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E-grāmata: Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science

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Edited by (Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Dept of Psychology, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada), Edited by (Department of Linguistics, Universič du Qučbec ć Montrčal, Canada)
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  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Jun-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128097663
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Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive SciencePalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 03-Jun-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128097663
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Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science, Second Edition presents the study of categories and the process of categorization as viewed through the lens of the founding disciplines of the cognitive sciences, and how the study of categorization has long been at the core of each of these disciplines.

The literature on categorization reveals there is a plethora of definitions, theories, models and methods to apprehend this central object of study. The contributions in this handbook reflect this diversity. For example, the notion of category is not uniform across these contributions, and there are multiple definitions of the notion of concept. Furthermore, the study of category and categorization is approached differently within each discipline.

For some authors, the categories themselves constitute the object of study, whereas for others, it is the process of categorization, and for others still, it is the technical manipulation of large chunks of information. Finally, yet another contrast has to do with the biological versus artificial nature of agents or categorizers.

  • Defines notions of category and categorization
  • Discusses the nature of categories: discrete, vague, or other
  • Explores the modality effects on categories
  • Bridges the category divide - calling attention to the bridges that have already been built, and avenues for further cross-fertilization between disciplines

Papildus informācija

A comprehensive handbook on the science of categorization and human cognition
List of Contributors
xix
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Introduction to the Second Edition xxv
1 Bridging the Category Divide: Introduction to the First Edition
1(20)
Henri Cohen
Claire Lefebvre
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Organization of the Book
2(6)
1.3 Major Common Themes
8(7)
1.4 Bridging the Category Divide
15(6)
References
17(4)
I CATEGORIZATION IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE
2 To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is Categorization
21(34)
Stevan Harnad
2.1 Sensorimotor Systems
23(1)
2.2 Invariant Sensorimotor Features ("Affordances")
23(1)
2.3 Categorization
23(1)
2.4 Learning
24(1)
2.5 Innate Categories
25(1)
2.6 Learned Categories
26(1)
2.7 Supervised Learning
26(1)
2.8 Instrumental (Operant) Learning
27(1)
2.9 Color Categories
28(1)
2.10 Categorical Perception
28(1)
2.11 Learning Algorithms
29(1)
2.12 Unsupervised Learning
30(1)
2.13 Supervised Learning
31(1)
2.14 Vanishing Intersections?
32(1)
2.15 Direct Sensorimotor Invariants
33(1)
2.16 Abstraction and Hearsay
34(1)
2.17 Abstraction and Amnesia
34(1)
2.18 Invariance and Recurrence
35(1)
2.19 Feature Selection and Weighting
36(1)
2.20 Discrimination Versus Categorization
37(1)
2.21 Receding and Feature Selection
38(2)
2.22 Learned Categorical Perception and the Whorf Hypothesis
40(3)
2.23 Uncertainty Reduction
43(1)
2.24 Explicit Learning
44(1)
2.25 Categorization is Abstraction
44(1)
2.26 Sensorimotor Grounding: Direct and Indirect
44(1)
2.27 The Adaptive Advantage of Language: Hearsay
45(1)
2.28 Grounding Instruction in Induction
46(1)
2.29 Numbers' Affordances
47(1)
2.30 Absolute Discriminables and Affordances
47(1)
2.31 Cognitive Science is Not Ontology
48(1)
2.32 "Abstract" Categories
48(1)
2.33 Cognition is Categorization
49(6)
References
49(3)
Appendix A There is Nothing Wrong With the "Classical Theory" of Categorization
52(2)
Appendix B Associationism Begs the Question of Categorization
54(1)
3 The Role of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms in the Maintenance of the Self-Concept: A Behavioral and Neuroscience Review
55(20)
Rachel Amey
Chad E. Forbes
3.1 Bottom-Up Behavioral and Neurological Processes
57(6)
3.2 Top-Down Behavioral and Neurological Processes
63(5)
3.3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes Influence One Another to Maintain the Self-Concept
68(2)
3.4 Conclusion
70(5)
References
71(4)
4 Categories and Cognitive Anthropology
75(32)
James S. Boster
4.1 Introduction
76(1)
4.2 Cognition and Culture, Universalism, and Relativism
77(1)
4.3 Paradigms and Taxonomies
78(8)
4.4 Kinship Terminologies
86(6)
4.5 Color Classification
92(4)
4.6 Ethnobiology
96(6)
4.7 Towards a Science of the Stimulus
102(5)
References
104(3)
5 Emotion Categorization
107(20)
Ursula Hess
5.1 Emotion Production
109(2)
5.2 Are Emotions Natural Kinds?
111(4)
5.3 Emotion Perception
115(5)
5.4 Conclusion
120(7)
Acknowledgments
121(1)
References
121(6)
6 Philosophical Analysis as Cognitive Psychology: The Importance of Empty Concepts
127(30)
Georges Rey
6.1 Introduction
128(1)
6.2 Misadventures of the Classical View
129(3)
6.3 Terminological Issues
132(3)
6.4 The Inadequacies of Externalism
135(6)
6.5 The Need for Internal Roles
141(6)
6.6 A Possible Convergence on a Positive Proposal
147(3)
6.7 Conclusion
150(7)
References
151(6)
II NEUROSCIENCE OF CATEGORIZATION AND CATEGORY LEARNING
7 Multiple Systems of Perceptual Category Learning: Theory and Cognitive Tests
157(32)
F. Gregory Ashby
Vivian V. Valentin
7.1 Introduction
158(1)
7.2 Rule-Based Versus Information-Integration Category Learning Tasks
159(3)
7.3 COVIS
162(16)
7.4 Conclusions
178(11)
Acknowledgments
180(1)
References
180(9)
8 The Neuropsychology of Perceptual Category Learning
189(38)
Jessica L. Roeder
W. Todd
J. Vincent
8.1 Introduction
190(28)
8.2 General Discussion
218(9)
Acknowledgments
221(1)
References
221(6)
9 Categorization in Neuroscience: Brain Response to Objects and Events
227(26)
Catherine Hanson
Stephen J. Hanson
9.1 Introduction
228(2)
9.2 Representing Object Categories in the Brain
230(5)
9.3 Acquiring Category Knowledge
235(5)
9.4 Categorizing Actions and Events
240(7)
9.5 Conclusion
247(6)
References
249(4)
10 Neural Regions Associated With Categorical Speech Perception and Production
253(18)
Susan M. Ravizza
10.1 Introduction
254(1)
10.2 Evidence for Categorical Speech Processing
255(3)
10.3 Prefrontal Regions and Motor Speech Categories
258(5)
10.4 Temporal---Parietal Regions and Acoustic Speech Categories
263(1)
10.5 Cerebellar Contributions to Categorical Production and Perception
264(2)
10.6 Concluding Remarks
266(5)
References
267(4)
11 Food Perception and Categorization: From Food/No-Food to Different Types of Food
271(20)
Francesco Foroni
Raffaella I. Rumiati
11.1 Concepts and Categories
273(1)
11.2 Food Perception and Categorization
274(1)
11.3 Inside Food Categories
275(2)
11.4 Food Semantics and Neuropsychology
277(1)
11.5 Natural Food Versus Transformed Food
278(3)
11.6 Perceiver's Characteristics in Food Processing
281(1)
11.7 Conclusions
282(9)
References
283(8)
III SEMANTIC CATEGORIES
12 Semantic Categorization
291(22)
Brendan S. Gillon
12.1 Introduction
291(2)
12.2 The Notional Approach to Lexical Categories
293(1)
12.3 The Notional Approach to Lexical Subcategories
294(3)
12.4 Structural Approach to Semantic Categories
297(4)
12.5 Coordinators and Subordinators
301(7)
12.6 English Nouns
308(2)
12.7 Conclusion
310(3)
Acknowledgments
310(1)
References
311(2)
13 Emotion Categories Across Languages
313(40)
James S. Boster
13.1 Introduction
314(3)
13.2 Methods of Assessing Cultural Emotion Systems
317(21)
13.3 Theories of Emotion
338(4)
13.4 Cross-Cultural Scenarios as a Tool to Compare Emotion Categories
342(6)
13.5 Conclusion
348(5)
Acknowledgments
350(1)
References
350(3)
14 Relations Between Language and Thought: Individuation and the Count/Mass Distinction
353(24)
Anna Papafragou
14.1 Introduction
354(3)
14.2 Strong Discontinuity Proposals
357(4)
14.3 Weak Discontinuity Proposals
361(6)
14.4 Material and Shape Cues in Labeling and Categorization
367(4)
14.5 Conclusion
371(6)
Acknowledgments
371(1)
References
371(6)
15 Event Categorization in Sign Languages
377(20)
Sandro Zucchi
15.1 Categorization in Spoken Languages
378(2)
15.2 Categorization of Events in Sign Languages
380(2)
15.3 Dual-Representation Languages
382(2)
15.4 Classifier Predicates as Polymorphemic
384(2)
15.5 The Double Life of Classifier Predicates
386(6)
15.6 Classifier Predicates as Demonstrative Predicates
392(3)
15.7 Summary
395(2)
References
396(1)
16 Semantic Categories in Acquisition
397(26)
Eve Vivienne Clark
16.1 Introduction
398(1)
16.2 Space
399(4)
16.3 Shape
403(2)
16.4 Adding Common Ground
405(1)
16.5 Conceptual Domains and Lexical Options
406(5)
16.6 Adding Meaning in the Course of Conversation
411(2)
16.7 Universals in Mapping?
413(3)
16.8 Conclusion
416(7)
References
417(6)
17 Atoms, Categorization, and Conceptual Change
423(16)
Paul Thagard
Ethan Toombs
17.1 Introduction
424(1)
17.2 Theories of Concepts
425(2)
17.3 The Ancient Concept of an Atom
427(1)
17.4 Revival of the Concept of the Atom
428(2)
17.5 Modern Development of the Concept of an Atom
430(3)
17.6 Theories and Meaning
433(2)
17.7 Conclusion
435(4)
References
435(4)
IV SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES
18 Lexical, Functional, Crossover, and Multifunctional Categories
439(32)
Lisa Demena Travis
18.1 Introduction
440(1)
18.2 Categories as Feature Bundles
441(4)
18.3 Categories and Phrase Structure
445(13)
18.4 Where do Categorial Distinctions Reside?
458(9)
18.5 Conclusions
467(4)
Acknowledgments
468(1)
References
468(3)
19 Isolating-Monocategorial-Associational Language
471(40)
David Gil
19.1 Introduction
472(1)
19.2 What IMA Language is Like
472(6)
19.3 Where IMA Language is Found
478(7)
19.4 Typology
485(20)
19.5 Cognition
505(6)
Acknowledgments
507(1)
References
507(4)
20 Linguistic Categories in Language Contact: Modularity and Diversity
511(38)
Pieter Muysken
20.1 Introduction: Modularity and Diversity
512(10)
20.2 Code-Switching
522(10)
20.3 Lexical Categories in Borrowing
532(7)
20.4 Categories in Creole Language Formation
539(5)
20.5 Conclusion
544(5)
Acknowledgments
545(1)
References
545(4)
21 Syntactic Categorization in Sign Languages
549(18)
Natasha Abner
21.1 Categories Across Modalities
550(1)
21.2 Lexical vs. Functional Categories in Sign Languages
551(4)
21.3 Lexical Categories in Sign Languages
555(3)
21.4 Categorical Alternations in Sign Languages
558(4)
21.5 What are the Categorical Atoms?
562(5)
References
563(4)
22 Syntactic Categories in Child Language Acquisition: Innate, Induced, or Illusory?
567(14)
Ben Ambridge
22.1 Introduction
568(1)
22.2 Innate Syntactic Categories
569(2)
22.3 Induced Syntactic Categories
571(3)
22.4 Illusory Syntactic Categories
574(2)
22.5 Conclusion
576(5)
Acknowledgments
577(1)
References
577(4)
23 Syntactic Categories in Second Language Acquisition
581(26)
Lydia White
23.1 Introduction
582(1)
23.2 Lexical and Functional Categories
582(1)
23.3 Lexical Categories in L2 Acquisition
583(2)
23.4 Functional Categories in Acquisition: Issues of Evidence
585(4)
23.5 Functional Categories in the L2 Initial State and in L2 Development
589(4)
23.6 Acquiring Versus Losing Categories and Features
593(5)
23.7 Discussion
598(9)
References
599(8)
V DEVELOPMENT OF CATEGORIES
24 Constructing Race: How People Categorize Others and Themselves in Racial Terms
607(30)
Gandalf Nicolas
Allison L. Skinner
24.1 Racial Phenotypicality
609(4)
24.2 Ancestry
613(1)
24.3 Cue Disambiguation
614(2)
24.4 Intersectionality
616(2)
24.5 Observer Differences in Personality and Motivation
618(1)
24.6 Observer Differences in Familiarity With Racial Groups
619(2)
24.7 The Development of Racial Categorizations
621(2)
24.8 Self-Categorization
623(1)
24.9 Methodological Developments
624(2)
24.10 Emerging Theoretical Perspectives
626(3)
24.11 Conclusion
629(8)
References
629(8)
25 How Experience Affects Infants' Facial Categorization
637(16)
Jennifer L. Rennels
Andrea J. Kayl
25.1 Categorization of Faces Based on Gender
640(3)
25.2 Categorization of Faces Within the Two Gender Categories
643(3)
25.3 Categorization of Faces Based on Race
646(3)
25.4 Conclusions
649(4)
References
649(4)
26 The Development of Object Categories: What, When, and How?
653(20)
Diane Poulin-Dubois
Sabina Pauen
26.1 Introduction
654(1)
26.2 Object Categorization
655(1)
26.3 Methods for Studying Object Categorization in Early Childhood
655(2)
26.4 The Development of Categorization in Early Childhood
657(5)
26.5 Is Language a Facilitator of Category Formation?
662(2)
26.6 Conclusions
664(9)
References
666(7)
27 Categorization and Aging
673(14)
Raksha A. Mudar
Hsueh-Sheng Chiang
27.1 Categorization in Normal Aging and Dementia
674(3)
27.2 The Role of Cognitive Control in Categorization
677(2)
27.3 Effects of Semantic Categorization on Cognitive Control
679(3)
27.4 Conclusion
682(5)
References
682(5)
28 Auditory and Phonetic Category Formation
687(22)
Martijn Goudbeek
Roel Smits
Anne Cutler
Daniel Swingley
28.1 Introduction
688(2)
28.2 Testing Category Learning
690(3)
28.3 Learning of Nonspeech Categories
693(6)
28.4 Learning of Speech Categories
699(5)
28.5 Conclusion
704(5)
References
706(3)
29 Perceptual and Abstract Category Learning in Pigeons
709(26)
Leyre Castro
Edward A. Wasserman
29.1 Introduction
710(2)
29.2 Perceptual or Similarity-Based Category Learning
712(6)
29.3 Abstract or Relational Category Learning
718(4)
29.4 The Role of Number of Items in Category Learning
722(2)
29.5 Perceptual Versus Abstract Processes
724(4)
29.6 Concluding Comments
728(7)
References
729(6)
VI GROUNDING AND CATEGORIES IN PERCEPTION AND INFERENCE
30 Situated Conceptualization
735(38)
Lawrence W. Barsalou
30.1 Introduction
736(2)
30.2 Grounding the Conceptual System in the Modalities
738(8)
30.3 Empirical Evidence
746(18)
30.4 Conclusion
764(9)
Acknowledgments
767(1)
References
767(6)
31 The Construction of Category Membership Judgments: Towards a Distributed Model
773(22)
Asher Koriat
Hila Sorka
31.1 Introduction
774(1)
31.2 The Classical View
775(1)
31.3 Subsequent Proposals
776(1)
31.4 Our Proposal
777(1)
31.5 The Self-Consistency Model of Subjective Confidence
778(3)
31.6 Empirical Evidence
781(6)
31.7 The Effects of Context on Category Membership Decisions
787(2)
31.8 Conclusion
789(6)
Acknowledgment
791(1)
References
791(4)
32 Connectionist and Robotics Approaches to Grounding Symbols in Perceptual and Sensorimotor Categories
795(24)
Angelo Cangelosi
32.1 Cognitive Symbol Grounding
796(5)
32.2 Linking Vision and Language: Connectionist Approaches to Category Learning and Symbol Grounding
801(6)
32.3 Linking Vision, Action, and Language: Embodied Approaches to Language Learning and Evolution
807(6)
32.4 Discussion and Conclusion
813(6)
References
816(3)
33 Embodied Categorization
819(32)
Pierre Poirier
Benoit Hardy-Vallee
Jean-Frederic Depasquale
33.1 Introduction: Embodied Categorization
820(3)
33.2 Purely Reactive Categorizers
823(5)
33.3 Reactive Categorizers that Learn
828(2)
33.4 Representing Categorizers
830(3)
33.5 Emulating and Simulating Categorizers
833(9)
33.6 Analogizing Categorizers
842(2)
33.7 Linguistic Categorizers
844(1)
33.8 Conclusion
845(6)
Acknowledgments
846(1)
References
846(5)
34 The Construction of Perceptual and Semantic Features During Category Learning
851(32)
Robert L. Goldstone
Brian J. Rogosky
Rachel Pevtzow
Mark Blair
34.1 The Construction of Perceptual and Semantic Features During Category Learning
852(1)
34.2 Concept Learning and Perception
853(12)
34.3 Semantic Reorganization During Category Learning
865(8)
34.4 Conclusions to Semantic Reorganization
873(1)
34.5 Integrating Perceptual and Semantic Reorganization
874(9)
Acknowledgments
879(1)
References
879(4)
35 Categorization, Reasoning, and Memory From a Neo-Logical Point of View
883(22)
Serge Robert
35.1 Order, Information, and Categories
884(1)
35.2 Inferences, Arguments, and Information
885(1)
35.3 Logical and Creative Arguments
886(1)
35.4 Types of Creative Arguments
887(2)
35.5 Two Hardly Compatible Views in Cognitive Science
889(1)
35.6 Experiments on Memory and Logical Competence
890(3)
35.7 Logical Weakness and Classification of Errors
893(2)
35.8 A New Theory of Logical Error and Logical Competence
895(1)
35.9 The Cognitive Functions of Logic
896(2)
35.10 Corrective Inferences and Cognitive Progress
898(2)
35.11 The Fundamental Cognitive Function of Logical Reasoning
900(1)
35.12 The Mind as a Dynamic System: Inference and Memory
901(1)
35.13 General Conclusions: Categorization, Reasoning, and Memory
901(4)
References
903(2)
36 The Time Course of Object, Scene, and Face Categorization
905(26)
Laurent Caplette
Eric Mccabe
Caroline Blais
Frederic Gosselin
36.1 A Model of Categorization
906(3)
36.2 The Basic-Level Literature
909(1)
36.3 The Need for Flexibility and a Paradox
910(3)
36.4 Categorization as an Iterative Process
913(9)
36.5 General Discussion
922(9)
References
924(7)
37 The Return of Concept Empiricism
931(22)
Jesse J. Prinz
37.1 Introduction
932(1)
37.2 Concept Empiricism
933(13)
37.3 The Abstract Ideas Objections
946(7)
References
949(4)
VII MACHINE CATEGORY LEARNING AND DATA MINING
38 Category Formation in Self-Organizing Embodied Agents
953(24)
Stefano Nolfi
38.1 Introduction
954(1)
38.2 The Method
955(1)
38.3 Categories Emerging From the Interaction Between the Agent and the Environment
955(8)
38.4 Action-Mediated Sensory States
963(7)
38.5 Integrating Sensorimotor Information Over Time and the Emergence of Complex Internal Categories
970(4)
38.6 Conclusions
974(3)
Acknowledgments
974(1)
References
974(3)
39 Concept Learning and Nonmonotonic Reasoning
977(24)
Peter Gardenfors
39.1 The Role of Concepts
978(1)
39.2 Three Kinds of Cognitive Representations
979(1)
39.3 Learning in Symbolic Systems
979(1)
39.4 Learning in Connectionist Systems
980(1)
39.5 Conceptual Spaces as a Representational Framework
981(2)
39.6 The Origin of Quality Dimensions
983(2)
39.7 Properties and Concepts
985(2)
39.8 Prototypes and Conceptual Spaces
987(1)
39.9 Learning in Conceptual Spaces
988(3)
39.10 The Role of Similarity in Learning
991(2)
39.11 Nonmonotonic Aspects of Concepts
993(4)
39.12 Conclusion
997(4)
References
997(4)
40 Categorization in Symbolic Data Analysis
1001(28)
Edwin Diday
40.1 Introduction
1003(2)
40.2 Categories, Concepts, and Symbolic Data
1005(4)
40.3 Symbolic Data Tables and Their Background Knowledge, Concepts, and Categories
1009(3)
40.4 Modeling Concepts by "Symbolic Objects," With Certain Philosophical Aspects
1012(5)
40.5 Tools for Symbolic Objects
1017(3)
40.6 Underlying Structures of Symbolic Objects
1020(2)
40.7 Steps and Tools for Symbolic Data Analysis
1022(2)
40.8 Overview of SODAS
1024(1)
40.9 Final Remarks
1025(4)
Epilogue
1025(1)
References
1025(4)
41 An Information-Based Discussion of Borderline Cases in Categorization: Six Scenarios Leading to Vagueness
1029(24)
Didier Dubois
Francesc Esteva
Lluis Godo
Henri Prade
41.1 Introduction
1030(2)
41.2 The Information Framework
1032(1)
41.3 Classical Versus Gradual Properties
1033(6)
41.4 Precisely Defined Versus Ill-Defined Properties
1039(3)
41.5 Refining Precisely Defined Properties Using Closeness Relations
1042(1)
41.6 Single Agent Versus Multiple Agents
1043(2)
41.7 Ill-Known Attribute Values and Twofold Sets
1045(1)
41.8 Approximately Described Sets
1046(1)
41.9 Concluding Remarks
1047(6)
References
1048(5)
42 The Neurodynamics of Categorization: Critical Challenges and Proposed Solutions
1053(24)
Matthew Ross
Sylvain Chartier
Sebastien Helie
42.1 Introduction
1054(2)
42.2 Recurrent Auto-Associative Memory (RAM)
1056(2)
42.3 The Problem of Divergence
1058(1)
42.4 The Solution of Dual Hebbian/Anti-Hebbian Learning
1059(2)
42.5 The Solution of Using a Nonlinear Model
1061(2)
42.6 The Problem of Being Only Auto-Associative Memory
1063(1)
42.7 The Solution of Using Heteroassociative Memory
1063(2)
42.8 The Problem of a Limited Storage Capacity and Tolerance to Noise
1065(1)
42.9 Bidirectionnal Heteroassociative Memory
1065(1)
42.10 The Problem of Noise
1066(1)
42.11 The Solution of Dimensionality Reduction
1067(3)
42.12 A Hybrid Model
1070(2)
42.13 Prototype Development Task
1072(1)
42.14 Conclusion
1073(4)
References
1074(3)
43 Genre-Specific Text Mining and Extensional Inductive Concept Recognition: A Pseudocognitive Approach
1077(22)
Yves Kodratoff
43.1 Introduction to and Definition of Text Mining
1078(3)
43.2 Text Retrieval
1081(1)
43.3 Standardization
1082(1)
43.4 Grammatical Tagging
1082(4)
43.5 Terminology
1086(1)
43.6 Concept Recognition in Texts
1087(8)
43.7 Conclusion
1095(4)
Acknowledgments
1096(1)
References
1096(3)
44 Graph Matching, System Design and Knowledge Modeling
1099(16)
Guy W. Mineau
44.1 Introduction
1100(2)
44.2 Knowledge Represented as Graph Structures
1102(3)
44.3 Learning Heuristic Knowledge
1105(1)
44.4 Viability Conditions
1106(1)
44.5 The Complexity of Learning
1107(2)
44.6 Categorization of Knowledge in Layers
1109(1)
44.7 Conclusion
1110(5)
References
1111(4)
VIII THE NATURALIZATION OF CATEGORIES
45 Nominalism and the Theory of Concepts
1115(20)
Claude Panaccio
45.1 Nominalism
1116(2)
45.2 Ockham's Cleaver
1118(4)
45.3 Motivations
1122(3)
45.4 Nominalistic Constraints for the Theory of Concepts
1125(10)
References
1131(4)
46 Why Do We Think Racially? Culture, Evolution, and Cognition
1135(42)
Edouard Machery
Luc Faucher
46.1 Introduction
1136(2)
46.2 Is Racialism a Mere Social Construct?
1138(5)
46.3 Is Racialism a Byproduct of a Human Kind Module?
1143(10)
46.4 Are Races Mere Coalitions?
1153(6)
46.5 Is Racialism a Byproduct of an Evolved Ethnic Cognitive System?
1159(9)
46.6 Conclusion
1168(9)
Acknowledgments
1169(1)
References
1169(8)
47 How Language Influences the Way We Categorize Hybrids
1177(24)
Yeshayahu Shen
David Gil
47.1 Introduction: Visual Hybrids and Their Significance
1178(3)
47.2 The Ontological Hierarchy
1181(2)
47.3 Empirical Studies of the Categorization of Hybrids
1183(13)
47.4 Discussion
1196(2)
47.5 Conclusion
1198(3)
Acknowledgments
1199(1)
References
1199(2)
48 Neurosemantics and Categories
1201(21)
Chris Eliasmith
48.1 Introduction
1202(4)
48.2 Mental Representations as Neural Codes
1206(4)
48.3 The Meaning of Neural Representations: Neurosemantics
1210(7)
48.4 Spaun
1217(1)
48.5 Misrepresentation
1218(4)
48.6 Conclusion
1222(1)
References 1222(3)
Index 1225
Dr. Henri Cohens research interests focus on speech and language development and neurological disorders, learning and emotion in Parkinsons disease, complexity and learning, skill acquisition and interference, and origin of language. He is Professor of Psychology (ret.) at Université du Québec ą Montréal, and visiting scholar, at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad de la Frontera, Chile. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles, and edited two books (with Elsevier) on cognition and consciousness, and on categorization, and a book on the origins of language (Benjamins). He is the current editor of Brain and Cognition (Elsevier), and past editor of Journal of Neurolinguistics (Elsevier). Department of Linguistics, University of Quebec, Montreal, Canada. Dr. Lefebvre studies: linguistic theory, syntactic category theory; cognitive processes involved in the formation of new languages; languages in contact, French, Quechua, Creole Haitian, Fon, and other African languages.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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