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E-grāmata: Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications

(University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India)
  • Formāts: 214 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 04-Nov-2013
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466516328
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Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and ApplicationsPalielināt
  • Formāts: 214 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 04-Nov-2013
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466516328
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"Ground-based radiometers are currently operated in research labs around the globe and are also used as routine measurement tools for water vapor and temperature profiling. This reference provides a comprehensive picture of ground-based radiometry, starting with the basic principles. It provides information on ground-based instrumentation, retrieval techniques, and temperature structure. The book also covers temperature profiling and water vapor radiometry as well as ozone radiometry and nitrous oxide measurements. In addition, it supplies retrieval algorithms using MATLAB, worked examples of derived products, and polar atmosphere cases. "--

"Preface Remote sensing by using microwave has become an important diagnostic tool for probing the atmosphere and surface of planetary objects. The term microwave remote sensing encompasses the physics of microwave propagation and its interaction with atmospheric ambient particles. The basic components of microwave remote sensing are the sensor-scene interaction, sensor design, and application in geosciences. This book is mainly for the physicists and engineers working in the area of microwave sensing ofthe atmosphere; it is not for ultimate users like geologists and hydrologists. An attempt has been made to establish a link between the microwave sensor response and the ambient atmospheric thermodynamic parameters, like water vapor content, temperature,nonprecipitable cloud liquid water content, and rain in the tropical, temperate, and polar regions. It should be mentioned here that of several types of sensors, such as radar, radiometer, LIDAR, etc., we have described the ground-based radiometric application in remote sensing of the atmosphere, which in a sense may be called microwave radiometry. Radiosonde observations (RAOBs) are considered to be the most fundamental and acceptable method for atmospheric temperature and water vapor measurements and profiling, in spite of their inaccuracies, cost, sparse temporal sampling, and logistical difficulties. A better technology has been sought for the past few decades, but until now, no accurate continuous all-weather technology for probing the atmosphere has been demonstrated. Laser radars (LIDARs) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers can profile temperature and water vapor, but not in the presence of clouds"--



The ability to effectively monitor the atmosphere on a continuous basis requires remote sensing in microwave. Written for physicists and engineers working in the area of microwave sensing of the atmosphere, Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications is completely devoted to ground-based remote sensing. This text covers the fundamentals of microwave remote sensing, and examines microwave radiometric measurements and their applications.

The book discusses the atmospheric influences on the electromagnetic spectrum, addresses the measurement of incoherent electromagnetic radiation from an object obeying the laws of radiation fundamentals, and explores the height limits in both the water vapor band and the oxygen band. The author describes the measurement technique of water vapor in the polar region, details studies of the measurement of integrated water vapor content by deploying a microwave radiometer, and presents several real-time pictures of radiometric and disdrometer measurements.

  • Includes integrated water vapor and cloud liquid water models
  • Contains measurements in adverse weather conditions
  • Illustrates measurement technique in the Antarctic and Arctic regions
  • Describes rain models in different locations including tropical, temperate regions along with radiometric measurement techniques
  • Presents a definite model for measurement of propagation path delay

The book summarizes the latest research results obtained in the area of measurements and modeling, describes the atmospheric influences on electromagnetic spectrum along with different gaseous and cloud models, and provides examples of radiometric retrievals from a variety of dynamic weather phenomena.

Recenzijas

"Certainly, the information content as well as the presentation of the book makes me interested to have it on my shelf. The author has provided the necessary background for general readership as well as recent trends to arouse interest in the mind of students of electronics and communication engineering, in general, and microwave engineering, in particular. In addition, the book is going to be an important source of inspiration to researchers in the area of microwave sensing and measurement." B. N. Basu, Emeritus Professor and Research Coordinator, Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions, W. Bengal, India and Former Head, Electronics Engineering Department and Coordinator, Centre of Research in Microwave Tubes, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

"Written for physicists and engineers working in the area of microwave sensing of the atmosphere, this book is completely devoted to ground-based remote sensing. The text covers the fundamentals of microwave remote sensing, and examines microwave radiometric measurements and their applications." IEEE Microwave Magazine, June 2014

Preface xi
About the Author xvii
Chapter 1 Ground-Based Remote Sensing
1(22)
1.1 Introduction: Definition of Remote Sensing
1(1)
1.2 Microwave Remote Sensing and Its Application
1(5)
1.3 Atmospheric Remote Sensing
6(1)
1.4 Atmospheric Influences on the Electromagnetic Spectrum
7(16)
1.4.1 Temperature and Humidity Variation over a Few Places of Northern and Southern Latitudes
9(4)
1.4.2 Determination of Window Frequencies in the Electromagnetic Spectrum
13(1)
1.4.2.1 Background Methodology in Determining Window Frequency
13(6)
References
19(4)
Chapter 2 Radiometry
23(16)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Radiation Fundamentals
24(3)
2.3 Basic Parameters of Radiometric Sensing
27(2)
2.3.1 Brightness Temperature
27(1)
2.3.2 Emissivity
28(1)
2.3.3 Apparent Temperature
28(1)
2.3.4 Antenna Temperature
29(1)
2.4 General Physical Principle
29(10)
2.4.1 Microwave Absorption and Emission
30(1)
2.4.1.1 Gaseous Absorption Models
31(1)
2.4.1.2 Cloud Absorption Model
31(1)
2.4.1.3 Oxygen Absorption
32(2)
2.4.1.4 Water Vapor Absorption
34(2)
References
36(3)
Chapter 3 Ground-Based Zenith-Looking Radio Visibility at Microwave Frequencies over a Tropical Location
39(14)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 Absorption in the Water Vapor Band
40(2)
3.3 Mean Radiating Temperature
42(1)
3.4 Water Vapor Content and Microwave Attenuation in the Water Vapor Band
43(2)
3.5 Determination of Height Limit of Radio Visibility in the Water Vapor Band
45(1)
3.6 Absorption in the Oxygen Band
45(3)
3.7 Determination of Height Limit of Radio Visibility in the Oxygen Band
48(5)
References
50(3)
Chapter 4 Radiometric Sensing of Temperature, Water Vapor, and Cloud Liquid Water
53(30)
4.1 Introduction
53(2)
4.2 General Physical Principles
55(1)
4.3 The Forward Model
56(2)
4.4 The Inverse Model
58(6)
4.4.1 Inversion Techniques
59(1)
4.4.2 General Formulation
60(1)
4.4.2.1 Linear Form
60(1)
4.4.3 Various Retrieval Methods
61(1)
4.4.3.1 Optimal Estimation Method
61(1)
4.4.3.2 Least Square Solution
61(1)
4.4.3.3 Statistical Inversion Method
62(1)
4.4.3.4 Newtonian Iteration Method
62(1)
4.4.3.5 Bayesian Maximum Probability Method
63(1)
4.5 Radiometric Response to Atmospheric Profiles: Weighting Function
64(6)
4.6 Predictability of Attenuation between Various Frequencies
70(1)
4.7 Passive Microwave Profiling during Dynamic Weather Conditions: A Case Study
70(13)
4.7.1 Radiometric Measurements
72(1)
4.7.1.1 Upslope with Super-Cooled Fog
72(2)
4.7.1.2 Snowfall
74(2)
4.7.1.3 Thermodynamics within Cloud Systems
76(1)
4.7.1.4 Boundary Layer Processes
76(1)
4.7.1.5 Severe Storms and Their Environment
77(1)
4.7.1.6 Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting (QPF)
77(1)
4.7.1.7 Aviation Forecasting
77(1)
4.7.1.8 Winter Weather Forecasting
78(1)
4.7.1.9 Severe Storms Forecasting
78(1)
References
78(5)
Chapter 5 Ground-Based Radiometric Sensing of Thermodynamic Variables in the Polar Regions
83(18)
5.1 Introduction
83(4)
5.2 Theoretical Background
87(1)
5.3 Weighting Function Analysis
88(2)
5.4 Retrieval Technique
90(3)
5.4.1 One-Dimensional Variation (1DVAR) Technique
90(3)
5.5 Water Vapor over Antarctica
93(8)
References
97(4)
Chapter 6 Radiometric Estimation of Integrated Water Vapor Content
101(28)
6.1 Introduction
101(2)
6.2 Single-Frequency Algorithm for Water Vapor Estimation
103(12)
6.2.1 Attenuation at 22.234 GHz
107(2)
6.2.2 Water Vapor Scale Height by Deploying 22.234 GHz Radiometer
109(2)
6.2.2.1 Water Vapor Density and Vapor Pressure
111(1)
6.2.3 Integrated Vapor Content by Deploying 22.234 GHz Radiometer
111(4)
6.3 Dual-Frequency Algorithm for Water Vapor Estimation
115(14)
6.3.1 Theoretical Background
115(1)
6.3.2 Radiosonde Data Analysis of Vapor Estimation
116(2)
6.3.3 Radiosonde Data Analysis of Cloud Attenuation
118(7)
References
125(4)
Chapter 7 Microwave Radiometric Estimation of Excess Electrical Path
129(20)
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 The Problem
130(2)
7.3 Theoretical Model
132(6)
7.4 Determination of Constants in the Algorithm
138(1)
7.5 Mean Atmospheric Temperature Tm at Microwave Frequencies
139(1)
7.6 Radiometric Estimation of Delay over Temperate Locations
140(2)
7.6.1 Test for Instrument Stability
141(1)
7.7 Radiometric Estimation of Delay over Tropical Location
142(1)
7.8 Vapor Effect on Baseline Determination
143(6)
References
145(4)
Chapter 8 Characterization of Rain and Attenuation in the Earth---Space Path
149(44)
8.1 Introduction
149(1)
8.2 Rain Rates, Duration, and Return Periods
150(9)
8.2.1 Point Rain Rates
155(4)
8.3 Raindrop Size Distribution at Tropical Locations
159(4)
8.4 Rain Absorption Model
163(9)
8.4.1 Attenuation Model Proposed by the UK
166(1)
8.4.2 Attenuation Model Proposed by the People's Republic of China
167(2)
8.4.3 Attenuation Model Proposed by Brazil
169(1)
8.4.4 Crane Model
170(1)
8.4.5 ITU-R Model
170(1)
8.4.6 Modified ITU-R Model Applicable for the Tropics
171(1)
8.5 Rain Attenuation Studies over a Tropical Latitude---A Case Study
172(15)
8.5.1 Theoretical Background
172(3)
8.5.2 Rainfall Rate Measurement
175(1)
8.5.3 Brightness Temperature
175(2)
8.5.4 Attenuation
177(4)
8.5.5 Rain Height
181(2)
8.5.6 Effect of Scattering by Rain Cells
183(1)
8.5.6.1 Properties of Rain
183(1)
8.6.6.2 Radio Emission by Rain
184(3)
8.6 Numerical Analysis
187(6)
References
190(3)
Index 193
Pranab Kumar Karmakar is currently pursuing research work principally in the area of modeling of integrated water vapor and liquid water in the ambient atmosphere. He is involved in research and teaching at the post-graduate level at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of Calcutta in India. Dr. Karmakar published noteworthy outcomes of his research of tropical locations in different international and national journals of repute. All these are culminated into a book entitled Microwave Propagation and Remote Sensing: Atmospheric Influences with Models and Applications published by CRC Press in 2012.
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