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E-grāmata: Great Apes and Humans

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The great apes - gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans - are known to be our closest living relatives. Chimpanzees in particular share 98 percent of our DNA, and scientists widely agree that they exhibit intellectual abilities long thought to be unique to humans, such as self-awareness and the ability to interpret the moods and identify the needs of others. The close relation of apes to humans raises important ethical questions. Are they better protected in the wild or in zoos? Should they be used in biomedical research? Should they be afforded the same legal protections as humans? Great Apes and Humans is the first book to present a spectrum of viewpoints on human responsibilities toward great apes. A variety of field biologists, academic scientists, zoo professionals, psychologists, sociologists, ethicists, and legal scholars consider apes in both the wild and captivity. They present sobering statistics on the declining numbers of wild apes, specifically discussing the decimation of great ape populations due to wild game consumption. They explore the role of apes in the educational missions of zoos as well as the need for sanctuaries for wild ape orphans and former research subjects. After examining the social division between apes and humans from historical, evolutionary, and cognitive perspectives, they conclude by reviewing the current moral and legal status of great apes as well as how apes' cognitive skills inform these issues. Although this provocative book contains many different opinions, the uniting concern of the contributors is the safety and well-being of great apes. Only by continuing the dialogue so clearly presented here can we hope to ensure their future.
Contributors vii Introduction and Acknowledgments ix Foreword Problems Faced by Wild and Captive Chimpanzees: Finding Solutions xiii Jane Goodall SECTION 1: GREAT APES IN THE WILD Africas Great Apes 3(54) Thomas M. Butynski The Orangutan and the Conservation Battle in Indonesia 57(14) Herman D. Rijksen Bushmeat Hunting and the Great Apes 71(15) Karl Ammann Bushmeat Trade in the Congo Basin 86(27) David S. Wilkie SECTION 2: GREAT APES IN CAPTIVITY Captive Apes and Zoo Education 113(20) Tara S. Stoinski Jacqueline J. Ogden Kenneth C. Gold Terry L. Maple Sanctuaries for Ape Refugees 133(17) Geza Teleki The Retirement of Research Apes 150(13) Thomas L. Wolfle SECTION 3: HISTORY AND EVOLUTION Negotiating the Ape-Human Boundary 163(15) Raymond Corbey Phylogenies, Fossils, and Feelings 178(13) Russell H. Tuttle Darwinian Reflections on Our Fellow Apes 191(24) Roger Fouts SECTION 4: ETHICS, MORALITY, AND LAW Conceptual Capacities of Chimpanzees 215(15) Sarah T. Boysen Valerie Kuhlmeier Moral Decisions about Wild Chimpanzees 230(15) Richard W. Wrangham The Grand Apes 245(16) Duane M. Rumbaugh E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Michael J. Beran Cognitive Relatives and Moral Relations 261(13) Colin Allen A Great Shout: Legal Rights for Great Apes 274(21) Steven M. Wise Inclusivist Ethics 295(18) Paul Waldau The Moral Status of Great Apes 313(16) Mary Anne Warren Rights or Welfare: A Response to the Great Ape Project 329(38) Michael Hutchins Brandie Smith Randy Fulk Lori Perkins Gay Reinartz Dan Wharton Perspectives on the Ethical Status of Great Apes 367(12) Arnold Arluke Index 379
Benjamin B. Beck is an associate director at the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoological Park. Tara S. Stoinski is coordinator of primate research at Zoo Atlanta. Michael Hutchins is director of conservation and science at the American Zoo and Aquarium Association. Terry L. Maple is president and CEO of Zoo Atlanta. Bryan Norton is a professor of philosophy at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Andrew Rowan is senior vice president for research, education and international issues at the Human Society of the United States. Elizabeth F. Stevens is director of animal programs operations at Disney's Animal Kingdom. Arnold Arluke is professor of anthropology and sociology at Northeastern University.
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