ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|
xi | |
ABOUT THE AUTHOR |
|
xiii | |
PART I: Introduction: The Gray Market |
|
1 | |
|
CHAPTER 1: Shades of Gray: The Spectrum of Product Diversion |
|
|
3 | |
|
|
3 | |
|
b. From Bad to Worse: The Black Market |
|
|
6 | |
|
CHAPTER 2: From iPhones to Viagra: The Affected Industries |
|
|
9 | |
|
|
10 | |
|
|
11 | |
|
|
13 | |
|
d. Cosmetics and Personal Care Products |
|
|
14 | |
|
|
16 | |
|
|
17 | |
|
|
18 | |
|
|
20 | |
|
|
21 | |
|
|
22 | |
|
|
24 | |
|
CHAPTER 3: Black and Gray Market 2.0: From Flea Markets to eBay |
|
|
27 | |
|
|
28 | |
|
|
32 | |
|
|
35 | |
|
d. Decreased Trade Barriers |
|
|
37 | |
|
CHAPTER 4: The Rippling Effect: Gray Market Consequences |
|
|
39 | |
|
|
40 | |
|
|
44 | |
|
ii. Customer Satisfaction and Brand Goodwill |
|
|
47 | |
|
iii. Warranty and Service Costs |
|
|
49 | |
|
iv. Research and Development |
|
|
51 | |
|
|
52 | |
|
i. Consumer Health and Safety |
|
|
52 | |
|
ii. Harm to the Environment |
|
|
55 | |
|
|
56 | |
|
|
59 | |
|
c. Benefits of the Gray Market |
|
|
60 | |
|
i. Discover and Reach New Markets |
|
|
61 | |
|
ii. Overcome Supply Chain Constraints |
|
|
63 | |
|
iii. Reduce Combating Expense |
|
|
63 | |
PART II: Prevention: Reducing the Gray Market Potential |
|
65 | |
|
CHAPTER 5: Education: Promoting Gray Market Abstinence |
|
|
67 | |
|
|
67 | |
|
|
70 | |
|
|
72 | |
|
|
73 | |
|
|
75 | |
|
|
76 | |
|
CHAPTER 6: Troubleshooting Supply Chain Vulnerabilities |
|
|
77 | |
|
a. Selecting and Qualifying Partners |
|
|
78 | |
|
|
78 | |
|
ii. Training and Certification |
|
|
80 | |
|
|
81 | |
|
i. Guidelines and Promises |
|
|
84 | |
|
ii. Incentives for Compliance |
|
|
96 | |
|
iii. Penalties for Noncompliance |
|
|
99 | |
|
c. Tightening the Supply Chain |
|
|
102 | |
|
i. Acknowledging Geographic Vulnerabilities |
|
|
102 | |
|
|
106 | |
|
|
110 | |
|
|
111 | |
|
CHAPTER 7: Alternative Gray Market Strategies |
|
|
115 | |
|
|
115 | |
|
b. Staggered Distribution |
|
|
116 | |
|
|
117 | |
|
|
119 | |
PART III: Detection: Monitoring the Supply Chain |
|
121 | |
|
CHAPTER 8: Red Flags: The Warning Signs of Gray Market Activity |
|
|
123 | |
|
a. Pricing That Is Too Low |
|
|
123 | |
|
b. Unreasonable Spikes in Orders |
|
|
125 | |
|
|
126 | |
|
d. Special Discount Requests |
|
|
126 | |
|
e. Warranty Exchange Requests |
|
|
128 | |
|
f. Unusual Delivery Requests |
|
|
129 | |
|
CHAPTER 9: Methods of Detection |
|
|
131 | |
|
|
131 | |
|
|
133 | |
|
c. Brand Protection Purchases |
|
|
134 | |
|
i. The Uncertain Future of Brand Protection Purchases |
|
|
138 | |
|
|
140 | |
|
|
140 | |
PART IV: Reaction: Legal Strategies After Gray Market Discovery |
|
143 | |
|
CHAPTER 10: Initial Strategies |
|
|
145 | |
|
a. Litigation Alternatives |
|
|
145 | |
|
i. The International Trade Commission (ITC) |
|
|
145 | |
|
|
148 | |
|
b. Civil or Criminal Justice |
|
|
151 | |
|
c. State or Federal Court |
|
|
157 | |
|
d. Personal Jurisdiction and Venue |
|
|
159 | |
|
CHAPTER 11: Preliminary Remedies |
|
|
165 | |
|
|
166 | |
|
b. Temporary Restraining Orders and Preliminary Injunctions |
|
|
170 | |
|
|
173 | |
|
d. Cease and Desist Correspondence |
|
|
174 | |
|
CHAPTER 12: Civil Discovery |
|
|
175 | |
|
a. E-Discovery: The Amended FRCP |
|
|
176 | |
|
b. Forensic Preservation and Examination |
|
|
178 | |
|
CHAPTER 13: Theories of Recovery: Breach of Contract |
|
|
183 | |
|
a. Introduction to Contract Law |
|
|
184 | |
|
b. Contract Law's Treatment of the Gray Market |
|
|
186 | |
|
c. Affirmative Defenses and the Gray Market |
|
|
188 | |
|
|
189 | |
|
CHAPTER 14: Theories of Liability: Intentional Interference with Contract (IIWC) |
|
|
191 | |
|
|
191 | |
|
b. IIWC's Treatment of the Gray Market |
|
|
194 | |
|
|
197 | |
|
|
197 | |
|
CHAPTER 15: Theories of Liability: Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Advantage (IIEA) |
|
|
199 | |
|
|
199 | |
|
b. IIEA's Treatment of the Gray Market |
|
|
202 | |
|
c. Affirmative Defenses and the Gray Market |
|
|
204 | |
|
|
205 | |
|
CHAPTER 16: Theories of Liability: Copyright |
|
|
207 | |
|
a. Introduction to Copyright Law |
|
|
208 | |
|
i. Copyright Infringement |
|
|
209 | |
|
ii. Copyright Registration |
|
|
211 | |
|
iii. International Protection |
|
|
212 | |
|
b. Copyright Law's Treatment of the Gray Market |
|
|
213 | |
|
|
214 | |
|
|
216 | |
|
iii. Software Licenses and the First Sale Doctrine: An End Run Around the First Sale Doctrine? |
|
|
227 | |
|
iv. Software Licenses and the First Sale Doctrine: An End Run Around the First Sale Doctrine Beyond Software? |
|
|
232 | |
|
|
233 | |
|
|
233 | |
|
ii. Waiver or Abandonment of Copyright |
|
|
235 | |
|
|
236 | |
|
|
237 | |
|
|
237 | |
|
|
238 | |
|
ii. Impoundment and Destruction |
|
|
239 | |
|
|
239 | |
|
|
240 | |
|
|
240 | |
|
CHAPTER 17: Theories of Liability: Trademark |
|
|
241 | |
|
a. Introduction to Trademark Law |
|
|
242 | |
|
i. Importance of Trademarks |
|
|
242 | |
|
ii. Trademark Causes of Action |
|
|
244 | |
|
b. Trademark Law's Treatment of the Gray Market |
|
|
246 | |
|
i. The Early Cases and the Gray Market |
|
|
246 | |
|
ii. Tariff Act and the Gray Market |
|
|
249 | |
|
iii. The Lanham Act and the Gray Market |
|
|
254 | |
|
|
282 | |
|
i. The First Sale Doctrine |
|
|
282 | |
|
ii. Not "Gray Market" Goods? |
|
|
285 | |
|
|
286 | |
|
CHAPTER 18: Theories of Liability: State Law |
|
|
289 | |
|
a. Gray Market Statutes in California |
|
|
289 | |
|
b. Gray Market Statutes in Connecticut |
|
|
293 | |
|
c. Gray Market Statutes in New York |
|
|
294 | |
|
d. Gray Market Statutes in Washington D.C. and Michigan: Gray Market Cigarette Statutes |
|
|
295 | |
|
CHAPTER 19: Approaches to Gray Market around the Globe |
|
|
297 | |
|
|
300 | |
|
|
301 | |
|
|
302 | |
|
|
304 | |
|
|
306 | |
|
|
308 | |
TABLE OF CASES |
|
311 | |
INDEX |
|
327 | |