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Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass [Hardback]

  • Formāts: Hardback, 264 pages, height x width x depth: 241x163x22 mm, weight: 558 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Jul-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-AIChE
  • ISBN-10: 1118230531
  • ISBN-13: 9781118230534
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Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable MassPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 264 pages, height x width x depth: 241x163x22 mm, weight: 558 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 08-Jul-2014
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-AIChE
  • ISBN-10: 1118230531
  • ISBN-13: 9781118230534
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781118230534.html
Keywords:
This book focuses on the probability of occurrence rather than the consequences of an occurrence, which is an area that has been studied much more and is easier to quantify. A subcommittee of the Center for Chemical Process Safety compiled data collected over two years and developed the algorithms and the associated calculation tool. The introduction covers a brief history of fire protection, risk-based approaches to flammables management, industry needs, and limitations in applications. Following are estimation methods, technical background and data sources, and worked examples in chemical and petrochemical plants, oil refineries, and other contexts Annotation ©2014 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

Complemented by an estimating tool spreadsheet based on a fixed set of chemicals to assist in risk estimations, Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass converts a "best guess" to a calculated value based on available information and current technology. The text documents and explains the science and background of the technology-based approach. The tool, when populated with appropriate data, yields an estimate of the probability that a defined release of a flammable material will ignite if exposed to an ignition source. This information can be used to make risk assessments with a higher degree of confidence than estimates made before and it provides valuable information for use in the development of a facility's Emergency Response Plan.

List Of Figures
xiii
List Of Tables
xv
Foreword xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Glossary xxiii
1 Introduction
1(39)
1.1 Objectives
1(1)
1.2 Motivation for this Book
1(7)
1.2.1 A Brief History of Fire Protection
2(1)
1.2.2 The Development of Risk-Based Approaches to Flammables Management
3(1)
1.2.3 Difficulties in Developing Ignition Probability Prediction Methods
4(1)
1.2.4 Missing Variables
5(1)
1.2.5 Summary of Industry Needs and Path Forward
5(1)
1.2.6 Applications for This Book
6(1)
1.2.7 Limitations in Applying the Approaches in This Book
7(1)
1.3 Ignition Probability Overview
8(23)
1.3.1 Theoretical Basis for Ignition
8(5)
1.3.2 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Properties of the Fuel and Available Surrogates That Can Be Used for Developing Probability of Ignition Predictions
13(6)
1.3.3 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Release Source
19(8)
1.3.4 Key Ignition Factors Related to the External Environment After the Release
27(4)
1.4 Control of Ignition Sources
31(3)
1.4.1 Ignition Source Management
31(2)
1.4.2 Minimization of Release
33(1)
1.5 Vapor Cloud Explosion Probability Overview
34(1)
1.6 Detonation Overview
35(1)
1.6.1 Detonation Using a Strong Ignition Source
35(1)
1.6.2 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition
35(1)
1.6.3 Buncefield
36(1)
1.7 Other Ignition Topics---Hydrogen
36(4)
1.7.1 Ignition Mechanisms
36(1)
1.7.2 Other Hydrogen Ignition Topics
37(3)
2 Estimation Methods
40(40)
2.1 Introduction
40(2)
2.1.1 Event Tree
40(2)
2.1.2 Failure Frequency Data for Use in Event Trees
42(1)
2.1.3 Quantification of the Event Tree
42(1)
2.2 Factors Influencing the Probability of Immediate Ignition
42(6)
2.2.1 Temperature of Release Relative to the Autoignition Temperature
43(1)
2.2.2 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of Material Being Released
43(2)
2.2.3 Pyrophoricity of Released Material
45(1)
2.2.4 Pressure/Velocity of Discharge
45(1)
2.2.5 Droplet Size
46(1)
2.2.6 Presence of Particulates
47(1)
2.2.7 Configuration/Orientation of Equipment Near/At the Point of Release
47(1)
2.2.8 Temperature of Release (As It Relates to Its Effect on MIE)
47(1)
2.2.9 Phase of Release (API RBI)
48(1)
2.2.10 Flash Point and Release Rate (TNO)
48(1)
2.3 Factors Influencing the Probability of Delayed Ignition
48(9)
2.3.1 Strength and Numbers of Ignition Sources
48(4)
2.3.2 Duration of Exposure
52(1)
2.3.3 Release Rate/Amount
52(2)
2.3.4 Material Being Released
54(1)
2.3.5 Release Phase/Flash Point/Boiling Point
54(1)
2.3.6 Distance from Point of Release to Ignition Source
55(1)
2.3.7 Meteorology
55(1)
2.3.8 Events Originating Indoors
55(2)
2.4 Factors Influencing the Probability of Explosion, Given Delayed Ignition
57(1)
2.5 Potential Interdependence of Variables
58(1)
2.6 Summary of Variables Used in Each Analysis Level
59(1)
2.7 Basic (Level 1) Probability of Ignition Algorithms
60(2)
2.7.1 Level 1 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition
60(1)
2.7.2 Level 1 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition
61(1)
2.8 Level 2 Probability of Ignition Algorithms
62(5)
2.8.1 Level 2 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition
62(1)
2.8.2 Level 2 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition
63(4)
2.9 Advanced (Level 3) Probability of Ignition Algorithms
67(3)
2.9.1 Level 3 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition
67(1)
2.9.2 Level 3 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition
68(2)
2.10 Developing Inputs When Chemical Properties Are Not Available
70(4)
2.10.1 Estimating Input Properties of Chemicals Not in the Pick List
70(2)
2.10.2 Estimating the Properties of Flammable Mixtures
72(2)
2.11 Worked Example
74(3)
2.11.1 Problem Statement
74(1)
2.11.2 Level 1 Analysis
74(1)
2.11.3 Level 2 Analysis
75(1)
2.11.4 Level 3 Analysis
76(1)
2.12 Application of the Models to a Study with Multiple Ignition Sources
77(3)
3 Technical Background And Data Sources
80(60)
3.1 Introduction and Summary
80(5)
3.2 Government-driven studies
85(18)
3.2.1 Rew et al.
85(9)
3.2.2 Bevi Risk Assessment Manual (TNO Purple Book)
94(4)
3.2.3 HSE/Crossthwaite et al.
98(1)
3.2.4 HSE/Thyer
98(2)
3.2.5 HSE/Gummer and Hawksworth---Hydrogen
100(1)
3.2.6 Cawley/U.S. Bureau of Mines
101(1)
3.2.7 Canvey
102(1)
3.2.8 Witcofski (NASA) Liquid Hydrogen
103(1)
3.3 Information Developed by Industry Groups
103(13)
3.3.1 Cox/Lees/Ang
103(3)
3.3.2 E&P Forum
106(1)
3.3.3 API RBI
106(5)
3.3.4 API RP 2216
111(1)
3.3.5 IEEE
112(1)
3.3.6 UK Energy Institute
113(3)
3.4 Information Developed in Academia
116(8)
3.4.1 Ronza et al.
116(3)
3.4.2 Offshore Explosions (Loughborough)
119(1)
3.4.3 Srekl and Golob
119(1)
3.4.4 Duarte et al.
120(1)
3.4.5 Swain---Ignition of Hydrogen
121(1)
3.4.6 Dryer et al.---Hydrogen and Light Hydrocarbons
121(1)
3.4.7 Britton---Silanes and Chlorosilanes
122(1)
3.4.8 Pesce et al.
123(1)
3.5 Information Developed by Individual Companies
124(7)
3.5.1 Spouge
124(1)
3.5.2 Moosemiller
125(1)
3.5.3 Johnson---Humans as Electrostatic Ignition Sources
126(2)
3.5.4 Jallais---Hydrogen
128(1)
3.5.5 Zalosh---Hydrogen
128(2)
3.5.6 Smith---Pipelines
130(1)
3.6 Studies Specific to Ignition of Sprays
131(3)
3.6.1 Lee et al.
131(2)
3.6.2 Babrauskas
133(1)
3.7 Case Histories
134(6)
3.7.1 Britton---External Ignition Events
134(1)
3.7.2 Pratt---Gas Well and Pipeline Blowouts
135(1)
3.7.3 Gummer and Hawksworth---Hydrogen Events
136(4)
4 Additional Examples
140(60)
4.1 Introduction to Examples and Potential "Lessons Learned"
140(4)
4.1.1 "Reality" vs. Predictions
140(1)
4.1.2 "Conservatism"---Does It Exist?
141(1)
4.1.3 Cases Where the Model May Not Be Appropriate or the Results Misinterpreted
142(1)
4.1.4 Summary of Worked Examples
143(1)
4.2 Worked Examples (based on other CCPS books)
144(12)
4.2.1 Vapor Cloud Explosion Hazard Assessment of a Storage Site
144(5)
4.2.2 Open Field Release of Propane
149(4)
4.2.3 Release from Pipeline
153(3)
4.3 Worked Examples (Chemical and Petrochemical Plants)
156(13)
4.3.1 Ethylene Tubing Failure
156(2)
4.3.2 Benzene Pipe Rupture
158(1)
4.3.3 Spill from Methyl Ethyl Ketone Tank
159(4)
4.3.4 Indoor Puncture of MEK Tote
163(3)
4.3.5 Elevated Release
166(3)
4.4 Worked Examples (oil refineries)
169(10)
4.4.1 Gasoline Release from a Sight Glass
169(4)
4.4.2 Overfilling a Gasoline Storage Tank
173(2)
4.4.3 Overfilling a Propane Bullet
175(2)
4.4.4 Hydrogen Release from a Sight Glass
177(2)
4.5 Worked Examples (Unusual Cases)
179(6)
4.5.1 Indoor Acid Spill---Ventilation Model
179(5)
4.5.2 Release of Ammonia
184(1)
4.6 Worked Examples ("Out of Scope" Cases)
185(8)
4.6.1 Release of Gas from an Offshore Platform Separator
185(4)
4.6.2 Dust Ignition
189(4)
4.7 Worked Examples of the Benefits of Plant Modifications and Design Changes
193(7)
4.7.1 Ignition by Hot Surfaces
193(3)
4.7.2 Release Prevention
196(1)
4.7.3 Duration of Exposure
196(2)
4.7.4 Benefit of Improved Ventilation of Indoor Releases---Continuation of "Indoor Acid Spill" Example
198(2)
5 Software Illustration
200(14)
5.1 Explanation and Instructions for Software Tool
200(1)
5.2 Opening the Software Tool
200(1)
5.3 General Inputs and Outputs
201(2)
5.4 Level 1 Inputs
203(2)
5.5 Level 2 Analyses
205(2)
5.6 Level 3 Analyses
207(1)
5.7 Explosion Probability
207(1)
5.8 Illustrations of Software Use
208(6)
5.8.1 Vapor Cloud Explosion Hazard Assessment of a Storage Site (Example from Section 4.2.1)
208(3)
5.8.2 Open Field Release of Propane (Example from Section 4.2.2)
211(3)
Appendix A Chemical Property Data 214(6)
Appendix B Other Models For Consideration 220(6)
References 226(6)
Index 232
Since 1985, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has been the world leader in developing and disseminating information on process safety management and technology. CCPS, an industry technology alliance of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), has published over 90 books in its process safety guidelines and process safety concepts series, and over 100 training modules through its Safety in Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) series.