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E-grāmata: Health, Safety, and Environmental Management in Offshore and Petroleum Engineering

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  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Feb-2016
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119221432
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Health, Safety, and Environmental Management in Offshore and Petroleum EngineeringPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 29-Feb-2016
  • Izdevniecība: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119221432
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This book shares the technical knowhow in the field of health, safety and environmental management, as applied to oil and gas industries and explains concepts through a simple and straightforward approach

  • Provides an overview of health, safety and environmental (HSE) management as applied to offshore and petroleum engineering
  • Covers the fundamentals of HSE and demonstrates its practical application
  • Includes industry case studies and examples based on the author's experiences in both academia and oil and gas industries
  • Presents recent research results
  • Includes tutorials and exercises
Preface xiii
About the Author xiv
1 Safety Assurance and Assessment 1(67)
Introduction to Safety, Health, and Environment Management
1(1)
1.1 Importance of Safety
2(1)
1.2 Basic Terminologies in HSE
2(3)
1.2.1 What Is Safety?
5(1)
1.2.2 Why Is Safety Important?
5(1)
1.3 Importance of Safety in Offshore and Petroleum Industries
5(2)
1.4 Objectives of HSE
7(1)
1.5 Scope of HSE Guidelines
8(1)
1.6 Need for Safety
9(1)
1.7 Organizing Safety
10(4)
1.7.1 Ekofisk B Blowout
10(1)
1.7.2 Enchova Blowout
11(1)
1.7.3 West Vanguard Gas Blowout
12(1)
1.7.4 Ekofisk A Riser Rupture
13(1)
1.7.5 Piper A Explosion and Fire
14(1)
1.8 Risk
14(1)
1.9 Safety Assurance and Assessment
15(1)
1.10 Frank and Morgan Logical Risk Analysis
16(7)
1.11 Defeating Accident Process
23(1)
1.12 Acceptable Risk
24(1)
1.13 Risk Assessment
24(2)
1.13.1 Hazard Identification
25(1)
1.13.2 Dose-Response Assessment
25(1)
1.13.3 Exposure Assessment
25(1)
1.13.4 Risk Characterization
25(1)
1.14 Application Issues of Risk Assessment
26(1)
1.15 Hazard Classification and Assessment
26(3)
1.15.1 Hazard Identification
27(1)
1.15.2 Hazard Identification Methods
28(1)
1.16 Hazard Identification During Operation (HAZOP)
29(2)
1.16.1 HAZOP Objectives
29(1)
1.16.2 Common Application Areas of HAZOP
30(1)
1.16.3 Advantages of HAZOP
31(1)
1.17 Steps in HAZOP
31(1)
1.18 Backbone of HAZOP
32(3)
1.19 HAZOP Flowchart
35(1)
1.20 Full Recording Versus Recording by Exception
35(1)
1.21 Pseudo Secondary Words
36(1)
1.22 When to Do HAZOP?
37(1)
1.22.1 Types of HAZOP
38(1)
1.23 Case Study of HAZOP: Example Problem of a Group Gathering Station
38(9)
1.24 Accidents in Offshore Platforms
47(4)
1.24.1 Sleipner A Platform
47(2)
1.24.2 Thunder Horse Platform
49(1)
1.24.3 Timor Sea Oil Rig
50(1)
1.24.4 Bombay High North in Offshore Mumbai
50(1)
1.25 Hazard Evaluation and Control
51(3)
1.25.1 Hazard Evaluation
52(1)
1.25.2 Hazard Classification
52(1)
1.25.3 Hazard Control
53(1)
1.25.4 Monitoring
54(1)
Exercises 1
54(12)
Model Paper
66(2)
2 Environmental Issues and Management 68(41)
2.1 Primary Environmental Issues
68(6)
2.1.1 Visible Consequences
68(1)
2.1.2 Trends in Oil and Gas Resources
68(1)
2.1.3 World's Energy Resources
69(1)
2.1.4 Anthropogenic Impact of Hydrosphere
69(1)
2.1.5 Marine Pollution
70(1)
2.1.6 Marine Pollutants
70(3)
2.1.7 Consequence of Marine Pollutants
73(1)
2.2 Impact of Oil and Gas Industries on Marine Environment
74(4)
2.2.1 Drilling Operations and Consequences
74(1)
2.2.2 Main Constituents of Oil-Based Drilling Fluid
75(2)
2.2.3 Pollution Due to Produced Waters During Drilling
77(1)
2.3 Drilling Accidents
78(1)
2.3.1 Underwater Storage Reservoirs
78(1)
2.4 Pipelines
78(1)
2.5 Impact on Marine Pollution
79(1)
2.6 Oil Hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences
79(1)
2.6.1 Crude Oil
79(1)
2.7 Detection of Oil Content in Marine Pollution
80(1)
2.8 Oil Spill: Physical Review
80(1)
2.8.1 Environmental Impact of Oil Spill
80(1)
2.9 Oil: A Multicomponent Toxicant
81(1)
2.9.1 Oil Spill
81(1)
2.10 Chemicals and Wastes from Offshore Oil Industry
81(1)
2.10.1 Drilling Discharges
81(1)
2.11 Control of Oil Spill
82(1)
2.12 Environmental Management Issues
83(1)
2.12.1 Environmental Protection: Principles Applied to Oil and Gas Activities
83(1)
2.12.2 Environmental Management: Standards and Requirements
84(1)
2.13 Ecological Monitoring
84(1)
2.13.1 Ecological Monitoring Stages
84(1)
2.14 Atmospheric Pollution
85(4)
2.14.1 Release and Dispersion Models
85(1)
2.14.2 Continuous Release and Instantaneous Release (Plume and Puff Models)
85(1)
2.14.3 Factors Affecting Dispersion
86(3)
2.15 Dispersion Models for Neutrally and Positively Buoyant Gas
89(2)
2.15.1 Plume Dispersion Models
89(1)
2.15.2 Maximum Plume Concentration
90(1)
2.16 Puff Dispersion Model
91(1)
2.16.1 Maximum Puff Concentration
92(1)
2.17 Isopleths
92(1)
2.18 Estimate of Dispersion Coefficients
93(3)
2.18.1 Estimates from Equations
93(3)
2.19 Dense Gas Dispersion
96(1)
2.19.1 Britter-McQuaid Dense Gas Dispersion Model
96(1)
2.20 Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Dispersed Liquid and Gas
97(2)
2.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios
99(3)
2.21.1 Damage Estimate Modeling: Probit Model
99(3)
2.21.2 Probit Correlations for Various Damages
102(1)
2.22 Fire and Explosion Models
102(3)
Exercises 2
105(4)
3 Accident Modeling, Risk Assessment, and Management 109(68)
3.1 Introduction
109(1)
3.2 Dose Versus Response
109(3)
3.2.1 Various Types of Doses
110(1)
3.2.2 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Concentration
111(1)
3.3 Fire and Explosion Modeling
112(1)
3.3.1 Fundamentals of Fire and Explosion
112(1)
3.4 Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Materials
112(3)
3.4.1 Flammability Characteristics of Liquids
114(1)
3.4.2 Flammability Characteristics of Vapor and Gases
115(1)
3.5 Flammability Limit Behavior
115(1)
3.6 Estimation of Flammability Limits Using Stoichiometric Balance
115(2)
3.6.1 Stoichiometric Balance
116(1)
3.6.2 Estimation of Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC)
116(1)
3.7 Flammability Diagram for Hydrocarbons
117(2)
3.7.1 Constructing Flammability Diagram
117(2)
3.8 Ignition Energy
119(1)
3.9 Explosions
120(1)
3.10 Explosion Characteristics
120(1)
3.11 Explosion Modeling
120(1)
3.12 Damage Consequences of Explosion Damage
121(3)
3.13 Energy in Chemical Explosions
124(1)
3.14 Explosion Energy in Physical Explosions
124(1)
3.15 Dust and Gaseous Explosion
124(1)
3.16 Explosion Damage Estimate
125(1)
3.17 Fire and Explosion Preventive Measures
126(5)
3.17.1 Inerting and Purging
126(5)
3.18 Use of Flammability Diagram
131(1)
3.18.1 Placing a Vessel Out of Service
131(1)
3.18.2 Placing a Vessel into Service
132(1)
3.19 NFPA 69 Recommendations
132(1)
3.20 Explosion-Proof Equipments
133(1)
3.20.1 Class Systems
133(1)
3.20.2 Group Systems
134(1)
3.20.3 Division Systems
134(1)
3.21 Ventilation for Storage and Process Areas
134(1)
3.21.1 Storage Areas
134(1)
3.21.2 Process Areas
134(1)
3.22 Sprinkler Systems
135(1)
3.22.1 Anti-freeze Sprinkler System
135(1)
3.22.2 Deluge Sprinkler System
135(1)
3.22.3 Dry Pipe Sprinkler System
135(1)
3.22.4 Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
135(1)
3.23 Toxic Release and Dispersion Modeling
136(1)
3.23.1 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
136(1)
3.24 Industrial Hygiene
136(1)
3.25 Exposure Evaluation: Chemical Hazard
137(1)
3.25.1 Time Weighted Average Method
137(1)
3.25.2 Overexposure at Workplace
138(1)
3.25.3 TLV-TWA Mix
138(1)
3.26 Exposure Evaluation: Physical Hazards
138(1)
3.27 Industrial Hygiene Control
138(1)
3.27.1 Environmental Control
139(1)
3.27.2 Personal Protection
139(1)
3.28 Ventilation Hoods to Reduce Hazards
139(1)
3.29 Elements to Control Process Accidents
140(1)
3.30 Methods for Chemical Risk Analysis
141(1)
3.30.1 Qualitative Risk Analysis
141(1)
3.30.2 Quantitative Risk Analysis
141(1)
3.31 Safety Review
142(1)
3.32 Process Hazards Checklists
142(1)
3.33 Hazard Surveys
142(1)
3.34 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines
142(1)
3.35 Chemical Exposure Index
143(8)
3.36 Guidelines for Estimating Amount of Material Becoming Airborne Following a Release
151(3)
3.36.1 Example Problem on Ammonia Release
151(2)
3.36.2 Example Problem on Chlorine Release
153(1)
3.37 Quantified Risk Assessment
154(1)
3.38 Hazard Identification (HAZID)
154(1)
3.39 Cause Analysis
155(1)
3.40 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
155(2)
3.41 Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
157(1)
3.42 Disadvantages of QRA
157(1)
3.43 Risk Acceptance Criteria
157(2)
3.44 Hazard Assessment
159(1)
3.45 Identify Hazards
159(1)
3.45.1 Prioritizing Hazards
159(1)
3.46 Risk Assessment
160(1)
3.46.1 Identify and Implement Hazard Controls
160(1)
3.46.2 Communicate
160(1)
3.47 Evaluate Effectiveness
161(1)
3.48 Fatality Risk Assessment
161(1)
3.48.1 Statistical Analysis
161(1)
3.48.2 Phenomena-Based Analysis
161(1)
3.48.3 Averaging of FAR Values
162(1)
3.49 Marine Systems Risk Modeling
162(1)
3.49.1 Ballast System Failure
162(1)
3.50 Risk Picture: Definitions and Characteristics
162(1)
3.51 Fatality Risk
163(1)
3.51.1 Platform Fatality Risk
163(1)
3.51.2 Individual Risk
163(1)
3.52 Societal Risk
164(1)
3.53 Impairment Risk
164(2)
3.54 Environmental Risk
166(1)
3.55 Asset Risk
166(1)
3.56 Risk Assessment and Management
167(1)
3.57 Probabilistic Risk Assessment
167(1)
3.58 Risk Management
167(1)
3.58.1 Risk Preference
168(1)
Exercises 3
168(9)
4 Safety Measures in Design and Operation 177(33)
4.1 Introduction
177(1)
4.2 Inerting or Purging
178(1)
4.3 Terminologies
178(2)
4.4 Factors Affecting Purging
180(1)
4.5 Causes of Dilution or Mixing
180(3)
4.5.1 Area of Contact
181(1)
4.5.2 Time of Contact
181(1)
4.5.3 Input Velocities
181(1)
4.5.4 Densities of Gases
182(1)
4.5.5 Temperature Effects
182(1)
4.6 Methods of Purging
183(2)
4.6.1 Siphon Purging
183(1)
4.6.2 Vacuum Purging
183(1)
4.6.3 Pressure Purging
184(1)
4.6.4 Sweep-Through Purging
184(1)
4.6.5 Fixed-Rate Purging
184(1)
4.6.6 Variable-Rate or Demand Purging
185(1)
4.7 Limits of Flammability of Gas Mixtures
185(1)
4.8 Protection System Design and Operation
185(1)
4.9 Explosion Prevention Systems
186(1)
4.10 Safe Work Practices
186(2)
4.10.1 Load Lifting
186(1)
4.10.2 Confined Space, Excavations, and Hazardous Environments
187(1)
4.10.3 Lockout/Tagout
187(1)
4.10.4 Well Pumping Units
188(1)
4.11 Hot Work Permit
188(2)
4.12 Welding Fumes and Ventilation
190(1)
4.13 Critical Equipments
190(1)
4.13.1 Changes to Critical Equipment
190(1)
4.14 Fire Prevention
191(1)
4.15 Fire Protection
191(1)
4.16 Grounding and Bonding
192(1)
4.17 Other General Requirements
192(4)
4.17.1 Performance-Based Design
192(3)
4.17.2 Inspection of Protection Systems
195(1)
4.18 Process Safety Management (PSM) at Oil and Gas Operations
196(2)
4.18.1 Exemptions of PSM Standards in Oil and Gas Industries
197(1)
4.18.2 Process Safety Information
197(1)
4.19 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
198(1)
4.20 Safe Operating Procedures
199(1)
4.21 Safe Work Practice Procedures
200(1)
4.21.1 Training
200(1)
4.21.2 Pre-startup Review
200(1)
4.22 Mechanical Integrity
201(1)
4.23 Management of Change
201(1)
4.24 Incident Investigation
202(1)
4.25 Compliance Audits
202(1)
4.26 Software Used in HSE Management
203(1)
4.26.1 CMO Compliance
203(1)
4.26.2 Spiramid's HSE Software
203(1)
4.26.3 Integrum
204(1)
4.26.4 Rivo HSE Management Software
204(1)
Exercises 4
204(6)
Application Problem: Quantified Risk Assessment of LPG Filling Station 210(10)
References 220(6)
Index 226
Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Dr. Chandrasekaran is a Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. His main areas of research include dynamic analysis and design of offshore platforms, subsea engineering, rehabilitation and retrofitting of offshore platforms, structural health monitoring of ocean structures, seismic analysis and design of structures, risk analyses and reliability studies of offshore and petroleum engineering plants.
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