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E-grāmata: Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers

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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Springer Texts in Education
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jul-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319339160
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Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native SpeakersPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Sērija : Springer Texts in Education
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jul-2016
  • Izdevniecība: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319339160
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Updated and revised with more examples and expanded discussions, this second edition continues the aim of providing teachers with a solid understanding of the use and function of grammatical structures in American English. The book avoids jargon and presents essential grammatical structures clearly and concisely. Dr. DeCapua approaches grammar from a descriptive rather than a prescriptive standpoint, discussing differences between formal and informal language, and spoken and written English. The text draws examples from a wide variety of authentic materials to illustrate grammatical concepts. The many activities throughout the book engage users in exploring the different elements of grammar and in considering how these elements work together to form meaning. Users are encouraged to tap into their own, often subconscious, knowledge of grammar to consciously apply their knowledge to their own varied teaching settings. The text also emphasizes the importance of understanding grammar from the perspective of English language learners, an approach that allows teachers to better appreciate the difficulties these learners face.  Specific areas of difficulties for learners of English are highlighted throughout.

1 What Is Grammar?
1(20)
1.1 Section 1: Grammarians and Grammar
1(3)
1.2 Section 2: Language and Change
4(2)
1.3 Section 3: Linguists and Grammar
6(4)
1.3.1 Language Is Rule-Governed
7(3)
1.4 Section 4: Prescriptive Grammar and Descriptive Grammar
10(5)
1.4.1 Prescriptive Grammar
10(3)
1.4.2 Descriptive Grammar
13(2)
1.5 Summary
15(1)
1.6 Practice Activities
16(2)
1.7 Answer Key
18(3)
2 Morphology: Words and Their Parts
21(24)
2.1 Section 1: Word Classes
21(12)
2.1.1 Context and Function
24(2)
2.1.2 Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories
26(4)
2.1.3 Major Parts of Speech
30(3)
2.2 Section 2: Morphology
33(5)
2.2.1 Bound and Free Morphemes
34(1)
2.2.2 Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes
35(3)
2.3 Summary
38(2)
2.4 Practice Activities
40(2)
2.5 Answer Key
42(3)
3 The Noun Phrase
45(36)
3.1 Section 1: Identifying Nouns
45(4)
3.1.1 Semantic Clues
46(1)
3.1.2 Structural Clues
47(1)
3.1.3 Morphological Clues
47(2)
3.2 Section 2: Count, Non-Count, and Crossover Nouns
49(7)
3.2.1 Count Nouns
49(1)
3.2.2 Non-Count Nouns
50(5)
3.2.3 Crossover Nouns
55(1)
3.3 Section 3: Structure Words that Signal Nouns
56(9)
3.3.1 Noun Signals
56(9)
3.4 Section 4: Pronouns
65(7)
3.4.1 Types of Pronouns
66(6)
3.5 Summary
72(2)
3.6 Practice Activities
74(4)
3.7 Answer Key
78(3)
4 Adjectives and Adverbs
81(38)
4.1 Section I: Adjectives
81(18)
4.1.1 Semantic Clues
81(2)
4.1.2 Morphological Clues
83(5)
4.1.3 Structural Clues
88(3)
4.1.4 Order of Adjectives
91(2)
4.1.5 Special Types of Adjectives
93(6)
4.2 Section 2: Adverbs
99(10)
4.2.1 -ly Adverbs
100(2)
4.2.2 Subclasses of Adverbs
102(7)
4.3 Summary
109(1)
4.4 Practice Activities
110(5)
4.5 Answer Key
115(4)
5 Overview of Verbs and Verb Phrases: The Heart of the Sentence
119(44)
5.1 Section 1: Identifying Verbs
119(2)
5.1.1 Semantic Clues
120(1)
5.1.2 Morphological Clues
120(1)
5.1.3 Structural Clues
120(1)
5.2 Section 2: Main Verbs Versus Auxiliary Verbs
121(9)
5.2.1 The Primary Auxiliary Verbs Have, Be, Do
123(7)
5.3 Section 3: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
130(9)
5.3.1 Transitive Verbs
130(6)
5.3.2 Intransitive Verbs
136(1)
5.3.3 Verbs that Are Transitive and Intransitive
137(1)
5.3.4 Linking Verbs
138(1)
5.4 Section 4: Verbs Followed by Gerunds and Infinitives
139(4)
5.4.1 Verb/Gerund Variations
142(1)
5.5 Section 5: Phrasal Verbs
143(8)
5.5.1 Phrasal Verbs Versus Verb + Preposition/Adverb
144(3)
5.5.2 Types of Phrasal Verbs
147(4)
5.6 Summary
151(1)
5.7 Practice Activities
152(4)
5.8 Answer Key
156(7)
6 Time, Tense, and Aspect of Verbs
163(48)
6.1 Section 1: Verbs and Inflections
163(3)
6.1.1 Time, Tense, and Aspect
164(2)
6.2 Section 2: Present
166(6)
6.2.1 Simple Present
166(2)
6.2.2 Present Progressive
168(4)
6.3 Section 3: Past
172(6)
6.3.1 Simple Past
172(3)
6.3.2 Past Progressive
175(3)
6.4 Section 4: Future
178(6)
6.4.1 Will
179(1)
6.4.2 Be Going To
180(2)
6.4.3 Present Progressive for Future
182(1)
6.4.4 Future Progressive
183(1)
6.5 Section 5: The Perfect
184(10)
6.5.1 Present Perfect
184(4)
6.5.2 Past Perfect
188(2)
6.5.3 Future Perfect
190(1)
6.5.4 Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, and Future Perfect Progressive
191(3)
6.6 Summary
194(2)
6.7 Practice Activities
196(7)
6.8 Answer Key
203(8)
7 Modal Auxiliary Verbs and Related Structures
211(32)
7.1 Introduction
211(1)
7.2 Section 1: Meanings and Use
211(19)
7.2.1 Ability
213(2)
7.2.2 Permission and Polite Requests
215(1)
7.2.3 Possibility or Probability Present Time
216(1)
7.2.4 Possibility or Probability Past Time
217(3)
7.2.5 Necessity or Obligation
220(3)
7.2.6 Prohibition
223(2)
7.2.7 Advice or Suggestion
225(2)
7.2.8 Expectation
227(1)
7.2.9 Unfulfilled Expectation, Mistake
228(2)
7.3 Section 2: Would and the Conditional
230(4)
7.3.1 Would
230(1)
7.3.2 Will
230(1)
7.3.3 Would and the Conditional
231(3)
7.4 Summary
234(2)
7.5 Practice Activities
236(4)
7.6 Answer Key
240(3)
8 Basic Sentence Patterns and Major Variations
243(36)
8.1 Section 1: Types of Sentence Constituents
243(5)
8.1.1 Noun Phrases
244(1)
8.1.2 Prepositional Phrases
245(1)
8.1.3 Verb Phrases
245(2)
8.1.4 Adjective and Adverb Phrases
247(1)
8.2 Section 2: Questions
248(7)
8.2.1 Yes/No Questions
248(1)
8.2.2 Wh-Questions
249(6)
8.3 Section 3: The Passive
255(7)
8.3.1 The Passive and Tense
256(4)
8.3.2 The Passive Versus the Active
260(1)
8.3.3 Get
261(1)
8.3.4 Understanding Passive Use
261(1)
8.4 Section 4: Substitution
262(4)
8.4.1 Substitution and the First Auxiliary Rule
262(1)
8.4.2 Substitution and Inversion
263(3)
8.5 Summary
266(2)
8.6 Practice Activities
268(5)
8.7 Answer Key
273(6)
9 Compound Sentences and Introduction to Complex Sentences: Adverbial Clauses
279(34)
9.1 Section 1: Compound Sentences
279(7)
9.1.1 Clauses Versus Phrases
279(1)
9.1.2 Compound Sentences and Coordinators
280(3)
9.1.3 Transition Words or Phrases
283(1)
9.1.4 Sentence Position and Punctuation
283(3)
9.2 Section 2: Complex Sentences
286(17)
9.2.1 Complex Sentences and Multiple Subordinate Clauses
286(1)
9.2.2 Subordinate Clauses and Word Order
287(1)
9.2.3 Adverbial Clauses of Time
288(3)
9.2.4 Adverbial Clauses of Contrast
291(1)
9.2.5 Adverbial Clauses of Place
292(1)
9.2.6 Adverbial Clauses of Cause
293(1)
9.2.7 Adverbial Clauses of Result
294(2)
9.2.8 Adverbial Clause of Purpose
296(1)
9.2.9 Adverbial Clauses of Condition
297(4)
9.2.10 Adverbial Clauses of Manner
301(2)
9.3 Section 3: Reduced Adverbial Clauses
303(2)
9.3.1 Reducing Adverbial Clauses
303(2)
9.4 Summary
305(1)
9.5 Practice Activities
305(5)
9.6 Answer Key
310(3)
10 Complex Sentences Continued: Relative Clauses
313(32)
10.1 Section 1: Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns
313(14)
10.1.1 Essential and Nonessential Relative Clauses
314(3)
10.1.2 Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects
317(5)
10.1.3 Omission of Relative Pronouns
322(3)
10.1.4 Building Longer Complex Clauses
325(2)
10.2 Section 2: Relative Adverbs
327(4)
10.2.1 Relative Pronouns Instead of Relative Adverbs
328(3)
10.3 Section 3: Reduced Relative Clauses
331(3)
10.3.1 Reducing Relative Clauses
331(1)
10.3.2 Reducing Passive Relative Clauses
332(2)
10.4 Summary
334(1)
10.5 Practice Activities
335(5)
10.6 Answer Key
340(5)
11 Complex Sentences Continued: Noun Clauses
345(28)
11.1 Section 1: Noun Clauses
345(12)
11.1.1 That Noun Clauses
346(6)
11.1.2 The Different Functions of That
352(2)
11.1.3 Noun Clauses Derived from Questions
354(3)
11.2 Section 2: Reported Speech
357(8)
11.2.1 Word Order in Reported Speech
359(1)
11.2.2 Changes Between Direct Speech and Reported Speech
359(3)
11.2.3 Other Patterns in Reported Speech
362(1)
11.2.4 Reported Speech as More Than a Mirror Image
363(2)
11.3 Summary
365(1)
11.4 Practice Activities
366(4)
11.5 Answer Key
370(3)
12 Verbal Constructions
373(28)
12.1 Section 1: Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
373(4)
12.1.1 Possessive Gerunds
376(1)
12.2 Section 2: Participles and Participial Phrases
377(9)
12.2.1 Types of Participles
377(2)
12.2.2 Sentence Position of Participial Phrases
379(1)
12.2.3 Functions of Participial Phrases
380(4)
12.2.4 Time in Participial Phrases
384(2)
12.3 Section 3: Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
386(7)
12.3.1 Perfect Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
387(1)
12.3.2 Sentence Patterns with Infinitive Phrases
388(2)
12.3.3 Base Verbs or "Bare Infinitives" and Causative Verbs
390(3)
12.4 Summary
393(1)
12.5 Practice Activities
393(3)
12.6 Answer Key
396(5)
Appendix A Some Patterns of Common Irregular Verbs 401(4)
Appendix B The Eight Functions of the Inflectional Morphemes 405(2)
Appendix C Essential Spelling Rules: Inflections 407(2)
Appendix D The Minor Categories: The Structure Words 409(2)
Appendix E Gerunds After Verbs 411(2)
Appendix F WA-question Words 413(2)
Appendix G Common Adverbial Subordinators 415(2)
Appendix H Summary of Major Learner Difficulties 417(4)
Glossary 421(12)
Index 433
Andrea DeCapua, Ed.D., is an educator, researcher, and educational consultant. She has over thirty years' experience in the field, having held academic appointments at various institutions, most recently at New York University and University of North Florida. Her interests include second language acquisition, culture, and pedagogy for second language learners. Dr.DeCapua specializes in teacher training for teachers of language learners and in developing intercultural awareness for classrooms in a global society. She has published numerous articles on a variety of topics ranging from grammar to sociolinguistics to addressing the needs of struggling language low-literacy learners.  She is also the author of eight pedagogical texts, including the second edition of Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers, published by Springer.  For more information see the author's website www.andreadecapua.com or contact her atinformation@malpeducation.com.
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