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E-grāmata: Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness

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Edited by (Former Director, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India), Edited by (Guest Faculty at NIPER-Raebareli, Lucknow campus and worked as Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity Uni)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Oct-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128120552
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Handbook on Biological Warfare PreparednessPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 05-Oct-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128120552
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Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness provides detailed information on biological warfare agents, their mode of transmission and spread. It also explains methods of detection and medical countermeasures, including vaccine and post-exposure therapeutics, with specific sections detailing diseases, their transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines, prevention and management. This book is useful reading for researchers and advanced students in toxicology and the aspects of biological warfare agents, but will also prove helpful for medical students, civil administration, medical doctors, first responders and security forces.

As the highly unpredictable nature of any event involving biological warfare agents has given rise to the need for developing rapid and accurate detection systems, this book is a timely resource on the topic.

  • Introduces different bacterial and viral agents, including Ebola and other emerging threats and toxins
  • Discusses medical countermeasures, including vaccines and post-exposure therapeutics
  • Includes a comprehensive review of the current methods for detection
Contributors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Chapter 1 Biological warfare agents: History and modern-day relevance
1(12)
S.J.S. Flora
History of biological warfare agents
1(2)
Biological warfare agents
3(2)
Characteristics of biological weapons
5(1)
Advantages and disadvantages of biological agents
6(1)
Characteristics of an ideal biological warfare agent
6(1)
Classification of biological warfare agents according to the Center for Disease Control
7(1)
Present-day relevance of the agents
8(1)
Detection
8(1)
Conclusion
9(1)
References
10(3)
Chapter 2 Bacterial biological warfare agents
13(20)
Kshirod Sathua
S.J.S. Flora
Introduction
13(4)
Warfare agents
17(1)
Biological warfare agents as a preferred weapon of destruction
18(1)
Biological warfare agents
18(1)
Bacterial biological warfare agents are unique
18(1)
Historical aspects
19(2)
Bacterial biological warfare agents
21(2)
Lists of bacterial biological warfare agents
21(2)
Reason behind rising bacterial bioterrorism
23(1)
Identifying the signs of biological attack
24(1)
Detection techniques for bacterial biological warfare agents
24(1)
Establishment of bacterial biological weapon programs
25(2)
Biological warfare program of the USSR
25(1)
Japanese biological warfare program
26(1)
United States biological warfare program
26(1)
Iraq's biological warfare program
27(1)
Impact of bacterial bioweaponization for society
27(1)
Conclusion
27(1)
References
28(5)
Chapter 3 Toxins as biological warfare agents
33(32)
A.S.B. Bhaskar
Bhavana Sant
Introduction
33(2)
Dinoflagellate toxins
35(3)
Saxitoxin
35(3)
Bacterial toxins
38(3)
Botulinum neurotoxin
38(1)
Staphylococcal enterotoxins
39(1)
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
40(1)
Fungal toxins
41(4)
Trichothecenes (T-2) toxin
41(3)
Diacetoxyscirpenol
44(1)
Snail toxins
45(1)
Conotoxins
45(1)
Fish toxin
46(2)
Tetrodotoxin
46(2)
Plant toxins
48(5)
Abrin
48(2)
Ricin
50(3)
Conclusion
53(1)
References
53(11)
Further reading
64(1)
Chapter 4 Viral agents including threat from emerging viral infections
65(18)
Archna Panghal
S.J.S. Flora
Introduction
65(2)
Biological warfare agents as a means of terrorism
67(2)
Viruses as biological warfare agents
69(1)
Historical perspectives
70(1)
Viral biological warfare agents
71(4)
Variola virus
72(1)
Influenza virus
72(1)
Filoviruses
73(1)
Flaviviruses
73(1)
Hantaviruses
74(1)
Nipah virus
74(1)
Identification of signs of viral attack
75(1)
Detection techniques for viral biological warfare agents
75(1)
Impact of viral bioterrorism
76(1)
Future perspectives
77(1)
Conclusion
77(1)
References
78(3)
Further reading
81(2)
Chapter 5 Advance detection technologies for select biothreat agents
83(20)
M.M. Parida
Paban Kumar Dash
Jyoti Shukla
Introduction
83(1)
Bio-detection technologies
84(1)
Culture
85(1)
Immunological assays
85(1)
Immunochromatographic test (ICT)
85(1)
Lateral flow rapid strip test
85(1)
Flow through spot test
86(1)
Molecular assays
86(3)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
87(1)
Real-time RT-PCR
87(1)
Isothermal gene amplification assays
88(1)
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology
89(1)
Biomonitoring
89(1)
Aerosol detection technologies
90(1)
Sensor technologies
90(1)
Nanomaterials biosensors
91(1)
Instrumental technologies
91(2)
Mass spectrometry
91(2)
Raman chemical imaging
93(1)
Biodetectors
93(1)
Commercially available biodetectors
93(5)
Conclusion
98(1)
References
99(4)
Chapter 6 Microfluidics application for detection of biological warfare agents
103(30)
Bhairab Mondal
N. Bhavanashri
S.P. Mounika
Deepika Tuteja
Kunti Tandi
H. Soniya
Introduction
103(1)
Biological weapons
104(1)
Pathogens involved in bioterrorism
105(2)
Planning and response
107(1)
Preparedness
107(1)
Available systems for bioterrorism
108(2)
Immunoassays
108(1)
Proteomic approaches
109(1)
Nucleic acid amplification and detection methods
109(1)
Bio-warfare agents monitoring
110(1)
Civilian biodefense
110(1)
Microfluidic applications in biodefense
110(1)
Military biodefense
110(1)
Microfluidics
111(2)
Types of microfluidics
113(5)
Continuous flow microfluidics
114(1)
Digital microfluidics
115(3)
Advanced digital microfluidic platforms
118(1)
Various available platforms for bioterrorism
118(2)
Nucleic acid-based microfluidic pathogen sensor
120(2)
Microfluidic cell-based pathogen sensing
122(1)
Microfluidics in combination with mass spectrometry
123(1)
Microfluidic pathogen detection systems-based antibody and aptamer sensor
124(1)
Microfluidic protein/enzyme based pathogen sensing
125(1)
Microfluidics in combination with fluorescence spectrometry
126(1)
Microfluidics in combination with electrochemistry
126(1)
Conclusion
127(1)
References
128(3)
Further reading
131(2)
Chapter 7 Collection, storage, and transportation of samples for offsite analysis
133(18)
Anju Tripathi
Kshirod Sathua
Vidhu Pachauri
S.J.S. Flora
Introduction
133(3)
Offsite analysis
136(1)
Sample collection
137(6)
Specimen collection procedures
137(1)
Collection of blood samples
138(1)
Urine sample collection
139(1)
Tissue sample collection
140(1)
Saliva/buccal specimen collection
140(1)
Nail and hair sample collection
141(2)
Storage of samples
143(3)
Maintenance of storage systems
145(1)
Precautions to be taken before storage of specimens
145(1)
Transportation of collected samples
146(1)
Conclusion
147(1)
Acknowledgments
147(1)
References
147(4)
Chapter 8 Medical management of diseases associated with biological warfare
151(22)
Jayant Patwa
S.J.S. Flora
Introduction
151(1)
Treatment for bacteria BW agents
152(9)
Anthrax
152(2)
Plague
154(1)
Brucellosis
155(1)
Cholera
156(2)
Melioidosis
158(1)
Tularemia
159(2)
Treatment for virus BW agents
161(5)
Smallpox
161(1)
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
162(1)
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
163(1)
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
164(2)
Treatment for toxins BW agents
166(2)
Saxitoxin
166(1)
Botulinum toxin
166(1)
Ricin
167(1)
Conclusion
168(1)
References
168(5)
Chapter 9 Protective equipment for protection against biological warfare agents
173(22)
Virendra V. Singh
Mannan Boopathi
Vikas B. Thakare
Duraipandian Thavaselvam
Beer Singh
Introduction
173(2)
Classification of biological warfare agents and their symptoms
175(1)
Routes of exposure and modes of delivery
175(2)
Why there is need of protection?
177(1)
Principles of body and respiratory protection
178(9)
Individual protection
178(5)
Collective protection
183(2)
Protection through vaccine and antibiotics
185(2)
Materials used for the fabrication of IPEs
187(1)
State-of-the-art products available for protection
187(1)
Outlook, prospects, and challenges
187(3)
References
190(5)
Chapter 10 Environmental sampling and bio-decontamination---Recent progress, challenges, and future direction
195(14)
Vipin K. Rastogi
Lalena Wallace
Introduction and background
195(1)
Environmental bio-sampling
196(3)
Infrastructure decontamination
199(4)
Challenges
203(1)
Future research directions
204(2)
Conclusions and closing remarks
206(1)
References
206(3)
Chapter 11 Biological and toxin warfare convention: Current status and future prospects
209(8)
Chacha D. Mangu
The imminent danger
209(1)
The convention
210(1)
The BWC, its expeditions, plights, and current status
211(3)
Lack of agreement
211(1)
Unachieved universality
212(1)
Lack of compliance and related verification
212(1)
Implementation challenges
213(1)
The future of the convention
214(1)
References
214(3)
Chapter 12 Next generation agents (synthetic agents): Emerging threats and challenges in detection, protection, and decontamination
217(40)
Anshula Sharma
Gaganjot Gupta
Tawseef Ahmad
Kewal Krishan
Baljinder Kaur
Potential biological weapons and warfare agents
217(4)
A brief history of biological warfare
221(3)
Emergence of next generation biological weapons
224(1)
Binary biological weapons
224(1)
Designer genes
224(1)
Designer diseases
224(1)
Gene therapy based bioweapons
225(1)
Host swapping diseases
225(1)
Stealth viruses
225(1)
Synthetic biology assisted whole genome synthesis of bacterial clones and bacteriophages
225(3)
Synthesis of bacteriophage φX174
226(1)
Synthesis bacteriophage T7 genome by refactoring process
226(1)
Synthesis of M. genitalium and M. mycoides clones using minimal genome content
226(2)
Synthetic biology assisted whole genome synthesis of native or chimeric viruses
228(3)
Synthesis of the 1918 Spanish flu virus
229(1)
Synthesis of poliovirus
229(1)
Synthesis of human endogenous retrovirus
230(1)
Synthesis of HIVcpz
230(1)
Synthesis of SARS-like coronavirus
230(1)
In vitro packaging of viral genomes
231(2)
Mechanism for dsRNA viral genome packaging
231(1)
Mechanism for dsDNA viral genome packaging
232(1)
Examples of in vitro packaged viral genomes
232(1)
Biowarfare agent detection: Methods and challenges
233(4)
Microbiological culturing
234(1)
Flow cytometry
234(1)
Cellular fatty acid based profiling
234(1)
PCR based detection
234(1)
Immunological methods
235(1)
Next generation sequencing
236(1)
Bio-sensors
236(1)
Biophysical detector systems
237(1)
Protection against next generation biological agents: Methods and challenges
237(8)
Chimeric or designer viruses as candidates to study disease pathogenesis
239(2)
Chimeric viruses as important vaccines candidates
241(4)
Decontamination procedures: Methods and challenges
245(1)
Conclusions
246(1)
References
247(10)
Chapter 13 Genome information of BW agents and their application in biodefence
257(16)
Anoop Kumar
S.J.S. Flora
Introduction
257(1)
Genome information of BWAs
258(7)
Bacteria
258(2)
Virus
260(4)
Toxins
264(1)
Application of genomic information in biodefense
265(2)
Design and development of vaccines against BW agents
265(1)
Understanding of virulence and resistance patterns of BW agents
266(1)
Environmental detection of BW agents
266(1)
Identification and characterization of potential BW agents
266(1)
Design and development of new chemical entity (NCE) against BW agents
266(1)
Understanding of infectious disease process
267(1)
Conclusion
267(1)
References
267(4)
Further reading
271(2)
Chapter 14 Planning for protection of civilians against bioterrorism
273(6)
V. Nagaraajan
Development of vigilance
273(1)
The need for the "Bio-shield" system
274(1)
Future dangers in bioterrorism
274(1)
Use of CRISPR technology/Cas system
275(1)
Existence of biosurveillance
275(1)
Creation of novel vaccines
276(1)
Potential threats in force
276(1)
Challenges
276(1)
Technology development
276(1)
Toward improvement in vaccine production
277(1)
Biodefense mechanism and doctrine
277(1)
References
277(1)
Further reading
278(1)
Index 279
Dr. S. J. S. Flora is the Former Director of the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Uttar Pradesh, India, since 2016. Dr. Flora was head of Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology at Defense Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. He earned his PhD in 1985 from CSIR-Indian Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow, and was a postdoctoral research associate at Utah State University, USA. His most highlighted contribution has been the development of a new drug for the therapy of chronic arsenic poisoning, which was approved by the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI). He has published more than 350 research papers, 75 review articles/chapters, 18 patents, and more than 16,000 citations. He has published 6 books including the prestigious Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology and the Handbook of Arsenic Toxicology and the Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness published by Elsevier/Academic Press (USA). Dr Vidhu is senior research fellow at Defence Research Development Establishment, Gwalior, India, and lecturer at Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, India.
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