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Handbook for EMC Testing and Measurement [Mīkstie vāki]

David Morgan

Formāts: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm
Sērija : Materials, Circuits and Devices
Izdošanas datums: 03-Mar-1994
Izdevniecība: Institution of Engineering and Technology
ISBN-10: 0863417566
ISBN-13: 9780863417566

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Formāts: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm
Sērija : Materials, Circuits and Devices
Izdošanas datums: 03-Mar-1994
Izdevniecība: Institution of Engineering and Technology
ISBN-10: 0863417566
ISBN-13: 9780863417566

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780863417566.html

Keywords:

During the 1980s the worldwide interest in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) grew rapidly with the introduction of legislation to control the growing interference problems generated by the increased use of electronic equipment in industry and in the home. The European directive harmonising EMC measurements gave particular impetus to manufacturers and importers of electrical and electronic equipment in Europe to understand EMC design techniques and verification procedures. This book explains how equipment can be verified by testing. It discusses the nature of EMC standards world wide and describes in detail testing methods and their conduct and accuracy. In addition to standard EMC testing, topics including electrostatic discharge, nuclear electromagnetic pulse and lightning are also discussed.

In the broad span of its subject matter, the interests of equipment manufacturers, EMC test engineers, project managers and company administrators are addressed. The testing of both military and commercial electronic equipment is covered. Particular emphasis is placed on the nature of EMC test equipment and how to use it to make reliable measurements.

Foreword

xiii

Nature and origins of electromagnetic compatibility

(13)

Definitions of electromagnetic compatibility

(1)

Visualising the EMI problem

(6)

Sources of EMI

(4)

EMI coupling to victim equipments

(2)

Intersystem and intrasystem EMI

(1)

Historical background

(3)

Early EMC problems

(1)

Early EMC problems with military equipment

(1)

The cost of EMC

(1)

Serious EMI problems

(1)

Technical disciplines and knowledge areas within EMC

(2)

Electrical engineering

(1)

Physics

(1)

Mathematical modelling

(1)

Limited chemical knowledge

(1)

Systems engineering

(1)

Legal aspects of EMC

(1)

Test laboratories

(1)

Quality assurance: total quality management

(1)

Practical skills

(1)

Philosophy of EMC

(1)

References

(2)

EMC standards and specifications

(24)

The need for standards and specifications

(1)

Background

(1)

Contents of standards

(1)

The need to meet EMC standards

(1)

Civil and military standards

(3)

Range of EMC standards in use

(1)

Derivation of military standards

(2)

Derivation of commercial standards

(1)

Generation of CENELEC EMC standards

(1)

UK/European commercial standards

(5)

UK standards relating to commercial equipment

(1)

Comparing tests

(1)

European commercial standards

(1)

German standards

(2)

US commercial standards

(1)

US organisations involved with EMC

(1)

FCC requirements

(1)

Other US commercial standards

(1)

Commercial EMC standards in Japan and Canada

(1)

Japanese EMC standards

(1)

Canadian EMC standards

(1)

Product safety

(2)

Safety of electrical devices

(1)

Product safety

(1)

Radiation hazards to humans

(1)

Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance

(1)

ESD and transients

(1)

ESD (electrostatic discharge)

(1)

Transients and power line disturbances

(1)

US military EMC standards

(3)

MIL STD 461/462/463

(3)

MIL-E-6051D

(1)

Other US military standards

(1)

UK military standards

(5)

Service and establishment-specific standards

(2)

Project-specific standards

(1)

DEF STAN 59--41 (1988)

(2)

Following chapters

(1)

References

(2)

Outline of EMC testing

(10)

Types of EMC testing

(3)

Development testing

(1)

Measurement to verify modelling results

(1)

Preconformance test measurements

(1)

Conformance testing

(1)

Conformance test plan

(1)

Repeatability in EMC testing

(3)

Need for repeatability and accuracy

(1)

Accuracy of EMC measurements

(2)

Implications of repeatability of EMC measurements

(1)

Introduction to EMC test sensors, couplers and antennas

(2)

EMC sensor groups

(1)

Conduction and induction couplers

(1)

Radiative coupling --- EMC antennas

(1)

References

(2)

Measurement devices for conducted EMI

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Measurement by direct connection

(13)

Line impedance stabilisation network

(2)

10 μF feedthrough capacitor

(1)

RF coupling capacitors

(3)

Distributed capacitance couplers

(1)

High-impedance RF voltage probes

(4)

Directly connected transformers

(1)

Inductively coupled devices

(9)

Cable current probes

(4)

Current injection probes

(1)

Close magnetic field probes

(1)

Surface current probes

(2)

Cable RF current clamps

(2)

Magnetic induction tests

(1)

References

(2)

Introduction to antennas

(14)

EMC antennas

(1)

EMC antenna basics

(1)

Arbitrary antennas

(1)

EMC antennas

(1)

Basic antenna parameters

(11)

Gain

(1)

Aperture

(1)

Transmitting antenna factor

(1)

Receiving antenna factor

(1)

Antenna phase centre

(1)

Mutual antenna coupling

(1)

Wavefield impedance

(1)

Near-field/far-field boundary

(3)

Beamwidth

(2)

Spot size

(1)

Effective length

(1)

Polarisation

(1)

Bandwidth

(1)

Input impedance

(1)

References

(2)

Antennas for radiated emission testing

(24)

Passive monopoles

(2)

Construction

(1)

Performance

(1)

Active monopoles

(1)

Advantages

(1)

Disadvantages

(1)

Tuned dipoles

(3)

Introduction

(1)

Practical tuned dipoles

(1)

Commercial EMC tuned dipoles

(1)

Radiated emission testing

(1)

Electrically short dipoles

(2)

Special short calibration dipoles

(1)

Roberts dipoles

(1)

Small nonresonant dipoles

(1)

Microscopic dipole probes

(1)

Biconic dipoles

(2)

Introduction

(1)

Commercial biconic antennas

(1)

Use of biconic antennas

(1)

Wideband antennas

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Log-periodic antenna

(1)

Log-periodic dipole antenna

(2)

Conical log-spiral antenna

(2)

Horn antennas

100

(2)

Ridged guide horn antennas

102

(1)

Reflector antennas

103

(2)

Magnetic field antennas

105

(3)

Introduction

105

(1)

Passive loops

105

(1)

Active loops

106

(1)

Loop calibration

106

(1)

Magnetic field susceptibility tests

107

(1)

References

108

(2)

Use of antennas for radiated susceptibility testing

110

(20)

Introduction

110

(1)

Types of antennas used in susceptibility testing

110

(1)

Standards requiring immunity tests

110

(1)

Free-field antennas

Tuned halfwave dipoles

111

(1)

Biconic dipoles

111

(1)

Log-periodic dipoles

112

(1)

Conical log-spiral antennas

113

(1)

Horn antennas

113

(1)

Parabolic reflector antennas

114

(1)

Radiated immunity field strength requirements

114

(1)

Requirements for commercial products

114

(1)

Requirements for civil aircraft

114

(1)

Military requirements

115

(1)

E-field generators

115

(3)

Construction

115

(1)

Practical devices

116

(2)

Long wire lines

118

(1)

Advantages

118

(1)

Use in testing military equipment

118

(1)

Bounded-wave devices

Parallel-plate line

119

(4)

Properties

119

(1)

Line impedance

119

(1)

Construction

119

(2)

Complex lines

121

(1)

Field uniformity and VSWR

121

(1)

Use in screened room

122

(1)

TEM cells

123

(3)

Basic construction

123

(1)

Crawford cell performance

123

(1)

Wave impedance in TEM cell

124

(1)

Field distortions in TEM cell

124

(1)

Other uses of TEM cells

125

(1)

Asymmetric TEM cells

126

(1)

GTEM cells

126

(2)

Description

126

(1)

Typical construction

126

(1)

Power requirements

127

(1)

GTEM cells used for emission testing

127

(1)

Pulse testing

128

(1)

References

128

(2)

Receivers, analysers and measurement equipment

130

(24)

Introduction

130

(1)

Outline of equipment

130

(1)

Groups of equipment

130

(1)

Instrumentation for emission testing

130

(1)

EMI receivers

130

(4)

Design requirements

130

(2)

Selectivity and sensitivity

132

(1)

Detectors

133

(1)

Commercially available EMI receivers

134

(1)

Spectrum analysers

134

(2)

Introduction

134

(1)

Analyser types

134

(1)

Analyser operation

135

(1)

Preselectors and filters

136

(1)

Preselectors

136

(1)

Bandlimiting filters

136

(1)

Impulse generators

137

(2)

Description

137

(1)

Design

137

(1)

Use of impulse generators

138

(1)

Digital storage oscilloscopes

139

(2)

Advantages of digital oscilloscopes

139

(1)

Typical waveforms to be measured

139

(1)

Recording injected pulses for immunity testing

140

(1)

Digital transient recorder architecture

140

(1)

AF/RF voltmeters

141

(1)

RF power meters

141

(1)

Frequency meters

142

(1)

Instrumentation for susceptibility testing

142

(1)

Signal sources

142

(2)

Signal synthesisers

142

(1)

Signal sweepers

143

(1)

Tracking generators

143

(1)

RF power amplifiers

144

(3)

Introduction

144

(1)

Specifying an amplifier

145

(2)

RF amplifiers --- conclusions

147

(1)

Signal modulators

147

(1)

Modulation requirements

147

(1)

Built-in modulators

147

(1)

Arbitrary waveform generators

148

(1)

Directional couplers, circulators and isolators

148

(3)

Amplifier protection devices

148

(1)

Directional couplers

148

(2)

Hybrid rings, circulators and isolators

150

(1)

Protection devices --- conclusion

151

(1)

Automatic EMC testing

151

(1)

Introduction

151

(1)

Automated emission testing

152

(1)

Automated susceptibility testing

152

(1)

In the future?

152

(1)

References

152

(2)

EMC test regimes and facilities

154

(25)

Introduction

154

(1)

Main test regimes

154

(1)

Special testing

154

(1)

EMC testing in screened chambers

154

(11)

Enclosed test chambers

154

(1)

Standard shielded enclosures

155

(4)

RF anechoic screened chambers

159

(4)

Mode-stirred chambers

163

(1)

Novel facilities

164

(1)

Open-range testing

165

(6)

Introduction

165

(1)

Test site

165

(1)

Testing procedures

165

(2)

Site calibration

167

(1)

Measurement repeatability

168

(3)

Comments on open-site testing

171

(1)

Low-level swept coupling and bulk current injection testing

171

(5)

Introduction

171

(1)

Low-level swept coupling

172

(3)

Bulk current injection

175

(1)

References

176

(3)

Electromagnetic transient testing

179

(30)

Introduction

179

(1)

Transient types

179

(1)

Continuous and transient signals

179

(1)

Fourier transforms

180

(5)

Introduction

180

(1)

The transform

180

(1)

Introducing phase

181

(1)

Fourier transform expressions

182

(1)

Impulse response

182

(2)

Convolution

184

(1)

Advantages of time-domain manipulation

184

(1)

ESD--electrostatic discharge

185

(7)

Introduction

185

(1)

The ESD event

185

(2)

Types of ESD

187

(1)

ESD-induced latent defects

188

(1)

Types of ESD test

188

(3)

Number of discharges per test

191

(1)

ESD test voltage levels

191

(1)

Assessing EUT performance

192

(1)

Nuclear electromagnetic pulse

192

(9)

Introduction

192

(1)

Types of NEMP

193

(1)

Exoatmospheric pulse generation

193

(1)

NEMP induced currents

194

(1)

NEMP testing

195

(6)

Lightning impulses

201

(4)

Lightning environment

201

(1)

Defining the discharge

202

(2)

Effects on equipment

204

(1)

Transients and general power disturbances

205

(2)

Importance of power transients

205

(1)

Examples of power supply immunity standards

205

(1)

Summary

206

(1)

References

207

(2)

Uncertainty analysis: quality control and test facility certification

209

(14)

Introduction

209

(1)

Some definitions

209

(1)

Measurement factors

210

(1)

Random variables

211

(2)

Student's t-distribution

213

(1)

Systematic uncertainty

213

(1)

Combining random and systematic uncertainties

214

(1)

Uncertainties in EMC measurements

214

(4)

Contributions to measurement uncertainty

214

(1)

Identification of uncertainty factors

215

(1)

Estimation of uncertainty values

216

(2)

Estimate of total uncertainty

218

(1)

Test laboratory measurement uncertainty

218

(1)

NAMAS

218

(1)

NAMAS and measurement uncertainty

218

(1)

Limits and production testing

219

(1)

NAMAS requirements for laboratory accreditation

219

(2)

Requirements for accreditation

219

(1)

Advantages of laboratory accreditation

220

(1)

References

221

(2)

Designing to avoid EMC problems

223

(15)

Intrasystem and intersystem EMC

223

(5)

Intrasystem EMC

223

(1)

Design for formal EMC compliance

224

(4)

System-level EMC requirements

228

(8)

Top-level requirements

228

(1)

Determining EMC hardening requirement

228

(1)

Simple coupling models

229

(2)

Susceptibility hardening case study

231

(2)

Emission suppression requirement

233

(1)

System hardening flow diagram

233

(1)

Subsystem apportionment and balanced hardening

233

(2)

Staff support for EMC

235

(1)

Specific EMC design techniques

236

(1)

References

236

(2)

Achieving product EMC: checklists for product development and testing

238

(12)

Introduction

238

(1)

Chapter structure

238

(1)

Example adopted

238

(1)

Personal computers and information technology

238

(1)

Information about EMC

238

(3)

Customer sources

238

(1)

Regulatory authorities

239

(1)

Industry sources

240

(1)

Equipment, component and subsystem suppliers

240

(1)

Professional bodies and conferences

240

(1)

EMC consultants and training

241

(1)

Electronics and EMC technical press

241

(1)

Determining an EMC requirement

241

(1)

Developing an approach to EMC design

242

(2)

Process flow chart

242

(1)

EMC strategy

242

(1)

Immunity first?

243

(1)

Example of EMC design process

243

(1)

Technical construction file

244

(2)

Routes to compliance --- options

244

(1)

Circumstances requiring the generation of a technical file

245

(1)

Contents of a technical file

245

(1)

Report from a competent body

246

(1)

Testing or technical file?

246

(1)

Self certification

246

(2)

Need for an in-house facility

246

(1)

Gradual development

247

(1)

Estimates of facility cost

248

(1)

Turnkey facilities

248

(1)

Conclusion

248

(1)

References

249

(1)

Appendix 1

250

(27)

Signal bandwidth definitions

250

(2)

UK EMC legislation (up to 1 January 1996)

252

(2)

European EMC standards

254

(5)

German decrees and standards

259

(2)

US EMC regulations and standards

261

(1)

German, North American and Japanese EMC standards

262

(2)

Electrical safety and electromagnetic radiation safety

264

(2)

Military EMC standards

266

(5)

Compendium of EMC and related standards

271

(6)

Appendix 2

277

(1)

Modulation rules

277

(1)

Appendix 3

278

(7)

NAMAS-accredited laboratories

278

(2)

Competent bodies

280

(2)

EMC consultancy and training

282

(1)

Useful publications on EMC

283

(2)

Index

285

David Morgan has degrees in Physics, Radio Astronomy and Plasma Physics and has been involved with the development of EMC design and testing in the United Kingdom since 1970. From 1973 he was concerned with the EMC design and testing of spacecraft, military hardware, automobiles, and industrial and commercial electronics. Having designed, built and obtained certification for one of the first EMC testing facilities in the United Kingdom to use computer control for automatic testing, the practical experience he gained has been the basis of this book.

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