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Introduction to Detergents |
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1 | (26) |
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2 | (2) |
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Common Detergent Ingredients |
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4 | (9) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Performance Enhancing Minor Ingredients |
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11 | (2) |
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Representative Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (2) |
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Laundry Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Dishwash Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Hard Surface Cleaning Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Personal Care Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Oral Care Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Agricultural Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Automobile Detergent Formulations |
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13 | (1) |
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Detergent Formulations for Cleaning Food Processing Equipment |
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14 | (1) |
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Detergent Formulations for Metal Component Cleaning |
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15 | (1) |
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Detergency Theory and Mechanisms |
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15 | (12) |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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Statistical Mixture Design for Optimization of Detergent Formulations |
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27 | (24) |
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27 | (2) |
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Mixture Design Experiments |
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29 | (2) |
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Examples of Mixture Design Experiments |
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31 | (18) |
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Heavy Duty Liquid Detergent Optimization |
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32 | (7) |
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Light Duty Liquid Detergent Optimization |
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39 | (6) |
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Detergent Concentrate Robustness Study |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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Laundry Detergent Formulations |
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51 | (54) |
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52 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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Unifying Formulation Concepts |
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54 | (2) |
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Typical Laundry Detergent Ingredients |
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56 | (10) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (5) |
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Phosphate vs. Nil-Phosphate |
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67 | (2) |
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Low Density vs. High Density |
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69 | (1) |
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Machine Wash vs. Handwash |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (11) |
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71 | (5) |
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76 | (3) |
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Bleach-Containing Liquids |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (8) |
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82 | (5) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (6) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (6) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (5) |
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Dishwashing Detergents for Household Applications |
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105 | (48) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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Market Penetration of Residential Automatic Dishwashers |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Busier Consumer Lifestyles |
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108 | (1) |
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Hand Dishwashing Detergents |
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109 | (13) |
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Chemistry of Hand Dishwashing |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Methods of Hand Dish Washing |
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110 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Cleaning by Hand Dishwashing Detergents |
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111 | (1) |
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Basic Building Blocks of Hand Dishwashing Detergents |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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Hydrotropes and Dissolution Aids |
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115 | (1) |
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Recent Developments in Key Hand Dishwashing Technologies |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Low-IFT Grease Cleaning Technologies |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Hand Dishwashing Implement |
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122 | (1) |
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Summary of Recent Patents for Hand Dishwashing Detergents |
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122 | (1) |
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Automatic Dishwashing Detergents |
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122 | (21) |
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Chemistry of Automatic Dishwashing |
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122 | (1) |
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Automatic Dishwashing Process |
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122 | (10) |
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New Product Forms for Automatic Dishwashing Detergents |
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132 | (1) |
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Key Consumer Benefits of Automatic Dishwashing Detergents |
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133 | (1) |
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Major Ingredients in Automatic Dishwashing Detergents |
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133 | (2) |
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Bleach Catalyst Technologies for Automatic Dishwashing |
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135 | (1) |
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Bleach Metal Catalyst Technology Design |
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135 | (3) |
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Product Performance of the Cobalt (III) Bleach Catalyst |
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138 | (1) |
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Bleach Technologies for Hydrophobic Stains |
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138 | (1) |
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Low-Foaming Nonionic Surfactants |
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139 | (2) |
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Glass Surface Care Technologies |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Summary of Recent Patents for Automatic Dishwashing Detergents |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (10) |
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150 | (3) |
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The Formulation of Liquid Household Cleaners |
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153 | (26) |
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154 | (5) |
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154 | (1) |
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Classification of Household Soils |
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154 | (2) |
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Classification of Household Surfaces |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Encrusted grease and soap scum removal |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Surface Cleaner Formulations |
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159 | (15) |
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159 | (1) |
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Suds and Other Aesthetic Parameters |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (4) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Spotters and High Traffic Cleaners |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Spray Extraction Formulations |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (4) |
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Liquid Bleach Formulations |
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179 | (28) |
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The Formulation of Liquid Bleaches |
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180 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Performance of Liquid Bleaches |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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The Formulation of Liquid Chlorine Bleaches |
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182 | (9) |
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182 | (1) |
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Stability of Hypochlorite Liquid Bleach Formulations |
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183 | (4) |
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Fabric Safety Profile of Hypochlorite Bleaches |
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187 | (4) |
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The Formulation of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaches |
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191 | (11) |
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191 | (1) |
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Stability of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide |
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192 | (6) |
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Boosting the Performance of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide |
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198 | (1) |
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Activation by Peracid Precursors |
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198 | (1) |
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Peracids in Equilibrium with Hydrogen Peroxide |
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199 | (1) |
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Activation by Alkaline pH |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (5) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (4) |
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Personal Care Formulations |
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207 | (54) |
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208 | (8) |
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Trends for Cosmetic Cleansing Formulations |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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Future Cleansing Concepts |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Testing Strategy To Evaluate the Dermatological Properties of Surfactants |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (17) |
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216 | (2) |
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Physicochemical Stability |
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218 | (2) |
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Liquid Crystals and Gel Phases |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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225 | (2) |
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Gel Emulsions (High Internal Phase Emulsions) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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Formulations---Examples and Concepts |
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233 | (8) |
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Shampoos Based on Alkyl Polyglycosides |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Microemulsions as Bath Oils |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Styling and Permanent Wave Products |
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237 | (1) |
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Creams and Lotions for Sensitive Skin |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (16) |
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Testing Methods for the Hair |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Shadow-Image Analysis of Tresses of Hair |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Oscillation Properties of Hair |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Testing Methods for the Skin |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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Spreading Behavior of Cosmetics |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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Sensory Properties/Sensory Assessment |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (4) |
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257 | (4) |
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Special Purpose Cleaning Formulations: Auto Care and Industrial/Institutional Products |
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261 | (18) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (8) |
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262 | (1) |
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Automatic Prewash/Main Wash |
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262 | (1) |
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Main Car Wash (Brush Wash or Touchless) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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Exterior Car Care Agents/Polishes |
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266 | (1) |
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Interior Car Care/Leather Care |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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Glass/Windshield Cleansing |
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269 | (1) |
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Industrial and Institutional Products for Special Purposes |
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270 | (6) |
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270 | (1) |
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Quick Dry Floor Cleansers |
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271 | (1) |
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Nanostructured Floor Tile Cleansing |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Water-Based Steel Cleaner |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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Sugar-Based Surfactants for CIP |
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276 | (1) |
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Cleaning with Natural Raw Materials |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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277 | (2) |
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Surfactant Applications in Textile Processing |
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279 | (26) |
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280 | (4) |
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Textile Fiber Consumption |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Uniqueness of Textile Chemicals |
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282 | (1) |
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Surfactant's Role in Textile Processing |
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283 | (1) |
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Surfactant's Market in Textile Chemicals |
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283 | (1) |
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Surfactants in Textile Preparation |
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284 | (5) |
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Naturally Occurring Impurities on Textile Fibers |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Process-Added Impurities on Textile Fibers |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Surfactant Applications in Textile Dyeing |
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289 | (8) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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Wetting and Penetrating Agents |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Aftertreatment Applications |
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296 | (1) |
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Surfactant Applications in Textile Printing |
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297 | (1) |
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Surfactant Applications in Textile Finishing |
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298 | (7) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Other Finish Applications |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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Water/Oil Repelling and Soil-Release Finishing |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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Detergent Formulations in Separation Science |
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305 | (20) |
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305 | (20) |
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306 | (1) |
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Experimental Determination of Binding Constants |
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307 | (1) |
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Indirect Evaluation of KB |
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308 | (1) |
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Micelle-Mediated Separation/Preconcentration Techniques |
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308 | (1) |
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Micellar Extraction of Sparingly Soluble Compounds from Solid Matrices |
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308 | (1) |
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Preconcentration/Extraction Based on Thermal Phase Separation (Cloud-Point Extraction) |
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309 | (4) |
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313 | (3) |
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Micellar Liquid Chromatography |
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316 | (2) |
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Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (5) |
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Surfactant Formulations in Enhanced Oil Recovery |
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325 | (22) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (20) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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Development of Chemical Flooding |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Mechanism of Surfactant at Reservoir Rocks |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Application of Ideal Mixing |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Traditional Surfactant/Polymer Flooding |
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336 | (1) |
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Surfactant-Polymer Interaction in Solution |
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337 | (1) |
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Relation between the Interfacial Tension and Residual Oil Saturation |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Application of Surfactants in Enhanced Oil Recovery |
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339 | (1) |
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Interaction between Surfactant and Polymer at Reservoir Rock |
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340 | (1) |
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Displacement of Oil by Spontaneous Imbibition of Aqueous Surfactant Solution |
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340 | (1) |
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Adsorption of Different Surfactants on Kaolinite |
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341 | (1) |
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Acidified Oil/Surfactant Enhanced Alkaline System |
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341 | (1) |
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Dual Surfactants---System for Enhanced Oil Recovery at High Salinity |
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341 | (1) |
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Ultralow IFT Using Neutralized Oxidized Hydrocarbon Surfactant |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Biosurfactants as New Surfactant |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (4) |
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Surfactant-Based Systems for Environmental Remediation |
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347 | (22) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (18) |
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Key Economic/Technical Factors |
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353 | (1) |
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Minimizing Surfactant Losses |
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354 | (1) |
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Maximizing Contaminant Extraction |
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354 | (1) |
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Surfactant Regeneration/Reuse |
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355 | (1) |
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Mitigating Vertical Migration Concerns |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (1) |
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Hill Air Force Base (AFB)---Maximizing Contaminant Extraction |
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358 | (3) |
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Tinker AFB---Surfactant Decontamination for Reinjection |
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361 | (1) |
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Alameda Point NAS---Mitigating Vertical Migration (Supersolubilization) |
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362 | (2) |
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Future Advances/Applications |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (18) |
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369 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Surfactants for Stabilization of the Binder Dispersion |
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371 | (6) |
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371 | (3) |
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374 | (3) |
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Surfactants for Pigment Dispersion |
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377 | (6) |
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Dispersants for Waterborne Formulations |
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379 | (4) |
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Dispersants for Solventborne Formulations |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Speciality Surfactants for Paints |
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384 | (1) |
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Surfactants for Fountain Solutions |
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384 | (3) |
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385 | (2) |
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Surfactant Formulations in Polymerization |
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387 | (50) |
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388 | (4) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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388 | (3) |
|
Alternatives to Their Use |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (27) |
|
Micellar Nucleation Mechanism |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
Homogeneous Nucleation Mechanism |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
Anionic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures |
|
|
405 | (14) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Suspension Polymerization |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Miniemulsion Polymerization |
|
|
421 | (5) |
|
Inverse Emulsion Polymerization |
|
|
426 | (11) |
|
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
Detergent Formulations in Lubricants |
|
|
437 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Chemistries of Detergents and Dispersants |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Types of Metallic Detergents |
|
|
439 | (6) |
|
|
|
439 | (3) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Phosphonates and Thiophosphonates |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Types of Ashless Dispersants |
|
|
445 | (6) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Graft Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Solution Behavior of Detergents and Dispersants in Oils |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
Micellar Properties of Sulfonate Detergents in Hydrocarbon Solvents |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Counter Ion Effect on Sulfonate Detergent Micellar Stability |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Thermodynamic Energetics of Micellar Formation Process |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Micellar Properties of Other Metallic Detergents in Hydrocarbon Solvents |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Micellar Properties of Ashless Dispersants |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Rigidity of Metallic Detergent Micelles |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Effect of Overbasing on Micellar Structures |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Action Mechanisms of Metallic Detergents and Ashless Dispersants |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
Acid--Base Neutralization Mechanisms in Lubricating Oils |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Rate of Alkalinity Depletion in Oils |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Peptization Mechanisms to Keep Insoluble Particles in Suspension |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Varnish and Lacquer Deposition Formation |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
As Friction and Wear Reduction Agents |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Solubilization of Polar Species |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Additive--Additive Interactions |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
Strength and Type of Additive--Additive Interactions |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Effect of Additive--Additive Interactions on Oxidation Stability |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Effect of Additive--Additive Interactions on Antiwear and Anti-EP Performance |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Effect of Additive--Additive Interactions on High-Temperature Deposit Formation |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
General Formulations Utilizing Detergents and Dispersants in Lubricants |
|
|
462 | (11) |
|
Use of Detergents and Dispersants in Engine Oil Formulations |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
Use of Detergents and Dispersants in Automatic Transmission Fluids and Gear Oils |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (8) |
|
|
|
473 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Chemical Stability in Water |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Critical Micellization Concentration (CMC) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Micelle Ionization Degree |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
Basic Properties as Shampoo Detergent |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Future Outlook for Detergent Formulations |
|
|
483 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
|
|
487 | (6) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (3) |
|
More Cost-Effective Design Tools |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Predictive High-Throughput Screening and Computational Modeling |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Formulation Work Process---Virtual Formulation |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Cross Fertilization and Importation of Solutions from Other Industries |
|
|
494 | |
|
Consumer Trends---Simplicity and Enhanced Sensory Experiences |
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
Innovations in Appliances |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
Compatibility and Complementarity---Innovations in Textiles and Home Hard Surfaces |
|
|
499 | (5) |
|
Hard Surfaces Innovations |
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
What Functional Textiles and Hard Surfaces Imply for Detergents |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Innovations in Devices and Substrates---Holistic Solutions |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Environmental and Regulatory Considerations |
|
|
505 | (6) |
|
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
Sustainability---Important Design Themes for Detergents |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
More Efficient Rinse Processes |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous Design Directions |
|
|
511 | (8) |
|
``Reinvented'' Liquid Detergents |
|
|
511 | (3) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Partitioned/Staged Chemistry |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Advances in Catalytic Chemistry |
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
|
|
517 | (2) |
| Index |
|
519 | |
