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E-grāmata: Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners

Edited by Tomoya Shibayama, Edited by Hiroshi Takagi, Edited by Miguel Esteban

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 29-Jul-2015
Izdevniecība: Butterworth-Heinemann Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128012703

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 29-Jul-2015
Izdevniecība: Butterworth-Heinemann Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780128012703

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The world’s population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by 2020. About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas and 65% of the cities with a population of over 2.5 million are located in coastal areas. Written by an international panel of experts in the fields of engineering and risk management, The Handbook of Coastal Disasters Mitigation presents a coherent overview of 10 years of coastal disaster risk management and engineering, during which some of the most relevant events of recent time have taken place, including the Indian Ocean tsunami, hurricanes Katrina and Sandy in the United States or the 2011 Japanese tsunami.

International case studies offer practical lessons on how disaster resilience can be improved in the future
Contains tools and techniques for analyzing and managing the risk of coastal disasters
Provides engineering measures for mitigating coastal vulnerability to tsunamis, tropical cyclones, and hurricanes
Includes crucial tactics for rehabilitation and reconstruction of the infrastructure

Papildus informācija

A coherent overview of the last decade of coastal disaster risk management and engineering

Contributors

Acknowledgments

xxi

Preface

xxiii

Introduction: Lessons from the Last 10 Years of Coastal Disasters

xxv

PART I Analysis of Recent Disasters

(144)

1 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

(18)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Methodology and Description of Basic Tsunami Parameters

(1)

3 Surveys in Sri Lanka

(5)

4 Surveys in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

(4)

5 Discussion

(2)

6 Summary and Conclusions

(4)

References

(3)

2 2005 Storm Surge by Hurricane Katrina

(14)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Survey Results of JSCE Team

(10)

3 Discussion and Conclusions

(2)

References

(1)

3 Observations and Numerical Simulation of Storm Surge due to Cyclone Sidr 2007 in Bangladesh

(20)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Case Study: Cyclone Sidr

(5)

3 Numerical Simulation

(3)

4 Results

(3)

5 Current State of Disaster Management Preparedness

(2)

6 Challenges in Disaster Mitigation

(1)

7 Conclusions

(4)

References

(3)

4 Storm Surge Due to 2008 Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and Post-cyclone Preparedness Activities

(20)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Cyclone Nargis and Field Surveys

(4)

3 Numerical Simulation

(1)

4 Results

(9)

5 Post Nargis Disaster Management Preparedness in Myanmar

(3)

6 Conclusions

(2)

References

(1)

5 Tsunami Disasters in Remote Islands: 2009 Samoan and 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunamis

(18)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Field Survey of the 2009 Samoan Islands Tsunami

(5)

3 Field Survey of the 2010 Mentawai Islands Tsunami

(4)

4 Discussion

(4)

5 Conclusions

(4)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(3)

6 Tsunami Resonance in the Bay of Concepcion (Chile) and the Effect of Future Events

(22)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 The 2010 Chile Tsunami

(2)

3 Study Area

(2)

4 Natural Oscillation Modes

(2)

5 Numerical Simulation of Past Tsunamis

101

(6)

6 Effect of Possible Future Tsunamis

107

(3)

7 Conclusions

110

(5)

Acknowledgments

111

(1)

References

111

(4)

7 Storm Surge in New York City Caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012

115

(18)

1 Introduction

115

(1)

2 Hurricane Sandy

116

(2)

3 Storm Surge Field Survey in New York City

118

(7)

4 Infrastructure Damage in New York City

125

(2)

5 New York City Response to Hurricane Sandy

127

(2)

6 Conclusions

129

(4)

Acknowledgements

130

(1)

References

130

(3)

8 Storm Surge Due to 2013 Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in Leyte Gulf, the Philippines

133

(12)

1 Introduction

133

(2)

2 Historical Tropical Cyclones and Typhoon Yolanda

135

(1)

3 Observation of Storm Surge Through Field Survey

136

(3)

4 Storm Surge Simulation

139

(1)

5 Discussion

140

(3)

6 Conclusions

143

(2)

Acknowledgements

143

(1)

References

144

(1)

PART II Assessments of Vulnerability

145

(146)

9 Building Damage Assessment and Implications for Future Tsunami Fragility Estimations

147

(32)

1 Introduction

147

(2)

2 Cause of Building Damage

149

(8)

3 Structural Fragility Assessment Methods

157

(2)

4 Tsunami Fragility Functions

159

(8)

5 Future Improvements and Applications

167

(7)

6 Conclusions

174

(5)

Acknowledgments

175

(1)

References

175

(4)

10 Tsunami Fatality Rate and Evacuation Behavior During the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

179

(26)

1 Introduction

179

(2)

2 Mitigation Investigation After the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

181

(4)

3 Evacuation Behaviors During the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

185

(15)

4 Discussion

200

(1)

5 Conclusion

201

(4)

References

202

(3)

11 The Emergence of Global Tsunami Awareness: Analysis of Disaster Preparedness in Chile, Indonesia, Japan, and Vietnam

205

(30)

1 Introduction

205

(3)

2 Central Chile

208

(4)

3 Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

212

(2)

4 Tohoku, Japan

214

(4)

5 Central Vietnam: Emergence of Awareness in Countries Not Recently Affected By Tsunamis

218

(6)

6 Emergence of Global Tsunami Awareness

224

(5)

7 Conclusions

229

(6)

Acknowledgments

231

(1)

References

231

(4)

12 Coastal Disasters in Vietnam

235

(22)

1 Introduction

235

(1)

2 Overview of Coastal Disasters and Climate Change in Vietnam

236

(4)

3 Tropical Cyclones

240

(3)

4 Storm Surges

243

(1)

5 Tsunami

243

(2)

6 Coastal Erosion

245

(3)

7 Floods and Sea-Level Rise in the Mekong Delta

248

(4)

8 Conclusions

252

(5)

Acknowledgment

253

(1)

References

253

(4)

13 Estimation of the Current Risk to Human Damage Life Posed by Future Tsunamis in Japan

257

(20)

1 Introduction

257

(2)

2 Influence of Tsunami Height and Arrival Time on Loss of Life

259

(6)

3 Analysis of Prioritization of Tsunami Counter-measures in the South Kanto Region (Including Tokyo Bay)

265

(6)

4 Discussion of Possible Counter-Measures

271

(2)

5 Conclusions

273

(4)

References

274

(3)

14 A Study on the Probability of Tsunami Attacks in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman

277

(14)

1 Introduction

277

(1)

2 Tsunamis in the Persian Gulf

278

(4)

3 Tsunamis in Gulf of Oman

282

(6)

4 Concluding Remarks

288

(3)

References

289

(2)

PART III Mitigation Measures (Structural Measures)

291

(218)

15 Stability of Breakwaters Against Tsunami Attack

293

(32)

1 Introduction

293

(2)

2 Breakwater Failures During Past Tsunami Events

295

(8)

3 Bearing Capacity Failure

303

(8)

4 Design of Armor Units Against Tsunami Attack

311

(4)

5 Design of Armor Units Against Tsunami Events

315

(2)

6 Sample Design

317

(1)

7 Discussion

318

(3)

8 Conclusions

321

(4)

Acknowledgments

321

(1)

References

322

(3)

16 Stability and Disaster Mitigation Effect of Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks of Detached Breakwaters Against Tsunami Waves

325

(24)

1 Introduction

325

(2)

2 Hydraulic Model Tests

327

(6)

3 Test Results and Discussions

333

(13)

4 Conclusions

346

(3)

References

347

(2)

17 Destruction of Coastal Structures after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

349

(14)

1 Introduction

349

(2)

2 Post Tsunami Field Surveys

351

(9)

3 Recommendation to Improve the Resilience of Structures to Future Tsunamis

360

(1)

4 Conclusions

361

(2)

Acknowledgments

361

(1)

References

362

(1)

18 Breakwater Damage and the Effect of Breakwaters on Mitigation of Inundation Extent During Tsunamis: Case Study of The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

363

(22)

1 Introduction

364

(1)

2 Analysis of Breakwater Failures due to the 2011 Tsunami

365

(3)

3 Effectiveness of Conventional Breakwaters in Reducing Tsunami Inundation

368

(13)

4 Conclusions

381

(4)

Acknowledgments

382

(1)

References

382

(3)

19 Mechanisms of Damage to Coastal Structures due to the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami

385

(32)

1 Kamaishi Bay-Mouth Breakwater

385

(10)

2 Utatsu Highway Bridge

395

(8)

3 Concrete Road Bridge in Noda-Mura

403

(7)

4 Scour

410

(2)

5 Conclusions

412

(5)

Acknowledgments

413

(1)

References

414

(3)

20 Post-Tsunami Engineering Forensics: Tsunami Impact on Infrastructure---Lessons from 2004 Indian Ocean, 2010 Chile, and 2011 Tohoku Japan Tsunami Field Surveys

417

(20)

1 Introduction

418

(1)

2 Basic Tsunami Transformation and Tsunami-Induced Force Characteristics

419

(2)

3 Tsunami Forensic Field Investigations

421

(7)

4 Tsunami Forensic Field Investigations: Lessons Learned

428

(3)

5 Tsunami Design Guidelines for Structures: A Brief Review

431

(2)

6 Conclusions

433

(4)

Acknowledgments

433

(1)

References

434

(3)

21 The ASCE 7 Tsunami Loads and Effects Design Standard for the United States

437

(24)

1 Introduction

437

(2)

2 General Requirements

439

(1)

3 Definitions

440

(2)

4 Tsunami Risk Categories

442

(1)

5 Analysis of Design Inundation Depth and Velocity

443

(2)

6 Inundation Depths and Flow Velocities Based on Run-Up

445

(1)

7 Inundation Depth and Flow Velocities Based on Site-Specific PTHA

445

(3)

8 Structural Design Procedure for Tsunami Effects

448

(3)

9 Hydrostatic Loads

451

(1)

10 Hydrodynamic Loads

452

(1)

11 Debris Impact Loads

453

(2)

12 Foundation Design

455

(2)

13 Structural Countermeasures for Tsunami Loading

457

(1)

14 Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Refuge Structures

457

(1)

15 Designated Nonstructural Components and Systems

457

(1)

16 Non-Building Structures

458

(1)

17 Conclusions

458

(3)

References

459

(2)

22 The New ASCE Tsunami Design Standard Applied to Mitigate Tohoku Tsunami Building Structural Failure Mechanisms

461

(30)

1 Introduction

461

(3)

2 Proposed ASCE 7 Tsunami Loads and Effects Design Provisions

464

(3)

3 Comparison of Tsunami Loads with Seismic Loads on Generic Structures

467

(3)

4 Comparison of Observed Performance of Structures During the Tohoku Tsunami Compared to Design Performance Calculated Using the ASCE 7 Standard

470

(16)

5 Conclusions

486

(5)

Acknowledgments

489

(1)

References

489

(2)

23 Disturbance of Port Operations Due to Long-Period Waves and Countermeasures Using Submerged Mound Structures

491

(18)

1 Introduction

491

(3)

2 Wave Absorbing Properties

494

(5)

3 Stability Against Wave Overtopping

499

(6)

4 Design Example

505

(2)

5 Conclusions

507

(2)

References

507

(2)

PART IV Mitigation Measures (Soft Measures)

509

(70)

24 Wave Reduction in Mangrove Forests: General Information and Case Study in Thailand

511

(26)

1 Introduction

511

(1)

2 Basic Knowledge of Mangrove Forests

512

(1)

3 Mechanism of Wave Reduction in Mangrove Forests

513

(4)

4 Research on the Reduction of Wave Energy in Mangrove Forests

517

(2)

5 Wave Reduction Potential of Mangrove Forests

519

(2)

6 Factors Affecting Wave Reduction in Mangrove Forests

521

(4)

7 Deterioration and Efforts Regarding Mangrove Restoration in Thailand

525

(7)

8 Recommendation for Further Research into the Wave Reduction Potential of Mangrove Forests

532

(1)

9 Conclusions

533

(4)

References

533

(4)

25 Cost-Efficient Design of Multilayer Safety Systems Against Large-Scale Coastal Disasters

537

(24)

1 Introduction

537

(2)

2 Case Study Description

539

(3)

3 Multi-Layer Safety in a Cost-Benefit Perspective

542

(5)

4 Ground Elevation

547

(1)

5 Investment Cost Functions

548

(2)

6 Frequency of Tsunami Water Levels

550

(4)

7 Loss Functions

554

(1)

8 Optimal Multi-Layer Safety Design

555

(2)

9 Discussion

557

(1)

10 Conclusion

558

(3)

References

558

(3)

26 Coastal Erosion and Demonstration Project as Coastal Adaptation Measures in Mauritius

561

(18)

1 Introduction

561

(3)

2 Coastal Issues in Mauritius

564

(6)

3 Demonstration Project: Gravel Beach

570

(4)

4 Public Participation in Beach Control and Maintenance

574

(2)

5 Conclusions

576

(3)

References

577

(2)

PART V Post-Disaster Reconstruction

579

(54)

27 Reconstruction from the Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster: Case Study of Indonesia and Sri Lanka and the Philosophy of "Build Back Better"

581

(18)

1 Introduction

581

(1)

2 Summary of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster---Indonesia and Sri Lanka

582

(3)

3 "Build Back Better" Concept in Tsunami Reconstruction

585

(2)

4 Urban Reconstruction

587

(4)

5 Housing Relocation

591

(3)

6 Organizational Arrangement for Reconstruction and Disaster Risk Reduction After the Disaster

594

(1)

7 Conclusions

595

(4)

References

596

(3)

28 Tsunami Signs, Memorials and Evacuation Drills in Miyagi Prefecture After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami

599

(16)

1 Introduction

599

(1)

2 The 2011 Tsunami Signs

600

(2)

3 The 2011 Tsunami Memorials

602

(7)

4 Evacuation Drills

609

(4)

5 Conclusions

613

(2)

Acknowledgments

613

(1)

References

614

(1)

29 Reconstruction Following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami: Case Study of Otsuchi Town in Iwate Prefecture, Japan

615

(18)

1 Introduction

615

(3)

2 Otsuchi Town Before and Right After the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami

618

(3)

3 Reconstruction and Recovery Plans in Iwate Prefecture

621

(7)

4 Sustainability Issues

628

(1)

5 Conclusion

629

(4)

Acknowledgment

630

(1)

References

630

(3)

PART VI Climate Change Influence on Coastal Disasters

633

(116)

30 Stochastic Design of Caisson Breakwaters: Lessons from Past Failures and Coping with Climate Change

635

(40)

1 Introduction

635

(3)

2 Methodology

638

(12)

3 Application to Actual Breakwaters

650

(8)

4 Stability of Breakwaters Under Climate Change

658

(4)

5 Failure Estimation Tables for Practicing Engineers

662

(1)

6 Conclusion

663

(12)

Appendix A Fourth-Order Approximation of Standing Waves

663

(2)

Appendix B Expected Sliding Distance (ESD) and Expected Frequency Exceeding of a Critical Load (EFEC) for a Total of 360 Caisson Dimensions

665

(6)

Acknowledgments

671

(1)

References

671

(4)

31 Stability of Shallow Rubble Mound Breakwaters under Climate Change Induced Sea Level Rise

675

(22)

1 Introduction

675

(3)

2 Breakwaters in the World

678

(2)

3 Methodology

680

(5)

4 Results

685

(4)

5 Case Study in Vietnam

689

(2)

6 Discussion

691

(3)

7 Conclusions

694

(3)

Acknowledgements

695

(1)

References

695

(2)

32 Considering Sea Level Change When Designing Marine Civil Works: Recommendations for Best Practices

697

(26)

1 Introduction

697

(2)

2 Sea Level Change

699

(10)

3 Toward a New Process for the Resilient Design

709

(8)

4 Conclusion

717

(6)

Acknowledgments

718

(1)

References

718

(5)

33 Adaptation to Sea Level Rise in Tokyo Bay: Opportunities for a Storm Surge Barrier?

723

(26)

1 Introduction

723

(2)

2 Methodology

725

(6)

3 Storm Surge Model Results

731

(2)

4 Economic Damage of Flooding

733

(4)

5 Adaptation Options and Costs

737

(7)

6 Conclusions

744

(5)

References

745

(4)

Index

749

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E-grāmata: Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners

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