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E-grāmata: Groundwater Lowering in Construction: A Practical Guide to Dewatering

, (Golder Associates, United Kingdom)
  • Formāts: 956 pages
  • Sērija : Applied Geotechnics
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Aug-2020
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000080742
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Groundwater Lowering in Construction: A Practical Guide to DewateringPalielināt
  • Formāts: 956 pages
  • Sērija : Applied Geotechnics
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Aug-2020
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000080742
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This covers the design, construction and environmental management of groundwater control and dewatering works for construction projects, for practising engineers, geologists and hydrogeologists, and Masters level students. With new chapters on monitoring, maintenance and decommissioning of dewatering systems, and case studies.



Praise for the Second Edition:

"

This is the book that the dewatering sector really needs – it is reliably based on sound theory and profound understanding of the physical processes, yet is presented in a very accessible and user-friendly manner. It draws on many, many decades of experience, and yet is utterly up to date. . . . It is a one-stop shop for the dewatering practitioner – who can nonetheless rest assured that the theoretical basis of the methods presented is flawless."

— Professor Paul L. Younger, FGS, FICE, C.Geol., C.Eng., FREng, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK

"The best reference on this topic available . . . and will prove useful to a wide variety of readers ranging from junior construction engineers or dewatering contractors to theoretical hydrogeologists and environmental managers. It is rare that a book is able to bridge the gap between theoretical design guidance and practical application."

— S.N. Sterling, University of Waterloo, Canada

The extensively updated Groundwater Lowering in Construction: A Practical Guide to Dewatering, 3rd Edition offers practical advice on all phases of groundwater control systems, from planning and design, through installation and maintenance, and ultimately decommissioning. The expertise provided in this book can help you improve working conditions, increase project viability, save time and reduce excavation costs.

Designers and managers of construction and engineering projects are given the tools necessary to effectively control groundwater. The content is divided into three sections – Principles, Design and Construction. The Principles section explains the fundamentals of groundwater flow as it relates to civil engineering excavations. The Design section explores in extensive detail site investigation, permeability assessment methods and groundwater control strategies. Chapters in the Construction section describe dewatering and exclusion techniques, and examine the complete life cycle of a groundwater control scheme, including monitoring, maintenance and decommissioning. This section incorporates eleven case histories from the authors’ casebook.

The 3rd edition has been greatly revised and updated, and contains more than 200 new illustrations. The new content covers:

  • Permeability of soils and rocks

  • Groundwater problems for excavations in rock

  • Groundwater control for tunnelling projects, such as shafts and cross passages

  • Methods for assessing permeability

  • Decommissioning of dewatering systems

  • Optimisation of groundwater control schemes.

The new, expanded content offers valuable direction that can give you a true competitive advantage in the planning and execution of temporary and permanent dewatering works for excavation and tunnelling. Written for practising engineers, geologists and construction managers, as well as postgraduate engineering students, this revamped manual on design and practice presents numerous case studies and extensive references to enhance understanding.

Recenzijas

"Totally comprehensive in scope and coverage, the book will likely become - if not already - the standard work on subsurface dewatering on small- to medium-sized projects. Although practical, the book is not short on theory or analysis."

Tunnels and Tunnelling International

Praise for the Second Edition

"This is the book that the dewatering sector really needsit is reliably based on sound theory and profound understanding of the physical processes, yet is presented in a very accessible and user-friendly manner. It draws on many, many decades of experience, and yet is utterly up to date, even including an intriguing glimpse into the future at the end of the bookIt is a one-stop shop for the dewatering practitionerwho can nonetheless rest assured that the theoretical basis of the methods presented is flawless." Professor Paul L. Younger, FGS, FICE, C.Geol., C.Eng., FREng, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK

"An essential and highly practical tool for all hydrogeologists and geotechnical and civil engineers involved in the quantified design and planning, construction, monitoring, operation, decommissioning, regulation and assessment of environmental impacts of groundwater lowering and dewatering systems." Trevor Muten in Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology

"The main difference from the previous edition is the introduction of a chapter on the environmental effects of dewatering, reflecting increased societal and regulatory focus on these aspects. However, new sections on cutoff methods, long-term systems and contaminated land all reflect developments in the industry over this period." Mike Streetly in Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeolog

"The best reference on this topic available...and will prove useful to a wide variety of readers ranging from junior construction engineers or dewatering contractors to theoretical hydrogeologists and environmental managers. It is rare that a book is able to bridge the gap between theoretical design guidance and practical application." S.N. Sterling, University of Waterloo, Canada

"The book provides an excellent and practical account of many aspects of dewatering in construction, usefully including a detailed discussion of permanent groundwater control systems. It provides a good account of basic hydrogeology and the history of the development of the science, and includes a thorough chapter on site investigations for dewatering design. Dewatering design and the installation and operation of various types of dewatering system are described in detail, making the book an excellent resource, both for practical purposes and for training. Each chapter has a good reference list for further, more detailed reading. I certainly recommend the book for both practitioners and teaching institutions." John Waterhouse, Golder Associates Pty Ltd, West Perth, Australia

"[ This second edition] takes a well received and respected book on this niche subject and brings it fully up to date." David Richards, University of Southampton, UK "Totally comprehensive in scope and coverage, the book will likely become - if not already - the standard work on subsurface dewatering on small- to medium-sized projects. Although practical, the book is not short on theory or analysis."

Tunnels and Tunnelling International

Praise for the Second Edition

"This is the book that the dewatering sector really needsit is reliably based on sound theory and profound understanding of the physical processes, yet is presented in a very accessible and user-friendly manner. It draws on many, many decades of experience, and yet is utterly up to date, even including an intriguing glimpse into the future at the end of the bookIt is a one-stop shop for the dewatering practitionerwho can nonetheless rest assured that the theoretical basis of the methods presented is flawless." Professor Paul L. Younger, FGS, FICE, C.Geol., C.Eng., FREng, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK

"An essential and highly practical tool for all hydrogeologists and geotechnical and civil engineers involved in the quantified design and planning, construction, monitoring, operation, decommissioning, regulation and assessment of environmental impacts of groundwater lowering and dewatering systems." Trevor Muten in Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology

"The main difference from the previous edition is the introduction of a chapter on the environmental effects of dewatering, reflecting increased societal and regulatory focus on these aspects. However, new sections on cutoff methods, long-term systems and contaminated land all reflect developments in the industry over this period." Mike Streetly in Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeolog

"The best reference on this topic available...and will prove useful to a wide variety of readers ranging from junior construction engineers or dewatering contractors to theoretical hydrogeologists and environmental managers. It is rare that a book is able to bridge the gap between theoretical design guidance and practical application." S.N. Sterling, University of Waterloo, Canada

"The book provides an excellent and practical account of many aspects of dewatering in construction, usefully including a detailed discussion of permanent groundwater control systems. It provides a good account of basic hydrogeology and the history of the development of the science, and includes a thorough chapter on site investigations for dewatering design. Dewatering design and the installation and operation of various types of dewatering system are described in detail, making the book an excellent resource, both for practical purposes and for training. Each chapter has a good reference list for further, more detailed reading. I certainly recommend the book for both practitioners and teaching institutions." John Waterhouse, Golder Associates Pty Ltd, West Perth, Australia

"[ This second edition] takes a well received and respected book on this niche subject and brings it fully up to date." David Richards, University of Southampton, UK

Preface to the Third Edition xxv
Acknowledgements to the Third Edition xxvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxix
Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxxi
Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxxiii
Pat M. Cashman xxxv
Authors xxxvii
1 Groundwater Lowering: A Personal View and Introduction
1(6)
Pat M. Cashman
1.1 Structure of the Rest of the Book
4(1)
1.2 Some Final Points
5(2)
Section 1 Principles 7(192)
2 The History of Groundwater Theory and Practice
9(20)
2.1 Introduction
9(1)
2.2 From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century
9(1)
2.3 From the Renaissance Period to the Nineteenth Century
10(1)
2.4 Progress from a Qualitative to a Quantitative Science
10(6)
2.4.1 Seepage towards Wells
11(1)
2.4.2 Land Drainage in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
12(1)
2.4.3 Kilsby Tunnel, London to Birmingham Railway
13(3)
2.4.4 Early Theory - Darcy and Dupuit
16(1)
2.5 Later Theoretical Developments
16(3)
2.5.1 Verifications and Modification of Darcy
17(1)
2.5.2 Non-Steady-State Flow
18(1)
2.6 Groundwater Modelling
19(1)
2.7 Early Dewatering Technology in Britain
20(7)
2.8 Practical Publications
27(2)
3 Principles of Groundwater Flow
3.1 Introduction
29(1)
3.2 Hydrology and Hydrogeology
29(3)
3.2.1 The Hydrological Cycle
30(1)
3.2.2 Geology and Soil Mechanics
31(1)
3.3 Permeability, Hydraulic Conductivity and Groundwater Flow
32(13)
3.3.1 Drivers for Groundwater Flow
32(1)
3.3.2 Darcy's Law
33(5)
3.3.3 Darcian and Non-Darcian Flow
38(2)
3.3.4 Groundwater Velocities
40(1)
3.3.5 Effect of Groundwater on Soil and Rock Properties
41(4)
3.4 Aquifers, Aquitards and Aquicludes
45(7)
3.4.1 Unconfined Aquifers
45(2)
3.4.2 Confined Aquifers
47(1)
3.4.3 Aquicludes
47(2)
3.4.4 Aquitards and Leaky Aquifers
49(3)
3.4.5 Aquifer Parameters SO
3.5 Aquifers and Geological Structure
52(5)
3.5.1 Multiple Aquifers beneath London
52(4)
3.5.2 Water Pressures Trapped beneath a Trench Excavation
56(1)
3.6 Aquifer Boundaries
57(5)
3.6.1 Interaction between Aquifers and Surface Water
57(1)
3.6.2 Interaction between Aquifers
58(2)
3.6.3 Tidal Groundwater Conditions
60(1)
3.6.4 Recharge Boundaries
61(1)
3.6.5 Barrier Boundaries
62(1)
3.6.6 Discharge Boundaries
62(1)
3.7 Groundwater Chemistry
62(4)
3.7.1 Chemical Composition of Groundwater
63(1)
3.7.2 Field Monitoring of Groundwater Chemistry
64(2)
3.8 Groundwater Temperatures
66(1)
3.9 Effect of Climate and Weather
67(6)
4 Permeability of Soils and Rocks
4.1 Introduction
73(1)
4.2 What Is Permeability?
73(5)
4.2.1 Intrinsic Permeability
74(1)
4.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity
74(2)
4.2.3 Electro-Osmotic Permeability
76(2)
4.3 Permeability in Soils
78(5)
4.4 Permeability in Rock
83(2)
4.5 Problems with Assessing Permeability
85(1)
4.6 Working with Permeability in the Real World
85(5)
4.6.1 Permeability at Different Scales
87(1)
4.6.2 Karstic Flow in Rocks
87(3)
4.7 Methods of Determining Permeability
90(3)
4.7.1 Non-Quantitative Assessment Methods
90(1)
4.7.2 Quantitative Assessment Methods
90(3)
5 Groundwater Models
93(24)
5.1 Introduction
93(1)
5.2 Groundwater Modelling
93(1)
5.3 Complexity in Modelling
94(2)
5.3.1 Relevance of Models
94(1)
5.3.2 Typical Simplifications Used in Modelling
95(1)
5.4 Conceptual Models
96(2)
5.5 Analytical Models
98(3)
5.5.1 Empirical Models
98(1)
5.5.2 Mathematical Models Using Closed-Form Solutions
99(1)
5.5.3 Numerical Models
99(2)
5.6 Other Types of Models
101(2)
5.6.1 Graphical Models
101(1)
5.6.2 Physical Models
102(1)
5.6.3 Analogue Models
103(1)
5.7 The Role of Geological Structure in Models
103(2)
5.8 Flow to Wells and Slots
105(8)
5.8.1 Planar Flow to Slots
105(1)
5.8.2 Radial Flow to Wells
106(2)
5.8.3 Zone of Influence
108(3)
5.8.4 Well Losses
111(1)
5.8.5 Effect of Diameter of Well
112(1)
5.8.6 Equivalent Wells and Lines of Wells
112(1)
5.9 Modelling Groundwater Control Technology
113(2)
5.10 Selecting and Applying an Appropriate Model
115(2)
6 Objectives of Groundwater Control
117(14)
6.1 Introduction
117(1)
6.2 Groundwater Control - the Objectives
117(1)
6.3 Groundwater Control as Part of Temporary Works
118(1)
6.4 Groundwater Management in Excavations
119(1)
6.5 Groundwater, Effective Stress and Instability
120(3)
6.6 Groundwater Behaviour in High- and Low-Permeability Soils and Rocks
123(5)
6.6.1 Drained and Undrained Conditions
123(2)
6.6.2 Drained Pore Water Pressure Responses during Excavation
125(1)
6.6.3 Undrained Pore Water Pressure Responses during Excavation
125(1)
6.6.4 Intermediate Conditions between Drained and Undrained Response
126(1)
6.6.5 Relevance of Drained and Undrained Conditions to Groundwater Control Problems
127(1)
6.7 Possible Approaches to Groundwater Control
128(1)
6.8 Surface Water Problems
129(1)
6.9 Changing Groundwater Conditions
129(2)
7 Groundwater Problems for Excavations in Soils
131(34)
7.1 Introduction
131(1)
7.2 Groundwater Management Problems in Soils
131(2)
7.3 Large-Scale and Small-Scale Instability Caused by Groundwater
133(1)
7.4 Slope Instability
133(2)
7.5 Base Instability
135(15)
7.5.1 Base Instability by Buoyancy Uplift
138(6)
7.5.2 Base Instability by Fluidization Due to Upward Seepage Gradients
144(4)
7.5.3 Base Instability by Internal Erosion
148(1)
7.5.4 Base Instability by Piping
149(1)
7.6 Localized Groundwater Problems
150(5)
7.6.1 Drainage of Slopes and Formation
150(2)
7.6.2 Perched Water Table
152(1)
7.6.3 High-Permeability Zones
153(1)
7.6.4 Spring Sapping and Internal Erosion
154(1)
7.7 Groundwater Problems When Tunnelling in Soils
155(10)
7.7.1 Groundwater Instability Effects in Tunnel Faces
156(3)
7.7.2 Buoyancy Uplift in Tunnels
159(2)
7.7.3 Groundwater Instability Effects on Shaft Construction
161(2)
7.7.4 Groundwater Instability Effects on Other Underground Works
163(2)
8 Groundwater Problems for Excavations in Rock
165(34)
8.1 Introduction
165(1)
8.2 Groundwater Management Problems in Rock
165(2)
8.3 Groundwater Effects on Excavations in Rock
167(10)
8.3.1 Groundwater and Small-Scale Fractures
168(3)
8.3.2 Effect of Isolated Highly Permeable Fractures
171(3)
8.3.3 Groundwater and Larger-Scale Geological Structure
174(1)
8.3.4 Weathered Rocks
175(2)
8.3.5 Soluble Rock and Karst Groundwater Conditions
177(1)
8.4 Groundwater-Induced Instability in Rock
177(1)
8.5 Slope Instability
178(3)
8.6 Base Instability
181(5)
8.6.1 Base Instability by Buoyancy Uplift
182(3)
8.6.2 Enlargement/Erosion of Water Pathways
185(1)
8.7 Localized Groundwater Problems
186(3)
8.7.1 Localized Erosion Due to High Groundwater Velocities
186(2)
8.7.2 Erosion or Collapse of Weak or Weathered Zones
188(1)
8.7.3 Perched Water Conditions
188(1)
8.7.4 Localized Concentration of Water Inflow
189(1)
8.7.5 Water Trapped by Rock Structure
189(1)
8.8 Groundwater Problems When Tunnelling in Rock
189(10)
8.8.1 Groundwater Management during Tunnel Construction
191(2)
8.8.2 Sudden Inflows
193(1)
8.8.3 Groundwater Problems during Shaft Sinking in Rock
193(3)
8.8.4 Groundwater Problems during Other Underground Works
196(3)
Section 2 Design
9 Methods for Control of Surface Water and Groundwater
199(34)
9.1 Introduction
199(1)
9.2 Control of Surface Water
199(1)
9.2.1 Collection and Control of Surface Water Run-Off
200(1)
9.2.2 Treatment of Surface Water Run-Off
200(1)
9.3 Methods of Groundwater Control
200(2)
9.4 Exclusion Methods
202(7)
9.5 Dewatering Methods
209(13)
9.5.1 Open Pumping and Pre-Drainage Methods
209(4)
9.5.2 Passive Drainage Methods
213(1)
9.5.3 Comparison of Different Pumped Groundwater Control Methods
213(1)
9.5.4 Pore Water Pressure Control Systems in Fine-Grained Soils
214(7)
9.5.5 Some Deep Well and Ejector Projects Deeper Than 20 m
221(1)
9.6 Use of Pumping and Exclusion Methods in Combination
222(5)
9.6.1 Exclusion Methods to Reduce Pumped Flows in High-Permeability Soils
222(1)
9.6.2 Exclusion Methods to Reduce External Groundwater Impacts
222(1)
9.6.3 Groundwater Pumping within Areas Enclosed by Cut-Off Walls
223(1)
9.6.4 Groundwater Lowering Used to Reduce Loading on Cut-Off Structures
223(1)
9.6.5 Example of Optioneering of Groundwater Pumping and Exclusion Scheme
224(3)
9.7 Groundwater Control for Surface Mines
227(6)
10 Groundwater Control for Tunnelling Projects
233(56)
10.1 Introduction
233(1)
10.2 Types of Tunnelling Works
233(6)
10.2.1 Tunnels
234(2)
10.2.2 Shafts
236(2)
10.2.3 Cross Passages
238(1)
10.2.4 Other Tunnel Applications
238(1)
10.2.5 Recovery Works
239(1)
10.3 Water Management in Tunnelling Works
239(3)
10.4 Groundwater Control Methods for Tunnels
242(11)
10.4.1 Open Face Tunnelling Using Compressed Air Working
242(3)
10.4.2 Closed Face Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs)
245(2)
10.4.3 Tunnel Exclusion Methods Using Ground Treatment
247(3)
10.4.3.1 Ground Treatment from the Surface
247(1)
10.4.3.2 Ground Treatment from within the Tunnel
247(3)
10.4.4 Pumping Methods in Tunnelling
250(3)
10.4.4.1 Direct Pumping from within the Tunnel
250(1)
10.4.4.2 Dewatering Wells from the Surface
251(1)
10.4.4.3 In-Tunnel Dewatering Wells
252(1)
10.5 Groundwater Control Methods for Shafts
253(15)
10.5.1 Shaft Exclusion Methods Using Physical Cut-Off Walls
254(1)
10.5.2 Shaft Exclusion Methods Using Ground Treatment
254(5)
10.5.3 Pumping Methods Used for Shaft Construction
259(4)
10.5.3.1 Sump Pumping from within the Shaft
260(1)
10.5.3.2 Dewatering Wells from the Surface
261(1)
10.5.3.3 In-Shaft Dewatering Wells
262(1)
10.5.4 Use of Fluid Pressure to Stabilize the Base of the Shaft
263(5)
10.5.4.1 Shaft Sinking by the Wet Caisson Method
263(3)
10.5.4.2 Shaft Boring Machines in Flooded Shafts
266(2)
10.5.4.3 Underwater Excavation within Cofferdams
268(1)
10.5.4.4 Shaft Sinking under Compressed Air Working
268(1)
10.6 Groundwater Control Methods for Cross Passages
268(15)
10.6.1 General Principles of Groundwater Control for Cross Passages
269(6)
10.6.1.1 Investigation to Gather Information on Ground Conditions at Cross Passage Locations
272(1)
10.6.1.2 Drilling out from Existing Tunnels
272(3)
10.6.2 Compressed Air Methods
275(1)
10.6.3 Ground Treatment Used to Exclude Groundwater
276(4)
10.6.4 Groundwater Depressurization
280(3)
10.7 Groundwater Control Methods for Other Tunnelling Applications
283(1)
10.8 Groundwater Control Methods for Recovery Works
284(5)
11 Site Investigation for Groundwater Lowering
289(28)
11.1 Introduction
289(1)
11.2 The Objectives of Site Investigation
289(1)
11.3 The Role of the Conceptual Model
290(1)
11.4 Planning of Site Investigations
290(1)
11.5 Stages of Site Investigation
291(1)
11.6 Desk Study and Site Reconnaissance
291(2)
11.7 Ground Investigation
293(15)
11.7.1 Boring, Drilling and Probing
293(4)
11.7.1.1 Boring Methods Used in Investigations
293(3)
11.7.1.2 Drilling Methods Used in Investigations
296(1)
11.7.1.3 Probing Methods Used in Investigations
296(1)
11.7.2 Trial Pitting
297(1)
11.7.3 In Situ Testing
298(1)
11.7.4 Geophysics
298(2)
11.7.4.1 Surface Geophysics
298(1)
11.7.4.2 Borehole Geophysics
299(1)
11.7.5 Laboratory Testing
300(1)
11.7.6 Installation of Monitoring Wells and Piezometers
300(10)
11.7.6.1 Standpipes
301(1)
11.7.6.2 Standpipe Piezometers
302(3)
11.7.6.3 Specialist Piezometer Installations
305(3)
11.8 Reporting
308(1)
11.9 Determination of Ground Profile
309(1)
11.10 Determination of Groundwater Conditions
310(5)
11.10.1 Groundwater Level Observations in Trial Pits and Boreholes
310(3)
11.10.1.1 Groundwater Levels Observed in Trial Pits
310(2)
11.10.1.2 Groundwater Levels Observed during Cable Percussion Boring
312(1)
11.10.1.3 Groundwater Levels Observed during Rotary Drilling
313(1)
11.10.2 Groundwater Level Observations in Monitoring Wells and Piezometers
313(1)
11.10.3 Groundwater Sampling and Testing
314(1)
11.11 Determination of Permeability
315(2)
12 Assessment of Permeability
317(54)
12.1 Introduction
317(1)
12.2 The Role of Permeability in Groundwater Control Problems
317(1)
12.3 Some of the Difficulties of Assessing Permeability
318(1)
12.4 Methods of Assessing Permeability
319(1)
12.5 Assessing Permeability by Non-Quantitative Methods
320(3)
12.5.1 Visual Assessment
321(1)
12.5.2 Drilling Records
321(1)
12.5.3 Geophysics
322(1)
12.5.3.1 Surface Geophysics
322(1)
12.5.3.2 Borehole Geophysics
322(1)
12.6 Quantitative Assessment of Permeability - Empirical Methods
323(9)
12.6.1 Correlations with Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of Soil
323(8)
12.6.1.1 Background to Particle Size Correlations
324(3)
12.6.1.2 Hazen's Method
327(1)
12.6.1.3 Kozeny-Carman Method
328(1)
12.6.1.4 Prugh Method
329(2)
12.6.2 Correlations with Descriptions of Rock Quality
331(1)
12.6.3 Inverse Numerical Modelling
332(1)
12.7 Quantitative Assessment of Permeability - Ex Situ Test Methods
332(3)
12.7.1 Laboratory Testing of Soil Samples
333(1)
12.7.2 Laboratory Testing of Rock Samples
333(2)
12.8 Quantitative Assessment of Permeability - In Situ Test Methods
335(29)
12.8.1 Rising, Falling and Constant Head Tests in Boreholes
335(9)
12.8.2 Rising, Falling and Constant Head Tests in Monitoring Wells
344(1)
12.8.3 Packer Permeability Testing in Boreholes in Rock
345(7)
12.8.4 Specialist In Situ Tests
352(2)
12.8.5 Pumping Tests
354(6)
12.8.5.1 Single Well Pumping Test
354(6)
12.8.5.2 Alternative Forms of Pumping Test
360(1)
12.8.6 Groundwater Control Trials
360(2)
12.8.7 Borehole Geophysics
362(10)
12.8.7.1 Borehole Magnetic Resonance (BMR)
363(1)
12.8.7.2 Borehole Flowmeter Logging
363(1)
12.9 Comparison of Permeability Assessment Methods
364(7)
13 Design of Groundwater Lowering Systems
371(58)
13.1 Introduction
371(1)
13.2 What Is Design?
371(1)
13.3 Design Approach
372(4)
13.3.1 Pre-Defined Designs for Groundwater Lowering
374(1)
13.3.2 The Observational Method for Groundwater Lowering
375(1)
13.4 Development of Conceptual Model
376(3)
13.5 Expectations of Accuracy
379(1)
13.6 Selection of Method and Geometry
380(6)
13.6.1 Equivalent Wells and Slots
380(3)
13.6.2 Geological Structure, Well Depth and Underdrainage
383(3)
13.7 Assessment of Base Stability 38S
13.7.1 Assessment of Risk of Buoyancy Uplift
386(1)
13.7.2 Assessment of Risk of Fluidization Due to Upward Seepage Gradients
387(1)
13.8 Estimation of Steady-State Discharge Flow Rate
388(21)
13.8.1 Steady-State Well and Slot Formulae
388(7)
13.8.2 Cumulative Drawdown Analysis - Theoretical Method
395(3)
13.8.3 Cumulative Drawdown Analysis - Graphical Method
398(3)
13.8.4 Estimation of Flow Rates Where Cut-Off Walls Are Present
401(2)
13.8.5 Estimation of Flow Rates into Tunnels
403(4)
13.8.6 Storage Release and Uprating of Pumping Capacity
407(2)
13.8.7 Other Methods
409(1)
13.9 Specification of Well Yield and Spacing
409(6)
13.9.1 Well Yield
409(4)
13.9.2 Depth of Wells
413(1)
13.9.3 Number of Wells and Well Spacing
414(1)
13.10 Specification of Well Screens and Filters
415(4)
13.10.1 Requirements for Well Screens and Filter Packs
415(1)
13.10.2 Design Rules for Artificial Filter Packs and Slot Size
416(2)
13.10.3 Design Rules for Natural Filter Packs and Slot Size
418(1)
13.10.4 Annular Seals for Wells
418(1)
13.10.5 Dewatering Wells in Rock
419(1)
13.11 Other Considerations
419(3)
13.11.1 Estimation of Drawdown Distribution around Well
419(3)
13.11.2 Estimation of Groundwater-Lowering-Induced Settlements
422(1)
13.11.3 Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts
422(1)
13.12 Numerical Modelling
422(4)
13.12.1 Potential Applications of Numerical Modelling
424(1)
13.12.2 Potential Pitfalls of Numerical Modelling
425(1)
13.13 Design Examples
426(3)
Section 3 Construction
14 Sump Pumping
429(14)
14.1 Introduction
429(1)
14.2 Applications and Limitations of Sump Pumping
429(1)
14.3 Sumps for Surface Water Run-Off
430(3)
14.4 Sumps for Groundwater Pumping
433(4)
14.5 Drainage of Side Slopes of an Excavation
437(1)
14.6 Sump Pumping of Small Excavations
438(1)
14.7 Sump Pumping from within Cut-Off Walls
439(1)
14.8 Sump Pumping Problems
439(2)
14.9 Disposal of Water from Sump Pumping Operations
441(2)
15 Wellpoint Systems
443(26)
15.1 Introduction
443(1)
15.2 Which System: Wellpoints or Deep Wells?
443(1)
15.3 What Is a Wellpoint System?
444(5)
15.3.1 Types of Wellpoint
446(3)
15.4 Wellpoint Installation Techniques
449(8)
15.4.1 Installation of Self-Jetting Wellpoints
450(2)
15.4.2 Installation of Disposable Wellpoints by Placing Tube
452(1)
15.4.3 Installation Using the Holepuncher and Heavy-Duty Placing Tube
453(1)
15.4.4 Installation by Rotary Jet Drilling
454(1)
15.4.5 Installation through Clay Strata
454(2)
15.4.6 The Merits of Jetted Hole Installations
456(1)
15.4.7 The Need for Filter Media
456(1)
15.4.8 Sanding-In
457(1)
15.5 Spacing of Wellpoints and Drawdown Times
457(1)
15.6 Sealed Vacuum Wellpoint Systems
458(1)
15.7 Wellpoint Pumping Equipment
458(3)
15.7.1 Duty or Running Pumps
459(1)
15.7.2 Standby Pumps
459(1)
15.7.3 Operation of a Wellpoint System and 'Trimming'
460(1)
15.8 Wellpoint Installations for Trench Excavations
461(5)
15.8.1 Single-Sided Wellpoint Installations
462(1)
15.8.2 Double-Sided Wellpoint Installations
463(2)
15.8.3 Progressive Installation for Trench Works
465(1)
15.9 Wellpointing for Wide Excavations
466(1)
15.10 Wellpointing for Deeper Excavations
466(3)
15.10.1 Long Risers and Lowered Header Mains
466(1)
15.10.2 Multi-Stage Wellpointing
466(3)
16 Deep Well Systems
469(28)
16.1 Introduction
469(1)
16.2 Deep Well Installations
469(3)
16.3 Requirements for Wells for Groundwater Lowering
472(5)
16.3.1 Depth of Well
472(1)
16.3.2 Diameter of Well
473(1)
16.3.3 Types of Well Screen
474(2)
16.3.4 Filter Media and Slot Size
476(1)
16.4 Constructing Deep Wells
477(1)
16.5 Drilling of Well Boreholes
477(7)
16.5.1 Cable Tool Percussion Drilling
478(2)
16.5.2 Wash Boring and/or Jet Drilling
480(1)
16.5.3 Rotary Drilling: Direct Circulation
480(1)
16.5.4 Rotary Drilling: Reverse Circulation
481(2)
16.5.5 Rota-Sonic Drilling
483(1)
16.6 Installation of Well Materials
484(1)
16.7 Well Development
485(4)
16.7.1 Monitoring of Pumped Water for Suspended Solids
487(1)
16.7.2 Well Development by Acidization
488(1)
16.7.3 Re-Development of Wells during Long-Term Dewatering Pumping
489(1)
16.8 Installation and Operation of Deep Well Pumps
489(3)
16.8.1 Encrustation and Corrosion
492(1)
16.9 Vacuum Deep Well Installations
492(1)
16.10 Shallow Suction Well Installations
493(4)
17 Other Dewatering Systems
497(52)
17.1 Introduction
497(1)
17.2 Ejector Wells
497(8)
17.2.1 Merits of Ejector Well Systems
498(1)
17.2.2 Types of Ejectors
499(1)
17.2.3 Installation Techniques
500(1)
17.2.4 Ejector Pumping Equipment
501(2)
17.2.5 Operation of an Ejector Well System and Potential Imperfections
503(2)
17.3 Horizontal Wellpoints
505(4)
17.3.1 Merits of Horizontal Wellpoint Systems
506(1)
17.3.2 Installation Techniques
506(3)
17.3.3 Pumping Equipment
509(1)
17.4 Horizontal Directionally Drilled (HDD) wells
509(2)
17.5 Sub-Horizontal Drains
511(2)
17.6 Collector Wells
513(1)
17.7 Drainage Tunnels and Adits
514(2)
17.8 Relief Wells
516(5)
17.8.1 Merits of Relief Well Systems
518(1)
17.8.2 Installation Techniques
519(1)
17.8.3 Relief Wells - Are a Well Casing and Screen Needed?
520(1)
17.9 Vertical Drains
521(1)
17.10 Slope Drainage
522(7)
17.10.1 Toe Drains
525(1)
17.10.2 Drainage Measures at the Crest of the Slope
526(2)
17.10.3 Drainage Measures within the Slope
528(1)
17.11 Siphon Drains
529(1)
17.12 Electro-Osmosis
530(3)
17.13 Artificial Recharge Systems
533(9)
17.13.1 Applications of Artificial Recharge Systems
533(3)
17.13.2 What Is the Aim of Artificial Recharge?
536(1)
17.13.3 Recharge Trenches
536(2)
17.13.4 Recharge Wells
538(1)
17.13.5 Water Quality Problems and Clogging
539(1)
17.13.6 Operation of Recharge Systems
540(2)
17.14 Dewatering and Groundwater Control Technologies Used for the Control or Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater
542(7)
17.14.1 Applications of Pumping Systems on Contaminated Sites
544(1)
17.14.2 Applications of Barrier Systems on Contaminated Sites
545(1)
17.14.3 Groundwater Treatment Technologies
546(3)
18 Methods for Exclusion of Groundwater
549(50)
18.1 Introduction
549(1)
18.2 Principal Methods for Groundwater Exclusion
549(1)
18.3 Geometries of Exclusion Applications
550(5)
18.3.1 Basal Seals
553(2)
18.4 Permeable Walls
555(2)
18.4.1 Contiguous Concrete Bored Pile Walls
556(1)
18.4.2 Soldier Pile Walls
556(1)
18.5 Steel Sheet-Piling and Combi-Pile Walls
557(2)
18.6 Vibrated Beam Walls
559(3)
18.7 Slurry Trench Walls
562(4)
18.8 Concrete Diaphragm Walls
566(3)
18.9 Concrete Secant Pile Walls
569(2)
18.10 Grout Barriers
571(13)
18.10.1 Principles of Grouting
571(1)
18.10.2 Types of Grout
572(1)
18.10.3 Cement-Based Grouts
572(2)
18.10.4 Chemical Grouts
574(1)
18.10.5 Design of Grout Barriers
575(1)
18.10.6 Permeation Grouting
576(2)
18.10.7 Rock Grouting
578(3)
18.10.8 Jet Grouting
581(3)
18.11 Mix-in-Place Barriers
584(1)
18.12 Artificial Ground Freezing
585(7)
18.12.1 Brine Circulation Systems
586(2)
18.12.2 Liquid Nitrogen (LN) Systems
588(1)
18.12.3 Typical Applications for Artificial Ground Freezing
589(2)
18.12.4 Effect of Groundwater Flow on Artificial Ground Freezing
591(1)
18.12.5 Other Limitations of Artificial Ground Freezing
592(1)
18.13 Low-Permeability Surface Barriers
592(2)
18.14 Verification of Groundwater Exclusion Methods
594(5)
18.14.1 Prediction of Inflow to Groundwater Exclusion Schemes
594(2)
18.14.2 Methods to Determine Total Inflow to Groundwater Exclusion Schemes
596(1)
18.14.3 Assessment of Acceptable Performance
597(2)
19 Pumps for Groundwater Lowering Duties
599(36)
19.1 Introduction
599(1)
19.2 Principles of Pumping
599(7)
19.2.1 What Is a Pump?
600(1)
19.2.2 Different Pumping Methods
600(1)
19.2.3 Mathematics of Pumping
601(5)
19.3 Types of Dewatering Pumps
606(1)
19.4 Units for Sump Pumping
606(2)
19.4.1 Contractor's Submersible Pump
606(1)
19.4.2 All-Purpose Self-Priming Centrifugal Suction Pump
607(1)
19.5 Wellpoint Dewatering Pumps
608(6)
19.5.1 Double-Acting Piston Pump
608(1)
19.5.2 Vacuum-Assisted Self-Priming Centrifugal Pumpset
609(3)
19.5.3 Vacuum Tank Unit
612(1)
19.5.4 Comparison of Merits of Piston Pumps vs. Vacuum- Assisted Centrifugal Wellpoint Pumps
612(1)
19.5.5 Wellpoint Jetting Pumps
613(1)
19.6 Pumps for Deep Wells
614(6)
19.6.1 Borehole Electro-Submersible Turbine Pumps
614(5)
19.6.1.1 Use of Oversized Pumps
616(1)
19.6.1.2 Encrustation and Corrosion
617(1)
19.6.1.3 Borehole Electro-Submersible Pumps - Operational Problems
617(2)
19.6.2 Vertical Lineshaft Turbine Pumps
619(1)
19.6.2.1 Lineshaft Pumps - Operational Problems
620(1)
19.6.2.2 Comparison of Merits of Lineshaft Pumps vs. Electro-Submersible Pumps
620(1)
19.7 Pumps for Ejector Well Systems
620(2)
19.7.1 Ejector Supply Pumps
621(1)
19.7.2 Ejectors
621(1)
19.7.3 Ejector Performance Curves
622(1)
19.8 Other Pumping Methods
622(4)
19.8.1 Airlift Pumping
622(3)
19.8.2 Bailing of Deep Shafts
625(1)
19.9 Pump Control Systems
626(2)
19.9.1 Electrical Control Systems
626(1)
19.9.2 Intermittent Operation of Pumps
627(1)
19.10 Discharge Pipework and Equipment
628(1)
19.11 Design of Pumping Systems
629(6)
19.11.1 Assessing the Pump Duty
629(1)
19.11.2 Estimating Friction Losses
629(2)
19.11.3 Sizing of Pumps
631(2)
19.11.4 Energy Used in Pumping
633(2)
20 Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
635(10)
20.1 Introduction
635(1)
20.2 Types Of Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
635(2)
20.2.1 Permanent Groundwater Pumping Systems
635(1)
20.2.2 Permanent Groundwater Barrier Systems
636(1)
20.3 Objectives of Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
637(3)
20.3.1 Reduction of Groundwater Uplift Loads on Structures
637(2)
20.3.2 Control of Anticipated Rises in Groundwater Levels
639(1)
20.3.3 Reduction in Leakage into Below-Ground Structures
639(1)
20.3.4 Stabilization of Slopes and Earth Structures
640(1)
20.3.5 Remediation and Containment of Contaminated Groundwater
640(1)
20.4 Design Issues for Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
640(3)
20.4.1 Longevity of Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
640(1)
20.4.2 Reliability of Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
641(1)
20.4.3 Efficiency of Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
641(1)
20.4.4 Environmental Impacts of Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
642(1)
20.4.5 Legacy Issues for Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
642(1)
20.5 Practical Issues for Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
643(1)
20.5.1 Location of Dewatering System
643(1)
20.5.2 Maintainability
643(1)
20.5.3 Decommissioning
644(1)
20.6 Opportunities Associated with Permanent Groundwater Control Systems
644(1)
21 Environmental Impacts from Groundwater Control
645(40)
21.1 Introduction
645(1)
21.2 Why Are Impacts from Groundwater Control of Concern?
646(1)
21.3 Potential Environmental Impacts from Groundwater Control
646(1)
21.4 Impacts from Groundwater Abstraction
647(22)
21.4.1 Settlement Due to Groundwater Lowering
647(1)
21.4.2 Settlement Due to Poorly Controlled Groundwater
647(3)
21.4.3 Settlement Due to Loss of Fines
650(1)
21.4.4 Settlement Due to Increases in Effective Stress
650(5)
21.4.5 Settlement Damage to Structures
655(1)
21.4.6 Risk Assessment of Settlement Damage from Groundwater Lowering
656(1)
21.4.7 Mitigation and Avoidance of Settlement
656(2)
21.4.8 Impact on Groundwater-Dependent Features
658(5)
21.4.9 Effect on Groundwater Quality
663(1)
21.4.10 Movement of Contaminated Groundwater
663(1)
21.4.11 Saline Intrusion
664(1)
21.4.12 Effect on Groundwater Borehole or Spring Supplies
665(3)
21.4.13 Other Effects
668(2)
21.4.13.1 Damage to Timber Piles
668(1)
21.4.13.2 Vegetation
668(1)
21.4.13.3 Impact on Archaeological Remains
669(1)
21.5 Impacts from Recovery of Groundwater Levels
669(1)
21.6 Impacts from Groundwater Pathways
670(2)
21.6.1 Vertical Pathways via Boreholes and Wells
670(1)
21.6.2 Vertical Pathways via Excavations and Structures
671(1)
21.6.3 Horizontal Pathways
671(1)
21.7 Impacts from Groundwater Barriers
672(1)
21.8 Impacts from Discharge Flows to the Groundwater Environment
673(2)
21.9 Impacts from Discharge Flows to the Surface Water Environment
675(4)
21.9.1 Erosion Caused by Discharge Flows
675(1)
21.9.2 Suspended Solids
676(1)
21.9.3 Discharge Water Chemistry and Temperature
677(2)
21.9.4 Oil and Petroleum Products
679(1)
21.9.5 Contaminated Groundwater
679(1)
21.10 Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts
679(6)
21.10.1 Identification of Potential Environmental Impacts
680(1)
21.10.2 Prediction of Potential Environmental Impacts
680(1)
21.10.3 Mitigation of Potential Environmental Impacts
680(1)
21.10.4 Monitoring of Potential Environmental Impacts
681(4)
22 Monitoring of Groundwater Control Systems
685(22)
22.1 Introduction
685(1)
22.2 The Need for Monitoring
685(1)
22.2.1 Manual Monitoring or Automated Monitoring?
686(1)
22.3 Phases of Monitoring
686(2)
22.3.1 Using the Data
687(1)
22.4 Datalogging Systems
688(1)
22.5 Data Management and Dissemination
689(1)
22.6 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels
690(7)
22.6.1 Datums Used for Groundwater Level Monitoring
690(1)
22.6.2 Manual Monitoring of Groundwater Levels
691(2)
22.6.3 Monitoring Groundwater Levels Using Pressure Transducers
693(3)
22.6.4 Monitoring of Artesian Groundwater Levels
696(1)
22.6.5 Validating Groundwater Level Data
697(1)
22.7 Monitoring of Discharge Flow Rate
697(4)
22.7.1 Monitoring Total Flow Rate or Flow from Individual Wells
698(1)
22.7.2 Proprietary Flowmeters
698(1)
22.7.3 Weir Tanks
698(1)
22.7.4 Timed Volumetric Methods
699(1)
22.7.5 Other Methods
700(1)
22.7.6 Validating Flow Rate Measurement Data
700(1)
22.8 Monitoring of Discharge Water Quality
701(1)
22.9 Monitoring of Surface Settlements
702(1)
22.9.1 Conventional Surveying Techniques
703(1)
22.9.2 Remote Sensing Techniques
703(1)
22.10 Monitoring of Surface Water Bodies
703(2)
22.11 Other Parameters That May Be Monitored
705(2)
23 Maintenance of Groundwater Lowering Systems
707(16)
23.1 Introduction
707(1)
23.2 The Need for Maintenance
707(1)
23.3 Principal Maintenance Requirements
708(2)
23.3.1 Pump Maintenance
708(1)
23.3.2 Upkeep of Pipework
709(1)
23.3.3 Maintenance of Monitoring Equipment
709(1)
23.3.4 Rehabilitation of Poorly Performing Wells
709(1)
23.3.5 Protection against Accidental Damage
709(1)
23.3.6 Upkeep of Water Disposal Routes
709(1)
23.3.7 Upkeep of Groundwater Barriers
709(1)
23.3.8 Weather Protection
710(1)
23.4 Standby Pumps and Automation
710(2)
23.4.1 Standby Pumps
710(1)
23.4.2 Standby Electrical Power Supplies
711(1)
23.4.3 Alarm Systems and Automation
712(1)
23.5 Encrustation, Biofouling and Corrosion
712(8)
23.5.1 Chemical Encrustation
713(1)
23.5.2 Bacterial Growth and Biofouling
714(3)
23.5.3 Maintenance Strategies to Manage Clogging and Encrustation
717(1)
23.5.4 Corrosion
718(2)
23.6 Fault Finding and Problem Solving
720(3)
24 Decommissioning of Groundwater Control Systems
723(8)
24.1 Introduction
723(1)
24.2 The Need for Decommissioning
723(2)
24.2.1 Hazards from Dewatering Wells
724(1)
24.2.2 Hazards from Cut-Off Walls
724(1)
24.3 Decommissioning of Wells External to Structures
725(3)
24.3.1 Capping of Dewatering Wells
725(1)
24.3.2 Conversion of Dewatering Well to Monitoring Well
725(2)
24.3.3 Back filling and Sealing of Wells
727(1)
24.3.4 Sealing of Shallow Wells or Wellpoints
727(1)
24.3.5 Sealing of Sumps
727(1)
24.4 Decommissioning of Wells and Sumps Located within Structures
728(1)
24.5 Breaching of Cut-Off Walls
729(2)
25 Safety, Contracts and Environmental Regulation
731(18)
25.1 Introduction
731(1)
25.2 Health and Safety
731(8)
25.2.1 CDM Regulations
732(1)
25.2.2 Working with Hazardous Substances
733(1)
25.2.3 Use of Electricity on Site
733(1)
25.2.4 Lifting Operations
734(1)
25.2.5 Working at Height
734(1)
25.2.6 Work Equipment and Drilling Rigs
735(1)
25.2.7 Safety of Excavations
736(1)
25.2.8 Noise
736(1)
25.2.9 Working with Wells and Boreholes
737(1)
25.2.10 Interaction with Third-Party Services, Tunnels and Infrastructure
737(2)
25.2.11 Risk from Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
739(1)
25.3 Contracts for Groundwater Control Works
739(3)
25.3.1 The Need for Contracts
740(1)
25.3.2 Traditional Contract Arrangements
740(1)
25.3.3 Alternative Forms of Contract
741(1)
25.3.4 Dewatering Costs
742(1)
25.4 Environmental Regulation of Groundwater Control
742(7)
25.4.1 Groundwater Protection
742(2)
25.4.2 Abstraction of Groundwater
744(1)
25.4.3 Discharge of Groundwater
745(1)
25.4.4 Settlement Resulting from the Abstraction of Groundwater
746(1)
25.4.5 Environmental Regulation of Major Projects
747(1)
25.4.6 Local Regulations
748(1)
26 Optimization of Groundwater Control Systems
749(8)
26.1 Introduction
749(1)
26.2 Why Optimize?
749(1)
26.3 Different Optimization Methods
750(2)
26.3.1 Empirical Optimization
750(1)
26.3.2 Numerical Modelling or Analytical Optimization
751(1)
26.3.3 Observational Optimization
751(1)
26.3.4 Optimization in the Field (Troubleshooting)
752(1)
26.4 Problems with Optimization
752(2)
26.4.1 Lack of Clarity in Objectives of Optimization
752(1)
26.4.2 Insufficient Data Quality and Quantity
753(1)
26.4.3 Errors in Conceptual Model
753(1)
26.4.4 Inappropriate Groundwater Control Technique
754(1)
26.5 Possible Priorities for Optimization
754(3)
27 Case Histories
757(32)
27.1 Introduction
757(1)
27.2 Case History: Sump Pumping of Large Excavation, Aberdeen, UK
758(2)
27.2.1 Summary
758(1)
27.2.2 Case History
758(2)
27.3 Case History: Wellpointing at Derwent Outlet Channel, Northumberland, UK
760(3)
27.3.1 Summary
760(1)
27.3.2 Case History
760(3)
27.3.3 Sources and References
763(1)
27.4 Case History: Deep Wells and Relief Wells at Tees Barrage, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
763(2)
27.4.1 Summary
763(1)
27.4.2 Case History
763(2)
27.4.3 Sources and References
765(1)
27.5 Case History: Ejector Wells for Shaft Dewatering, with High-Permeability Feature Present, UK
765(3)
27.5.1 Summary
765(1)
27.S.2 Case History
766(2)
27.5.3 Sources and References
768(1)
27.6 Case History: Hydraulic Failure of Base of Shaft, UK
768(2)
27.6.1 Summary
768(1)
27.6.2 Case History
768(2)
27.7 Case History: Groundwater Control by Sump Pumping and Deep Wells for Shaft, UK
770(2)
27.7.1 Summary
770(1)
27.7.2 Case History
770(2)
27.8 Case History: Artificial Recharge to Control Settlement: Misr Bank, Cairo, Egypt
772(3)
27.8.1 Summary
773(1)
27.8.2 Case History
773(2)
27.8.3 Sources and References
775(1)
27.9 Case History: Artificial Recharge to Protect Drinking Water Source, UK
775(3)
27.9.1 Summary
775(1)
27.9.2 Case History
775(3)
27.10 Case History: Low-Permeability Cut-Off Wall at Sizewell B Power Station, UK
778(4)
27.10.1 Summary
778(1)
27.10.2 Case History
779(3)
27.10.3 Sources and References
782(1)
27.11 Case History: Contamination Remediation Using Cut-Off Walls and Groundwater Abstraction at Derby Pride Park, UK
782(2)
27.11.1 Summary
782(1)
27.11.2 Case History
782(2)
27.11.3 Sources and References
784(1)
27.12 Case History: Permanent Groundwater Control System at Govan Underground Tunnel, Glasgow, UK
784(5)
27.12.1 Summary
784(1)
27.12.2 Case History
784(4)
27.12.3 Sources and References
788(1)
28 The Future
789(8)
Toby Roberts
28.1 Introduction
789(1)
28.2 Regulation and Legislation
790(2)
28.3 Technology and the Internet of Things
792(1)
28.4 Design and Numerical Modelling
793(1)
28.5 Applications and Techniques
794(1)
28.6 Where Do We Go from Here?
795(1)
28.7 The Next Generation of Dewatering Practitioners
795(2)
Appendix 1: Estimation of Permeability by Correlations with Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of Soil 797(10)
Appendix 2: Execution and Analysis of Variable Head Permeability Tests in Boreholes 807(6)
Appendix 3: Execution and Analysis of Packer Permeability Tests in Boreholes in Rock 813(16)
Appendix 4: Execution of Well Pumping Tests 829(8)
Appendix 5: Design Examples 837(16)
Appendix 6: Estimation of Flow Rate Using V-Notch Weirs 853(6)
Notation 859(6)
Conversion factors 865(2)
Abbreviations 867(4)
Glossary 871(12)
References 883(24)
Index 907
The late Pat Cashman was the leading British exponent of groundwater control for his generation, championing a practical and straightforward approach for more than forty years.

Dr. Martin Preene draws on thirty years experience of groundwater control and groundwater management gained with contractors and consultants in more than forty countries worldwide. He currently operates as an independent groundwater specialist via Preene Groundwater Consulting.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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