |
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Outcome of Infectious Disease |
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121 | (1) |
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Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Immunity |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Tissue and Organ Transplant Rejection |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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122 | (6) |
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Type I: Allergic Reactions |
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123 | (3) |
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Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity |
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126 | (1) |
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Type III: Immune Complex Hypersensitivity |
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127 | (1) |
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Type IV: Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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Example: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (11) |
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Causes of Immunodeficiency |
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131 | (1) |
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Effects of Immunodeficiency |
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132 | (1) |
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
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132 | (10) |
Section III Pathophysiology of Body Systems |
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142 | (403) |
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142 | (19) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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Skin Inflammatory Disorders |
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146 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (7) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (4) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Musculoskeletal System Disorders |
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161 | (23) |
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Review of the Musculoskeletal System |
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162 | (5) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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167 | (5) |
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172 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Disorders of Muscle, Tendons, and Ligaments |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (8) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (2) |
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Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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180 | (1) |
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Infectious (Septic) Arthritis |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (7) |
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187 | |
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Other Inflammatory Joint Disorders |
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182 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Blood and Circulatory System Disorders |
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184 | (29) |
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Review of the Circulatory System and Blood |
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185 | (10) |
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Anatomy, Structures, and Components |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (9) |
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195 | (13) |
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195 | (9) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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Neoplastic Blood Disorders |
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208 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (5) |
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Chapter 11 Lymphatic System Disorders |
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213 | (10) |
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Review of the Lymphatic System |
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213 | (4) |
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273 | (2) |
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Composition and Production of Lymph |
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275 | |
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217 | (6) |
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217 | (3) |
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Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Myeloma |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (7) |
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Elephantiasis (Filariasis) |
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227 | |
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221 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System Disorders |
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223 | (49) |
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Review of the Cardiovascular System |
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224 | (6) |
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224 | (5) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (28) |
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Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Function |
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230 | (7) |
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General Treatment Measures for Cardiac Disorders |
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237 | |
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Coronary Artery Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease, or Acute Coronary Syndrome |
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233 | (9) |
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Cardiac Dysrhythmias (Arrhythmias) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (4) |
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Young Children With Congestive Heart Failure |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (5) |
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Inflammation and Infection in the Heart |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (6) |
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258 | (4) |
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262 | (2) |
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264 | (8) |
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Chapter 13 Respiratory System Disorders |
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272 | (53) |
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Review of Structures of the Respiratory System |
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273 | (8) |
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Purpose and General Organization |
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273 | (1) |
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Structures in the Respiratory System |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (3) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease |
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281 | (2) |
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Common Treatment Measures for Respiratory Disorders |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (11) |
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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections |
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283 | (3) |
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Lower Respiratory Tract Infections |
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286 | (8) |
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Obstructive Lung Diseases |
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294 | (8) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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302 | (6) |
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303 | (4) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Restrictive Lung Disorders |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (3) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (13) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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377 | (2) |
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Adult or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
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379 | |
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Acute Respiratory Failure |
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320 | (5) |
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Chapter 14 Nervous System Disorders |
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325 | (60) |
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Review of Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology |
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326 | (12) |
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326 | (11) |
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337 | |
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Neurons and Conduction of Impulses |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (3) |
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General Effects of Neurologic Dysfunction |
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338 | (6) |
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338 | (1) |
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Supratentorial and Infratentorial Lesions |
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338 | (1) |
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Left and Right Hemispheres |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (7) |
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347 | (1) |
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Increased Intracranial Pressure |
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347 | |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Acute Neurologic Problems |
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344 | (19) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (5) |
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350 | (4) |
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354 | (4) |
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358 | (5) |
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Congenital Neurologic Disorders |
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363 | (4) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (3) |
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Chronic Degenerative Disorders |
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370 | (5) |
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370 | (2) |
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Parkinson Disease (Paralysis Agitans) |
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372 | (1) |
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (3) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (5) |
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Herniated Intervertebral Disc |
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380 | (5) |
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Chapter 15 Disorders of the Eyes, Ears, and Other Sensory Organs |
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385 | (15) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (8) |
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Review of Structure and Function |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (6) |
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Review of Structure and Function |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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Chronic Disorders of the Ear |
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398 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Endocrine System Disorders |
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400 | (27) |
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Review of the Endocrine System |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (1) |
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Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus |
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404 | (9) |
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Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes |
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404 | (9) |
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Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (3) |
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474 | (2) |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Syndrome |
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476 | |
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417 | (3) |
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477 | (1) |
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Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease) |
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478 | |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (7) |
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420 | (7) |
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427 | (1) |
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Chapter 17 Digestive System Disorders |
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427 | (61) |
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Review of the Digestive System |
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428 | (7) |
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Structures and Their Functions |
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428 | (5) |
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Neural and Hormonal Controls |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Common Manifestations of Digestive System Disorders |
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435 | (4) |
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Anorexia, Vomiting, and Bulimia |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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Common Therapies and Prevention |
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439 | (2) |
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Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders |
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441 | (15) |
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Disorders of the Oral Cavity |
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447 | |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (8) |
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457 | |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas |
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456 | (13) |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (5) |
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463 | (4) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders |
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469 | (19) |
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469 | (1) |
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Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
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469 | (4) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (3) |
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479 | (3) |
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482 | (6) |
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Chapter 18 Urinary System Disorders |
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488 | (26) |
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Review of the Urinary System |
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489 | (1) |
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489 | (4) |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (3) |
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Incontinence and Retention |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (2) |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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Disorders of the Urinary System |
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498 | (5) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (3) |
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Urinary Tract Obstructions |
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503 | (2) |
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Urolithiasis (Calculi, or Kidney Stones) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) |
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507 | (1) |
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507 | (7) |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (5) |
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Chapter 19 Reproductive System Disorders |
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514 | (31) |
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System |
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515 | (6) |
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Review of the Male Reproductive System |
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575 | (1) |
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Congenital Abnormalities of the Penis |
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576 | (1) |
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Disorders of the Testes and Scrotum |
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576 | (2) |
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Inflammation and Infections |
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578 | |
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System |
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521 | (16) |
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Review of the Female Reproductive System |
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527 | |
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525 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
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Infections and Inflammation |
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527 | (3) |
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530 | (2) |
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532 | (5) |
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537 | (1) |
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
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538 | (7) |
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538 | (9) |
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547 | |
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|
542 | (3) |
Section IV Factors Contributing to Pathophysiology |
|
545 | (61) |
|
Chapter 20 Neoplasms and Cancer |
|
|
545 | (20) |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Benign and Malignant Tumors |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
547 | (14) |
|
Examples of Malignant Tumors |
|
|
561 | (4) |
|
|
561 | (6) |
|
|
567 | |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
Chapter 21 Congenital and Genetic Disorders |
|
|
565 | (14) |
|
Review of Genetic Control |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
567 | (3) |
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Genetic Diagnosis and DNA Testing |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Proteomic Research and Designer Drugs |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
Chapter 22 Complications of Pregnancy |
|
|
579 | (9) |
|
Embryonic and Fetal Development |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
|
580 | (7) |
|
Physiologic Changes and Their Implications |
|
|
587 | |
|
Potential Complications of Pregnancy |
|
|
583 | (5) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
Chapter 23 Complications of Adolescence |
|
|
588 | (9) |
|
Review of Changes During Adolescence |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities |
|
|
590 | (3) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (7) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis |
|
|
597 | |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Disorders Affecting Sexual Development |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
Chapter 24 Complications of Aging |
|
|
597 | (9) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Physiological Changes With Aging |
|
|
598 | (5) |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Reproductive System Changes |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Skin and Mucosa |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular System Changes |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Musculoskeletal System Changes |
|
|
600 | (7) |
|
Respiratory System Changes |
|
|
607 | |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Digestive System Changes and Nutrition |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
603 | (3) |
Section V Environmental Factors and Pathophysiology |
|
606 | (25) |
|
Chapter 25 Immobility and Associated Problems |
|
|
606 | (5) |
|
Factors Involving Immobility |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Musculoskeletal System Effects |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular System Effects |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Respiratory System Effects |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Neurologic/Psychological Effects |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
Effects of Immobility on Children |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Chapter 26 Stress and Associated Problems |
|
|
611 | (6) |
|
Review of the Stress Response |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (5) |
|
Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
675 | |
|
Chapter 27 Substance Abuse and Associated Problems |
|
|
617 | (7) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Environmental/Behavioral Risk Factors |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Indications/Recognition of Abuse |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Potential Complications of Substance Abuse |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
620 | (7) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Neurologic/Psychological Effects |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | |
|
Treatment for Substance Abuse |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Chapter 28 Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems |
|
|
624 | (7) |
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Food and Waterborne Hazards |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
|
629 | (2) |
Appendices |
|
631 | (23) |
Glossary |
|
654 | (9) |
Index |
|
663 | |