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E-grāmata: Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis

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Handbook of Petroleum Product AnalysisPalielināt
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Speight, who works in the process industries, describes petroleum product analysis and the tests and procedures applicable to products to predefine predictability of petroleum behavior during refining, as well as the application of new methods for determining instability and incompatibility and analytical methods related to environmental regulations. He outlines definitions of petroleum and types of products; analytical methods; sampling and measurement; test methods for gases, naphtha and solvents, gasoline, aviation and marine fuels, kerosene, diesel fuel, distillate and residual fuel oil, white oil, lubricating oil, grease, wax, residua and asphalt, and coke, carbon black, and graphite; and the use of data for feedstock and product evaluation and mapping and structural group analyses. This edition has been rewritten to include new test methods and methods for various environmental regulations. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

This book deals with the various aspects of petroleum product analysis and provides a detailed explanation of the necessary standard tests and procedures that are applicable to products in order to help define predictability of behavior. In addition, the application of new methods for determining instability and incompatibility are described. More importantly, the book provides details of the meaning of the various test results and how they might be applied to predict product behavior. It provides a comprehensive single source that describes the application and interpretation of the data of the various test methods for petroleum products

Many of the chapters from the 1st Edition have been rewritten to include the latest developments in the product specifications and testing protocols. Updates on the evolving test methods and new test methods are presented.

The book contains information related to four sections: petroleum properties, petroleum refining processes, production of petroleum products, and testing procedures for petroleum and petroleum products. This information is further sub-divided into chapters relating to the properties and specifications petroleum feedstocks and production and properties including: Petroleum, Analytical Methods, Sampling and Measurement of Liquid Petroleum Products, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (including refinery gas), Naphtha and Solvents, Gasoline, Aviation and Marine Fuels, Kerosene, Diesel Fuel, Distillate Heating Oil, Residual Fuel Oil, White Oil, Lubricating Oils (including used lubricating oil), Grease, Wax, Residua and Asphalt, Coke, Carbon Black and Graphite, and Use of the Data

Preface xv
1 Petroleum and Petroleum Products 1(25)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Perspectives
2(2)
1.2.1 Historical Perspectives
2(1)
1.2.2 Modern Perspectives
3(1)
1.3 Definitions
4(10)
1.3.1 Petroleum
4(4)
1.3.1.1 Correlation Index
6(1)
1.3.1.2 Characterization Factor
7(1)
1.3.1.3 Character and Behavior
7(1)
1.3.1.4 Bulk Fractions
8(1)
1.3.2 Natural Gas
8(2)
1.3.3 Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gasoline
10(1)
1.3.4 Opportunity Crudes
10(1)
1.3.5 High-Acid Crudes
10(1)
1.3.6 Foamy Oil
11(1)
1.3.7 Oil from Shale
11(1)
1.3.8 Heavy Oil
12(1)
1.3.9 Extra Heavy Oil
13(1)
1.3.10 Tar Sand Bitumen
13(1)
1.4 Petroleum Refining
14(2)
1.4.1 Visbreaking
14(1)
1.4.2 Coking
15(1)
1.4.3 Hydroprocessing
16(1)
1.5 Petroleum Products
16(7)
1.5.1 Types
16(5)
1.5.1.1 Gases
17(1)
1.5.1.2 Naphtha, Solvents, and Gasoline
17(1)
1.5.1.3 Kerosene and Diesel Fuel
18(1)
1.5.1.4 Fuel Oil
18(1)
1.5.1.5 White Oil, Insulating Oil, Insecticides
19(1)
1.5.1.6 Lubricating Oil
19(1)
1.5.1.7 Grease
20(1)
1.5.1.8 Wax
20(1)
1.5.1.9 Residua and Asphalt
20(1)
1.5.1.10 Coke, Carbon Black, and Graphite
20(1)
1.5.1.11 Fischer—Tropsch Liquids and Bio-Oil
21(1)
1.5.2 Properties
21(2)
References
23(3)
2 Analytical Methods 26(22)
2.1 Introduction
26(1)
2.2 Chemical and Physical Analyses
27(4)
2.2.1 Boiling Point Distribution
27(1)
2.2.2 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity
27(1)
2.2.3 Emulsion Formation
28(1)
2.2.4 Evaporation
28(1)
2.2.5 Fire Point and Flash Point
28(1)
2.2.6 Fractionation
29(1)
2.2.7 Metal Content
29(1)
2.2.8 Pour Point
29(1)
2.2.9 Sulfur Content
29(1)
2.2.10 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension
30(1)
2.2.11 Viscosity
30(1)
2.2.12 Water Content
30(1)
2.3 Chromatographic Analyses
31(3)
2.3.1 Adsorption Chromatography
31(1)
2.3.2 Gas Chromatography
31(2)
2.3.3 Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry
33(1)
2.3.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
33(1)
2.3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography
33(1)
2.4 Spectroscopic Analyses
34(7)
2.4.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
35(1)
2.4.2 Mass Spectrometry
36(2)
2.4.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
38(3)
2.4.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
41(1)
2.4.5 X-Ray Diffraction
41(1)
2.5 Molecular Weight
41(1)
2.6 Instability and Incompatibility
42(1)
2.7 The Future
43(1)
References
44(4)
3 Sampling and Measurement 48(23)
3.1 Introduction
48(1)
3.2 Sampling
49(2)
3.2.1 Sampling Protocol
49(1)
3.2.2 Representative Sample
50(1)
3.2.3 Sampling Error
51(1)
3.3 Volume Measurement
51(1)
3.4 Method Validation
52(2)
3.4.1 Requirements
52(1)
3.4.2 Detection Limit
53(1)
3.4.3 Accuracy
53(1)
3.4.4 Precision
54(1)
3.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
54(2)
3.5.1 Quality Control
54(1)
3.5.2 Quality Assurance
55(1)
3.6 Assay and Specifications
56(11)
3.6.1 Assay
57(1)
3.6.2 Specifications
58(7)
3.6.2.1 Distillation
61(1)
3.6.2.2 Low-Boiling Hydrocarbons
62(1)
3.6.2.3 Metallic Constituents
62(1)
3.6.2.4 Salt Content
62(1)
3.6.2.5 Sulfur Content
63(1)
3.6.2.6 Viscosity and Pour Point
64(1)
3.6.2.7 Water and Sediment
65(1)
3.6.3 Other Tests
65(2)
References
67(4)
4 Gases 71(17)
4.1 Introduction
71(1)
4.2 Types of Gases
72(5)
4.2.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas
72(1)
4.2.2 Natural Gas
73(1)
4.2.3 Shale Gas
74(1)
4.2.4 Refinery Gas
75(2)
4.3 Sampling
77(1)
4.4 Storage
77(1)
4.4.1 Depleted Gas Reservoirs
78(1)
4.4.2 Aquifer Reservoirs
78(1)
4.4.3 Salt Formations
78(1)
4.4.4 Gasholders
78(1)
4.5 Test Methods
78(5)
4.5.1 Calorific Value
79(1)
4.5.2 Composition
80(2)
4.5.3 Density
82(1)
4.5.4 Relative Density
82(1)
4.5.5 Sulfur Content
83(1)
4.5.6 Volatility and Vapor Pressure
83(1)
4.5.7 Water
83(1)
References
83(5)
5 Naphtha and Solvents 88(16)
5.1 Introduction
88(1)
5.2 Production and Properties
89(2)
5.3 Test Methods
91(7)
5.3.1 Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point
92(1)
5.3.2 Composition
92(3)
5.3.3 Correlative Methods
95(1)
5.3.4 Density
95(1)
5.3.5 Evaporation Rate
96(1)
5.3.6 Flash Point
96(1)
5.3.7 Kauri—Butanol Value
97(1)
5.3.8 Odor and Color
97(1)
5.3.9 Volatility
97(1)
5.4 Storage
98(1)
References
98(6)
6 Gasoline 104(22)
6.1 Introduction
104(1)
6.2 Production and Properties
104(2)
6.3 Volatility Requirements and Other Properties
106(4)
6.4 Octane Rating
110(1)
6.5 Additives
111(1)
6.6 Test Methods
112(8)
6.6.1 Combustion Characteristics
112(1)
6.6.2 Composition
113(2)
6.6.3 Corrosiveness
115(1)
6.6.4 Density
116(1)
6.6.5 Flash Point and Fire Point
116(1)
6.6.6 Oxygenates
117(1)
6.6.7 Stability and Instability
117(2)
6.6.8 Water and Sediment
119(1)
References
120(6)
7 Aviation and Marine Fuels 126(15)
7.1 Introduction
126(1)
7.2 Production and Properties
126(1)
7.2.1 Aviation Fuels
126(1)
7.2.2 Marine Fuels
127(1)
7.3 Test Methods
127(9)
7.3.1 Acidity
127(1)
7.3.2 Additives
128(1)
7.3.3 Calorific Value
128(1)
7.3.4 Composition
129(2)
7.3.5 Density
131(1)
7.3.6 Flash Point
132(1)
7.3.7 Freezing Point
132(1)
7.3.8 Knock and Antiknock Properties
132(1)
7.3.9 Pour Point
133(1)
7.3.10 Storage Stability
133(1)
7.3.11 Thermal Stability
134(1)
7.3.12 Viscosity
134(1)
7.3.13 Volatility
134(1)
7.3.14 Water
135(1)
References
136(5)
8 Kerosene 141(14)
8.1 Introduction
141(1)
8.2 Production and Properties
141(2)
8.3 Test Methods
143(7)
8.3.1 Acidity
144(1)
8.3.2 Burning Characteristics
144(1)
8.3.3 Calorific Value
144(1)
8.3.4 Composition
145(3)
8.3.5 Density
148(1)
8.3.6 Flash Point
148(1)
8.3.7 Freezing Point
148(1)
8.3.8 Pour Point
148(1)
8.3.9 Smoke Point
149(1)
8.3.10 Viscosity
149(1)
8.3.11 Volatility
149(1)
8.3.12 Water and Sediment
150(1)
References
150(5)
9 Diesel Fuel 155(14)
9.1 Introduction
155(1)
9.2 Production and Properties
155(1)
9.3 Test Methods
156(9)
9.3.1 Acidity
157(1)
9.3.2 Appearance and Odor
157(1)
9.3.3 Ash
157(1)
9.3.4 Calorific Value
157(1)
9.3.5 Carbon Residue
158(1)
9.3.6 Cetane Number
158(1)
9.3.7 Cloud Point
159(1)
9.3.8 Composition
159(2)
9.3.9 Density
161(1)
9.3.10 Diesel Index
161(1)
9.3.11 Flash Point
162(1)
9.3.12 Freezing Point
162(1)
9.3.13 Neutralization Number
163(1)
9.3.14 Pour Point
163(1)
9.3.15 Stability
163(1)
9.3.16 Viscosity
164(1)
9.3.17 Volatility
164(1)
9.3.18 Water and Sediment
164(1)
References
165(4)
10 Distillate Fuel Oil 169(17)
10.1 Introduction
169(2)
10.2 Production and Properties
171(1)
10.3 Test Methods
172(8)
10.3.1 Acidity
172(1)
10.3.2 Ash
173(1)
10.3.3 Calorific Value
173(1)
10.3.4 Carbon Residue
174(1)
10.3.5 Cloud Point
174(1)
10.3.6 Composition
174(1)
10.3.7 Density
175(1)
10.3.8 Flash Point
175(1)
10.3.9 Metallic Constituents
176(1)
10.3.10 Pour Point
176(1)
10.3.11 Stability
177(1)
10.3.12 Viscosity
178(1)
10.3.13 Volatility
178(1)
10.3.14 Water and Sediment
179(1)
References
180(6)
11 Residual Fuel Oil 186(21)
11.1 Introduction
186(1)
11.2 Production and Properties
186(1)
11.3 Test Methods
187(14)
11.3.1 Ash
188(1)
11.3.2 Asphaltene Content
188(1)
11.3.3 Calorific Value
189(1)
11.3.4 Carbon Residue
189(1)
11.3.5 Composition
190(3)
11.3.6 Density
193(1)
11.3.7 Elemental Analysis
194(1)
11.3.8 Flash Point
195(1)
11.3.9 Metallic Constituents
195(1)
11.3.10 Molecular Weight
196(1)
11.3.11 Pour Point
196(1)
11.3.12 Refractive Index
197(1)
11.3.13 Stability and Compatibility
197(1)
11.3.14 Viscosity
198(1)
11.3.15 Volatility
199(1)
11.3.16 Water and Sediment
200(1)
References
201(6)
12 White Oil 207(15)
12.1 Introduction
207(2)
12.2 Production and Properties
209(1)
12.3 Test Methods
209(8)
12.3.1 Acidity or Alkalinity
209(1)
12.3.2 Aniline Point
210(1)
12.3.3 Asphaltene Content
211(1)
12.3.4 Carbonizable Substances
211(1)
12.3.5 Carbon Residue
211(1)
12.3.6 Cloud Point
212(1)
12.3.7 Color and Taste
212(1)
12.3.8 Composition
213(1)
12.3.9 Density (Specific Gravity)
214(1)
12.3.10 Electrical Properties
214(1)
12.3.11 Flash Point and Fire Point
214(1)
12.3.12 Interfacial Tension
215(1)
12.3.13 Iodine Value
215(1)
12.3.14 Oxidation Stability
215(1)
12.3.15 Pour Point
216(1)
12.3.16 Refractive Index
216(1)
12.3.17 Smoke Point
216(1)
12.3.18 Ultraviolet Absorption
216(1)
12.3.19 Viscosity
216(1)
12.3.20 Volatility
217(1)
12.3.21 Water
217(1)
12.3.22 Wax Appearance Point
217(1)
References
217(5)
13 Lubricating Oil 222(22)
13.1 Introduction
222(1)
13.2 Production and Properties
222(6)
13.2.1 Production
224(1)
13.2.2 Properties
225(1)
13.2.3 Types of Lubricating Oil
226(4)
13.2.3.1 Automotive Engine Oil
226(1)
13.2.3.2 Diesel Engine Oil
227(1)
13.2.3.3 Tractor and Other Engine Oils
227(1)
13.2.3.4 Aviation Oil
227(1)
13.2.3.5 Turbine Oil
227(1)
13.2.3.6 Compressor Oil
227(1)
13.2.3.7 Industrial Oils
228(1)
13.3 Used Lubricating Oil
228(2)
13.4 Test Methods
230(8)
13.4.1 Acidity and Alkalinity
230(1)
13.4.2 Ash
231(1)
13.4.3 Asphaltene Content
231(1)
13.4.4 Carbonizable Substances
232(1)
13.4.5 Carbon Residue
232(1)
13.4.6 Cloud Point
233(1)
13.4.7 Color
233(1)
13.4.8 Composition
233(2)
13.4.9 Density
235(1)
13.4.10 Flash Point and Fire Point
235(1)
13.4.11 Oxidation Stability
236(1)
13.4.12 Pour Point
236(1)
13.4.13 Thermal Stability
236(1)
13.4.14 Viscosity
236(1)
13.4.15 Volatility
237(1)
13.4.16 Water and Sediment
238(1)
References
238(6)
14 Grease 244(11)
14.1 Introduction
244(1)
14.2 Production and Properties
245(3)
14.2.1 Production
245(1)
14.2.2 Properties
246(2)
14.3 Test Methods
248(4)
14.3.1 Acidity and Alkalinity
248(1)
14.3.2 Anticorrosion Properties
248(1)
14.3.3 Composition
249(1)
14.3.4 Dropping Point
249(1)
14.3.5 Flow Properties
249(1)
14.3.6 Low-Temperature Torque
250(1)
14.3.7 Mechanical Stability
250(1)
14.3.8 Oil Separation
250(1)
14.3.9 Oxidation Stability
251(1)
14.3.10 Penetration
251(1)
14.3.11 Thermal Stability
251(1)
14.3.12 Viscosity
252(1)
14.3.13 Volatility
252(1)
14.3.14 Water Resistance
252(1)
References
252(3)
15 Wax 255(10)
15.1 Introduction
255(1)
15.2 Production and Properties
256(1)
15.2.1 Production
256(1)
15.2.2 Properties
256(1)
15.3 Test Methods
257(6)
15.3.1 Appearance
257(1)
15.3.2 Barrier Properties
258(1)
15.3.3 Carbonizable Substances
258(1)
15.3.4 Color
258(1)
15.3.5 Composition
258(1)
15.3.6 Density
259(1)
15.3.7 Hardness
259(1)
15.3.8 Melting Point
260(1)
15.3.9 Molecular Weight
260(1)
15.3.10 Odor and Taste
261(1)
15.3.11 Oil Content
261(1)
15.3.12 Peroxide Content
261(1)
15.3.13 Slip Properties
261(1)
15.3.14 Storage Stability
262(1)
15.3.15 Strength
262(1)
15.3.16 Ultraviolet Absorptivity
262(1)
15.3.17 Viscosity
262(1)
15.3.18 Volatility
263(1)
References
263(2)
16 Residua and Asphalt 265(20)
16.1 Introduction
265(2)
16.2 Production and Properties
267(2)
16.2.1 Residua
267(1)
16.2.2 Asphalt
267(2)
16.3 Test Methods
269(11)
16.3.1 Acid Number
270(1)
16.3.2 Asphaltene Content
271(1)
16.3.3 Bond and Adhesion
272(1)
16.3.4 Breaking Point
272(1)
16.3.5 Carbon Disulfide—Insoluble Constituents
272(1)
16.3.6 Carbon Residue
272(2)
16.3.7 Compatibility
274(1)
16.3.8 Composition
274(1)
16.3.9 Density
275(1)
16.3.10 Distillation
276(1)
16.3.11 Ductility
276(1)
16.3.12 Durability
276(1)
16.3.13 Elemental Analysis
276(1)
16.3.14 Emulsified Asphalt
277(1)
16.3.15 Flash Point
277(1)
16.3.16 Float Test
277(1)
16.3.17 Molecular Weight
277(1)
16.3.18 Penetration
278(1)
16.3.19 Rheology
278(1)
16.3.20 Softening Point
278(1)
16.3.21 Stain
279(1)
16.3.22 Temperature—Volume Correction
279(1)
16.3.23 Thin Film Oven Test
279(1)
16.3.24 Viscosity
279(1)
16.3.25 Water Content
279(1)
16.3.26 Weathering
280(1)
References
280(5)
17 Coke, Carbon Black, and Graphite 285(11)
17.1 Introduction
285(1)
17.2 Production and Properties
286(4)
17.2.1 Coke
286(2)
17.2.1.1 Composition
286(2)
17.2.1.2 Properties
288(1)
17.2.2 Carbon Black
288(1)
17.2.2.1 Composition
288(1)
17.2.2.2 Properties
288(1)
17.2.3 Graphite
289(1)
17.2.3.1 Composition
289(1)
17.2.3.2 Properties
290(1)
17.3 Test Methods
290(4)
17.3.1 Ash
290(1)
17.3.2 Calorific Value
290(1)
17.3.3 Composition
291(1)
17.3.4 Density
292(1)
17.3.5 Dust Control
292(1)
17.3.6 Hardness
292(1)
17.3.7 Metals
292(1)
17.3.8 Proximate Analysis
293(1)
17.3.9 Sulfur
293(1)
17.3.10 Volatile Matter
293(1)
17.3.11 Water
294(1)
References
294(2)
18 Use of the Data 296(8)
18.1 Introduction
296(1)
18.2 Feedstock and Product Evaluation
297(1)
18.2.1 Test Methods
298(1)
18.2.2 Specifications
298(1)
18.3 Feedstock and Product Mapping
298(2)
18.4 Structural Group Analyses
300(2)
18.5 Epilogue
302(1)
References
302(2)
Appendix: Tables of ASTM Standard Test Methods for Petroleum and Petroleum Products 304(19)
Table A01: Test Methods for the Terminology of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
304(1)
Table A02: Test Methods for Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Products
304(1)
Table A03: Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Absorption Spectroscopy
304(1)
Table A04: Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Mass Spectroscopy
305(1)
Table A05: Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Chromatographic Methods
305(1)
Table A06: Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Gas Chromatography
305(1)
Table A07: Test Methods for Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Liquid Chromatography
306(1)
Table A08: Test Methods for the Analysis of Additives and Electrical Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
307(1)
Table A09: Test Methods for the Determination of the Contaminants in Fuels
307(1)
Table A10: Test Methods for the Analysis of the Reactivity and Thermal Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
307(1)
Table A11: Test Methods for Analysis by Correlative Methods of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
308(1)
Table A12: Test for the Elemental Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
308(2)
Table A13: Test Methods for the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Contaminants in Petroleum and Petroleum Products
310(1)
Table A14: Test Methods for the Determination of the Flow Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
311(1)
Table A15: Test Methods for the Determination of the Chemical and Physical Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
312(1)
Table A16: Test Methods for the Determination of Instability and Contaminants in Liquid Fuels
313(1)
Table A17: Test Methods for the Determination of the Volatility of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
314(1)
Table A18: Test Methods for the Analysis of Gaseous (C4) Hydrocarbons
314(1)
Table A19: Test Methods for the Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas
314(1)
Table A20: Test Methods for the Analysis of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends
315(1)
Table A21: Test Methods for the Analysis of Oxygenated Fuels
315(1)
Table A22: Test Methods for the Analysis of Aviation Fuels
315(1)
Table A23: Test Methods for the Analysis of Jet Fuel
316(1)
Table A24: Test Methods for the Analysis of Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels
316(1)
Table A25: Test Methods for the Analysis of Lubricants
316(3)
Table A26: Test Methods for the Environmental Analysis of Lubricants
319(1)
Table A27: Test Methods for the Analysis of the Oxidation of Grease and Lubricants
319(1)
Table A28: Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum Coke, Carbon, and Graphite
320(1)
Table A29: Test Methods for the Physical Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke, and Carbonaceous Materials (Tar and Pitch)
321(2)
Conversion Factors 323(1)
Glossary 324(17)
Index 341
James G. Speight, PhD has doctorate degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, and Petroleum Engineering and is the author of more than 60 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, and environmental sciences. He has more than 40 years of experience in the process industries, is the author of numerous books and papers, is the senior editor of three journals, and has won numerous awards and distinctions. 
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